Download EOC Review 2011 #3

Biology EOC Review #3
North Carolina Test of Biology
4. _____
21. _____
name: _____________
45. _____
Test 1: 34. _____
Test 2: 11. _____
5. _____
25. _____
50. _____
41. _____
14. _____
7. _____
28. _____
53. _____
50. _____
15. _____ & 26. _____
Purple Book: Biology
EOC Biology Sample Items Goal 2____________________________________________________________
10. ______
11. ______
12. _____
EOC Biology Sample Items Goal 3
13. _____
_________________________
1. _____
6. _____
11. _____
16. ____
21. ____
2. _____
7. _____
12. _____
17. ____
22. ____
3. _____
8. _____
13. _____
18. ____
23. ____
4. _____
9. _____
14. _____
19. ____
5. _____
10. _____
15. _____
20. ____
2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement
of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
Energy, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
 ATP: adenosine triphospate – usable form of energy for living organisms
 ADP: adenosine diphosphate – possesses no energy
 ATP  ADP + P reaction showing the release of energy (energy is stored in the third phosphate)
 ADP + P  ATP reaction showing the capture or gain of energy
 Photosynthesis
o Definition: absorption of sunlight energy to make glucose (food)
o Organisms that use photosynthesis: plants, phytoplankton, and bacteria
o Summative formula for photosynthesis:
 Energy + carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)  glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2)
o Location: chloroplast
o Pigments: absorb sunlight energy; chlorophyll is an example of a pigment
o Plants absorb 6-carbon dioxide molecules; they use the carbons (C) to make glucose
 Cellular respiration
o Definition: breakdown of glucose to make energy (ATP)
o Organisms that use cellular respiration: every living thing, including plants
o Summative formula for cellular respiration:
 Glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2)  Energy + carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)
o Location: mitochondria
o Anaerobic respiration: reaction that occurs without oxygen present; produces little ATP
o Fermentation: Breaking down of “leftover” glucose as waste; alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
o Aerobic respiration: reaction that occurs with oxygen; produces the MOST ATP
Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines
attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.
a. How many phosphates? ATP? _________ ADP? ________
b. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
c. What cellular process produces ATP?
Rev #3
1
2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and
photosynthesis.
Section 1:
What are the reactants and products for each of these?
Process
Reactant
Product
Example?
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic)
Cellular Respiration
(Anaerobic)
Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol)
A)
B)
a. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?
b. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)?
c. Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy?
d. Which reaction requires chlorophyll?
e. Which reaction requires light?
What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?
What is the light used for?
f. Which organisms carry out process A?
g. Which organisms carry out process B?
h. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes?
i. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes?
j. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process A?
k. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process B?
3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis
(transcription and translation), and gene regulation.
Rev #3
2
DNA






DNA – genetic make-up of organisms
Monomers of DNA are nucleotides
DNA nucleotide is made up of three components: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogen base (adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Nitrogen bases base pair or combine -Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
A=T and G=C
Watson and Crick discovered the shape of DNA – it is a double helix which is shaped like a twisted ladder. The
handles or sides of the ladder are made up of phosphate and sugar and the steps are the nitrogen bases (A, T, G,
C)
DNA replication: process in which DNA is copied. Process: (a) the nitrogen bases (steps) are separated (b) DNA
polymerase (enzyme) adds complementary nitrogen bases to the exposed sides.
Protein synthesis
 Protein synthesis is the process in which a gene from DNA is “read” and made into a protein.
 RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the main character in the process of protein synthesis.
 RNA is different from DNA is three ways: 1) it is single stranded (DNA double stranded) 2) is has ribose (DNA has
dexoyribose) 3) it has uracil instead of thymine
 Three types of RNA: 1) mRNA (messenger RNA): copies message from DNA 2) tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino
acids to mRNA 3) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) found in ribosome and forms peptide bonds between amino acids
 Two processes in protein synthesis:
o Transcription: takes place in the nucleus; mRNA copies the “message” from DNA
 If DNA read ATG/GGC/AAA/CTT; the complementary mRNA strand UAC/CCG/UUU/GAA
o


Translation: takes place in the cytoplasm on a ribosome; tRNA brings the matching amino acids to the
codons found on mRNA
 Codon: three base sequence found on mRNA
 Anticodon: three base sequence found on tRNA
 To find the matching amino acids, use the chart of mRNA codons that will be provided. The amino
acid sequence for the mRNA strand UAC/CCG/UUU/GAA would be as follows:
Tyr-ProPhe-Glu
 Please remember that when using the chart USE MRNA CODONS!!!!
Mutation: change in DNA
Two types of mutations: 1) Point mutation: when there is an incorrect base within DNA; only one POINT of DNA is
affected; for example, DNA sequence ATG and following replication sequence changes to AAG 2) Frameshift
mutation: when a base is deleted or inserted into DNA; causes the whole sequence of DNA to change which leads
to an incorrect protein; for example DNA sequence is ATG and following replication the sequence is AAT G…..;
the A was inserted into DNA
Section 2:
Rev #3
3
a. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what else needs to be added to this
strand to make it a double helix? Give the nucleotide sequence.
b. What are the black pentagons?
c. What are the nitrogen bases?
d. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?
e. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence
be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)
f. What is a codon?
g. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table
RNA
DNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands
Where
In Cell?
h. What kind of bond hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?
i. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
j. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?
k. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
l. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
m. How does this affect the mRNA?
n. How can this affect translation?
o. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?
Rev #3
4
3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
Mitosis and Meiosis
 Diploid (2n) – normal number of chromosomes within an organism; represents homologous pairs (chromosome
from mom and dad); the majority of the cells in your body are 2n
 Haploid (n) – half the number of chromosomes; the only cells in an organism that are n are the gametes or sex
cells (sperm and egg)
 Mitosis produces an identical copies following division
 Meiosis produces different cells with half the number of chromosomes
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of reproduction
Asexual: one individual makes
Sexual: two individuals
another
Chromosome # of mother cell (mother cell is
Diploid (2n)
Diploid (2n)
original cell before division)
Chromosome # of daughter cells (resulting
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n)
cells after division)
# of cell divisions
1
2
# of cells produced
2
4
Section 3:
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of mother
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Chromosome number of
daughter cells (1N=haploid or
2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
When does replication happen?
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Crossing over
Random assortment of
chromosomes
Gene mutations
Nondisjunction
Fertilization
Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order.
1st: _______ called ___________________
2nd: _______ called ___________________
3rd: _______ called _____________________
4th: _______ called _____________________
a. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? ________ Sex cells? __________
Rev #3
5
b. What does Diploid mean?
c. What does Haploid mean?
Assume an organism has 20 chromosomes:
d. How many would be present in the cells after meiosis?
e. How many would be present in the cells after mitosis?
f. How many would be present in a zygote?
Label the diagrams as mitosis, meiosis, or fertilization. Make sure to explain.
n
2n
a.
2n
b.
n
n
+
n
2n
c.
n
2n
n
2n
n
Rev #3
6
ANS KEY Biology EOC Review #3
North Carolina Test of Biology
4. __D___
21. __C___
45. __D___
Test 1: 34. _C___
5. __A___
25. __B___
50. __B___
41. __C___
14. __B___
7. __C___
28. __A___
53. __A___
50. __A___
15. __A__& 23. __A__
name: _____________
Purple Book: Biology
Test 2: 11. __B___
EOC Biology Sample Items Goal 2____________________________________________________________
10. __B____
11. ___A___
12. __C___
13. ___A__
EOC Biology Sample Items Goal 3
_________________________
1. __C___
6. __A___
11. __D___
16. __C__
21. _B_
2. __B___
7. __D___
12. __C___
17. __D__
22. _D_
3. __A___
8. __A___
13. __A___
18. __A__
23. _B_
4. __D___
9. __B___
14. __D___
19. __C__
5. __A___
10. _B___
15. __A___
20. __D__ & 23. __B___
2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement
of materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.
Energy, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
 ATP: adenosine triphospate – usable form of energy for living organisms
 ADP: adenosine diphosphate – possesses no energy
 ATP  ADP + P reaction showing the release of energy (energy is stored in the third phosphate)
 ADP + P  ATP reaction showing the capture or gain of energy
 Photosynthesis
o Definition: absorption of sunlight energy to make glucose (food)
o Organisms that use photosynthesis: plants, phytoplankton, and bacteria
o Summative formula for photosynthesis:
 Energy + carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)  glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2)
o Location: chloroplast
o Pigments: absorb sunlight energy; chlorophyll is an example of a pigment
o Plants absorb 6-carbon dioxide molecules; they use the carbons (C) to make glucose
 Cellular respiration
o Definition: breakdown of glucose to make energy (ATP)
o Organisms that use cellular respiration: every living thing, including plants
o Summative formula for cellular respiration:
 Glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2)  Energy + carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)
o Location: mitochondria
o Anaerobic respiration: reaction that occurs without oxygen present; produces little ATP
o Fermentation: Breaking down of “leftover” glucose as waste; alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
o Aerobic respiration: reaction that occurs with oxygen; produces the MOST ATP
Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines
attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.
a. How many phosphates? ATP? ___3______ ADP? ____2____
b. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
ANYTHING THAT REQUIRES ENERGY
c. What cellular process produces ATP?
CELL RESPIRATION
Rev #3
7
2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and
photosynthesis.
Section 1:
What are the reactants and products for each of these?
Process
Reactant
Product
Example?
Photosynthesis
CO2, H20, LIGHT
C6H12O6 (SUGAR), O2 PLANTS
ENERGY
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 (SUG), O2
CO2, H2O, ATP
CONSUMERS,
(Aerobic)
ANIMALS
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 (SUG), O2
ATP, LACTIC ACID,
YEAST, BACTERIA
(Anaerobic)
CO2, ETHYL
ALCOHOL
Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol)
A)
WA
TER, CARBON DIOXIDE, GLUCOSE, OXYGEN
B)
SUGAR, OXYGEN
a.
A
b.
B
c.
A
d.
CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER
Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?
Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)?
Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy?
Which reaction requires chlorophyll?
e. Which reaction requires light?
GLUCOSE)
A
A
What is the purpose of the chlorophyll? ABSORB LIGHT ENERGY
What is the light used for? ENERGY PRODUCTION (MAKING
f. Which organisms carry out process A? PRODUCERS (PLANTS)
g. Which organisms carry out process B? HETEROTROPHS (ANIMALS)
h. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? A
i. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? B
j. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process A? AVAILABLE LIGHT, CO2, TEMP, PH
k. What factors could speed up (or slow down) process B? AMT OF AVAILABLE GLUCOSE/O2, TEMP, PH
Rev #3
8
3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis
(transcription and translation), and gene regulation.
DNA






DNA – genetic make-up of organisms
Monomers of DNA are nucleotides
DNA nucleotide is made up of three components: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogen base (adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Nitrogen bases base pair or combine -Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
A=T and G=C
Watson and Crick discovered the shape of DNA – it is a double helix which is shaped like a twisted ladder. The
handles or sides of the ladder are made up of phosphate and sugar and the steps are the nitrogen bases (A, T, G,
C)
DNA replication: process in which DNA is copied. Process: (a) the nitrogen bases (steps) are separated (b) DNA
polymerase (enzyme) adds complementary nitrogen bases to the exposed sides.
Protein synthesis
 Protein synthesis is the process in which a gene from DNA is “read” and made into a protein.
 RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the main character in the process of protein synthesis.
 RNA is different from DNA is three ways: 1) it is single stranded (DNA double stranded) 2) is has ribose (DNA has
dexoyribose) 3) it has uracil instead of thymine
 Three types of RNA: 1) mRNA (messenger RNA): copies message from DNA 2) tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino
acids to mRNA 3) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) found in ribosome and forms peptide bonds between amino acids
 Two processes in protein synthesis:
o Transcription: takes place in the nucleus; mRNA copies the “message” from DNA
 If DNA read ATG/GGC/AAA/CTT; the complementary mRNA strand UAC/CCG/UUU/GAA
o


Translation: takes place in the cytoplasm on a ribosome; tRNA brings the matching amino acids to the
codons found on mRNA
 Codon: three base sequence found on mRNA
 Anticodon: three base sequence found on tRNA
 To find the matching amino acids, use the chart of mRNA codons that will be provided. The amino
acid sequence for the mRNA strand UAC/CCG/UUU/GAA would be as follows:
Tyr-ProPhe-Glu
 Please remember that when using the chart USE MRNA CODONS!!!!
Mutation: change in DNA
Two types of mutations: 1) Point mutation: when there is an incorrect base within DNA; only one POINT of DNA is
affected; for example, DNA sequence ATG and following replication sequence changes to AAG 2) Frameshift
mutation: when a base is deleted or inserted into DNA; causes the whole sequence of DNA to change which leads
to an incorrect protein; for example DNA sequence is ATG and following replication the sequence is AAT G…..;
the A was inserted into DNA
Rev #3
9
Section 2:
a. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what else needs to be added to this
strand to make it a double helix? Give the nucleotide sequence. ANOTHER STRAND, TCGGTC
b. What are the black pentagons?
DEOXYRIBOSE
c. What are the nitrogen bases? GACCGA
d. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? CUGGCU
e. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence
be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)
CEU-ALA (ALANINE)
f. What is a codon?
3 BASE SEQUENCE ON MRNA THAT CODES FOR A PROTEIN
g. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table
RNA
RIBOSE
DNA
DEOXYRIBOSE
A, U, G, C
A, T, G, C
ONE
TWO
NUCLEUS,
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
Sugars
Bases
Strands
Where
In Cell?
h. What kind of bond hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?
PEPTIDE BOND
i. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
MRNA-COPY GENE ON DNA, TRNA-BRING AMINO ACIDS TO MRNA, RRNA-USED IN MAKING PROTEINS
(PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
j. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?
HYDROGEN BONDS
k. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
SO DNA CAN UNZIP TO REPLICATE/COPY ITSELF
l. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
INCORRECT BASE IN DNA
m. How does this affect the mRNA?
WRONG SEQUENCE
n. How can this affect translation? WRONG PROTEIN WILL BE MADE
Rev #3
10
o. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? INCORRECT OR MUTATED PROTEIN (NOT
RIGHT FOR THE JOB IT WAS SUPPOSED TO DO)
3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.
Mitosis and Meiosis
 Diploid (2n) – normal number of chromosomes within an organism; represents homologous pairs (chromosome
from mom and dad); the majority of the cells in your body are 2n
 Haploid (n) – half the number of chromosomes; the only cells in an organism that are n are the gametes or sex
cells (sperm and egg)
 Mitosis produces an identical copies following division
 Meiosis produces different cells with half the number of chromosomes
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of reproduction
Asexual: one individual makes
Sexual: two individuals
another
Chromosome # of mother cell (mother cell is
Diploid (2n)
Diploid (2n)
original cell before division)
Chromosome # of daughter cells (resulting
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n)
cells after division)
# of cell divisions
1
2
# of cells produced
2
4
Section 3:
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of mother
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Chromosome number of
daughter cells (1N=haploid or
2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
MITOSIS
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
2N
2N
2N
N
ONE
TWO
2
4
When does replication happen?
INTERPHASE
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Crossing over
NO
Random assortment of
NO
chromosomes
Gene mutations
YES
Nondisjunction (INCORRECT
NO
SEPARATION OF
CHROMOSOMES)
Fertilization
NO
Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order.
MEIOSIS
INTERPHASE
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
1st: ___C____ called __INTERPHASE______
2nd: ___B____ called __PROPHASE_____
3rd: ___E____ called __METAPHASE_____
4th: ___A____ called __ANAPHASE______
5TH-D-TELOPHASE
Rev #3
11
a. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? __46______ Sex cells? ___23_______
b. What does Diploid mean? 2N; HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS PRESENT
c. What does Haploid mean? N-HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES (LIKELY A SEX CELL)
Assume an organism has 20 chromosomes:
d. How many would be present in the cells after meiosis? 10
e. How many would be present in the cells after mitosis? 20
f. How many would be present in a zygote? 20
Label the diagrams as mitosis, meiosis, or fertilization. Make sure to explain.
MITOSIS
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
2n
a.
2n
b.
n
n
+
n
2n
c.
n
n
2n
n
2n
n
Rev #3
12