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English 430 Primary Verbs, Modals and Semi-auxiliaries Primary verbs Primary verbs are verbs which can function both as main elements of verb phrases and as auxiliaries. Semi-auxiliaries The semi-auxiliaries are verb idioms which begin with a form of have or be. You can often tell a semi-auxiliary because you can substitute a modal auxiliary with nearly the same meaning. Example: I am able to go = I can go. Have to I have to work. Have got to You have got to go. Have Do (Get) Be to My goal is to succeed. Be able to He is able to go. Be bound to They are bound to try. Modals Be going to We are going to eat. Be obliged to He is obliged to attend. Be supposed to You are supposed to go. Be willing to I am willing to work. Be about to I am about to leave. Be likely to I am likely to do that. Be able to He was able to return to Be (Finite forms: am, is, are, was, were non-finite forms: be, been , being ) Present Past can may shall will must could might should would ought to work Semi-auxiliary Forms Catenatives As a general rule, semi-auxiliaries (except for had better, would rather and would sooner) take a toinfinitive rather than a bare infinitive as the primary verbs and modals do. Marginal Modals need dare ‘Dare’ and ‘need’ are semi-auxiliaries only when they function as operators. Examples: Dare I go? Need I do that? used to He used to live here. These are like semi-auxiliaries, but don’t start with Have or Be. Appear to It appears to be here. Came to I came to believe he was innocent Failed to I fail to agree. Happen to It happens to be mine. Seem to They seem to agree. Labeling: Verb phrases with auxiliaries are always complex, so there will be verb formulas involved. Modal Idioms Like other modals, semi-auxiliaries always had better You had better go. combine with V. would sooner I would sooner die ! We are going to eat. would rather I would rather do it myself! SEMI-A I will + V be able to leave at nine. Mod + V SEMI-A + V