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Transcript
Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___ Cells of Your Body BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Typical cells range from 5 to 50 micrometers. Despite the difference in sizes, all cells have two characteristics in common. They are all surrounded by a cell membrane and all cells contain genetic material. Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized in their functions. Because of this specialization, cells may have different structures that allow the cell to carry out its special function. For example, skeletal muscle cells are packed with fibers arranged in a tight, regular pattern. When the cells contract, they use chemical energy to pull the fibers past each other, thus generating a force. This allows the movement of body parts. Cells that are similar in function are grouped together in tissues. Tissues specialize in their function. For example, skeletal muscle cells group together to make skeletal muscle tissue. This tissue is usually attached to bones and allows for the movement of the bones. Epithelial Cells Epithelial cells form epithelial tissue. This tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. The tissue is a thin layer of closely packed cells that act as a barrier that protects against injury, invading microorganisms and loss of fluid. Color the Examples of epithelial cells seen below. A1 represents the squamous cells that are found lining the body’s surface and protecting against dehydration. A2 are columnar cells which are found in the digestive tract and absorb nutrients, notice the villi which increase their surface area and allow them to absorb nutrients more efficiently. A3 are cuboidal cells, they can be found lining your kidneys and other glands. Color and label the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and cilia on the epithelial cells below. Blood Cells Blood contains red blood cells (D10) which specialize in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells (D11) which act as the bodys defense system, engulfing bacteria and other harmful organisms and producing antibodies. Blood also contains platelets (D12) which aid in blood clotting. Bone Cells Bones contain both living and nonliving materials. Bone is made of living cells called osteocytes that are surrounded by nonliving materials such as calcium phosphate. Canals in the bone allow nerves and blood vessels to run through the bone. Notice the circular-pattern units. Each of these units has a central, hollow core called a Haversian canal. This canal contains blood vessels and nerve cells. The rings around the canal contain small, darkly stained bodies. These are the living bone cells called osteocytes. Notice the fine branches extending from the osteocytes into the matrix around each osteocyte. These branches are made of collagen and calcium phosphate that have been deposited into the matrix by the osteocyte. These deposits are what makes a bone hard, not brittle. Color one of the concentric circles with the osteocytes and calcium deposits. Label the Haversian canal and osteocyte. Muscle Cells There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to and allows the movement of bones. Skeletal muscle appears to have alternating bands of light and dark striations. The skeletal muscle cells are also multinucleated. Smooth muscle tissue lines the walls of the digestive tract and some blood vessels in the circulatory system. Smooth muscle tissue is spindle shaped and the cells contain only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle tissue, but the cells only contain one nucleus like the smooth muscle cells. Fill in the key below the diagram (you pick the colors) and color the different muscle cell types. Nerve Cells Neurons make up nervous tissue. Neurons are uniquely designed to conduct an impulse. They sense stimuli and transmit this information from one part of the body to another. Neurons consist of a cell body surrounded by dendrites that pick up the stimuli. The stimulus passes from the dendrites through the cell body. The stimulus then passes down the axon away from the cell body. color the neuron. Label the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon. Draw an arrow to show the direction a message travels in a nerve cell. Review Questions What two characteristics do all cells share? What do we call a group of specialized cells? How does the structure of columnar epithelial cells relate to their function? What types of cells are found in your blood? What do each of these cell types do? What is the function of the: Haversian Canals? Osteocytes? What chemical element gives bones their strength? Athletes tend to have a greater number of mitochondria in their skeletal muscle cells, why do you think that is? In what part of the body can smooth muscle be found? . In what part of the body can cardiac muscle be found? How is a cardiac muscle cell similar to a skeletal muscle cell? How is a cardiac muscle cell similar to a smooth muscle cell? Choose 1 of the specialized cell types and explain in how its structure relates to its function. You have found an unknown cell type and discover that it contains an unusually high amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum what do you think its function might be? Explain your answer.