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BIOLOGY 165 CARDIOVASCULAR/CIRCULATORY SYSTEM LAB MANUAL
NOTE: You may be asked to identify any structure, cell, tissue, or organ labeled in the figures/pictures within
this lab manual. In addition, you may be asked to name one function of each labeled item and one location
within the human body where it can be found. You are only responsible for the specific information contained
within this lab manual. Although the pictures in this packet show a particular model, you should look at all
similar models we have in the lab; any model in lab can be used during the practical.
ALSO: Some models we use show some veins only on the anatomical left and some arteries only on the
anatomical right side of the model. In reality, these vessels exist on both sides of the body. For testing
purposes you must list these vessels as either left or right (i.e.: Left Common Carotid Artery vs. Right Common
Carotid Artery). On the other hand, some vessels exist singularly and do not require a left or right designation
(i.e.: Inferior Vena Cava). The COLOR of the blood vessels in the models denotes OXYGEN CONTENT
of the blood in those vessels, not whether the vessel is an artery or vein. Vessels painted red transport blood
that is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Vessels painted blue transport blood that is low in oxygen
and high in carbon dioxide. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards
the heart.
Be able to identify the vessels/structures indicated in the pictures below.
Right
Cephalic
Vein
Right
Basilic
Vein
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Right Cephalic Vein
Right Basilic Vein
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Note: During the test, be sure to specify if the vessel shown is “right” or “left”. Vessels labeled in this picture
are symmetrical on BOTH the right and left sides, and you may be asked to identify them on either side.
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THE HEART is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood into the large elastic arteries. It has four large
chambers, seven great vessels, and four valves.
Chambers of the heart and associated structures:
I. Right Atrium – the superior chamber on the right side of the heart. It is separated from the right
ventricle by the right atrioventricular (AV) valve (= tricuspid valve). This chamber receives
blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus. When it contracts
it forces blood through the right AV valve into the right ventricle.
a. Superior vena cava – brings blood back to the heart from regions of the body above the heart
(head, neck and arms).
b. Inferior vena cava – brings blood back to the heart from regions of the body below the heart
(torso and legs).
c. Opening to the Coronary sinus – brings blood back to the heart from the cardiac muscle itself.
II. Right Ventricle - the inferior chamber on the right side of the heart. It is separated from the pulmonary
trunk by the pulmonary semilunar valve. When the right ventricle contracts it forces blood
through this valve into the pulmonary trunk.
a. Right atrioventricular (AV) valve – positioned in the heart between the right atrium and right
ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts this valve prevents blood from flowing back into
the right atrium.
b. Chordae tendineae – prevents the cusps of the atrioventricular valve from extending backward
into the right atrium.
c. Papillary muscle – contract to exert tension on the chordae tendineae, to prevent the cusps of the
atrioventricular valve from blowing out backwards when the ventricle contracts.
d. Interventricular septum – the wall that separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.
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III. Left Atrium - the superior chamber on the left side of the heart. It is separated from the left ventricle
by the left atrioventricular (AV) valve (= bicuspid valve, mitral valve). This chamber receives
blood from the pulmonary veins. When it contracts it forces blood through the left AV valve into
the left ventricle.
a. Right and left pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood back from the lungs.
IV. Left Ventricle - the inferior chamber on the left side of the heart. It is separated from the aorta by the
aortic semilunar valve. When the left ventricle contracts it forces blood through this valve into the
aorta.
a. The same structures found in the right ventricle (see above) can be found in the left ventricle as
well.
Seen below: the heart viewed from the front.
Seen below: the heart viewed from the front.
Chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae
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Seen below: the heart viewed from the front.
Right AV Valve
Left AV Valve
Papillary Muscle
Great vessels of the heart and associated structures:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Superior Vena Cava – carries deoxygenated blood (blue) from regions of the body above the heart.
Inferior Vena Cava - carries deoxygenated blood (blue) from regions of the body below the heart.
Coronary Sinus – carries deoxygenated blood (blue) from the cardiac muscle itself. Empties through the
right atrium though the opening of the Coronary Sinus.
Pulmonary Trunk – receives deoxygenated blood (blue) from the right ventricle after the blood passes
through the pulmonary semilunar valve. Divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries – transports deoxygenated blood (blue) from the heart to the lungs
where the blood is oxygenated.
Right and Left Pulmonary Veins – transports oxygenated blood (red) from the lungs to the left atrium of
the heart.
Aorta (aortic arch) – receives oxygenated blood (red) from the left ventricle after the blood passes
through the aortic semilunar valve. Has three major arteries branching off of it:
a. Brachiocephalic artery - transports oxygenated blood (red) to the right arm and right side of the
head. Divides to form the Right Common Carotid and Right Subclavian Arteries.
b. Left Common Carotid Artery – transport oxygenated blood (red) to the left side of the head.
c. Left Subclavian Artery – transports oxygenated blood (red) to the left arm.
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Seen below: the heart viewed from the front.
Seen below: the heart viewed from the back.
Right Pulmonary Artery
Left Pulmonary Artery
Right Pulmonary Veins
Left Pulmonary Veins
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CARDIAC MUSCLE HISTOLOGY
Seen below: light photomicrograph of cardiac muscle tissue (400X). On slides of cardiac muscle tissue,
identify the tissue and the intercalated discs, and know the function of each.
Found within the walls of the heart’s
chambers, this tissue contracts to pump
blood throughout the body, via the blood
vessels. Contraction of the heart walls
increases pressure inside the heart
chambers, which ultimately leads to blood
being forced into vessels that take blood
away from the heart.
Intercalated discs are junctions where the
ends of cardiac muscle cells meet. They
allow for the fast communication between
heart cells that allows all the cells of the
heart to act in unison, facilitating the
pumping action of the heart to propel the
blood through the blood vessels.
ARTERY, VEIN, AND NERVE HISTOLOGY
On slides of blood vessels, identify the artery, vein, and nerve, and know the function of each. (Arteries
typically have a relatively thicker layer of smooth muscle in their walls compared to veins.)
Nerves conduct electrical signals (action
potentials) throughout the body. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart. Veins
carry blood toward the heart.
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VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BLOOD) HISTOLOGY
Seen below: light photomicrograph of vascular connective tissue (400X). Blood is a connective tissue that has
a fluid matrix called plasma. On slides of blood, identify the tissue, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Know the functions of each.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Platelets
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Description: Biconcave cells that are stained pink. The thinner center of the cell is lighter than the rim.
Location: Suspended in blood plasma.
Function: Transports respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
2. Leukocytes (white blood cells).
Description: Cells with an obvious, darkly staining (usually multi-lobed) nucleus.
Location: Suspended in blood plasma, and in lymphatic tissues.
Function: Involved in immunity.
3. Platelets.
Description: Darkly stained structures much smaller than erythrocytes.
Location: Suspended in blood plasma.
Function: Involved in blood clotting.
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