Download Foreign Affairs War and a Doctrine 22

Foreign Affairs: War, and a Doctrine
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US History/Napp
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“Through the early years of the American republic, the foreign policies of five presidents
were shaped by the following goals: neutrality (giving support to neither side in a foreign
war), defense of U.S. rights as a sovereign or independent republic, and support of the
people of Latin America in their struggle for freedom from foreign rule. President
Washington recognized that the new nation, separated from Europe by the Atlantic Ocean,
should not become involved in European conflicts.
The next two presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, adopted Washington’s
policy of neutrality. However, during Adams’s presidency, the French navy seized
American ships at sea. French diplomats (identified only as X, Y, and Z) demanded bribes
for their assistance in stopping the French government’s abuse of U.S. rights. Angered by
the XYZ Affair, many Americans called for war. Their slogan was, ‘Millions for defense
but not one cent for tribute (bribery).’ Yet Adams avoided an open declaration of war.
During Jefferson’s presidency, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France. To fight
Napoleon at sea and cut off supplies to Napoleon’s empire, British warships often stopped
and searched U.S. merchant ships, removed cargo, and impressed (forced) American
sailors into service in the British navy. To prevent further violation of U.S. rights,
Jefferson persuaded Congress to place an embargo (to stop trade) on the shipment of
American goods to Europe. But New England merchants and shipbuilders protested
bitterly because the embargo badly hurt their business.
The fourth president, James Madison, also attempted to defend U.S. rights at sea without
going to war. But an issue arose in the West. As more Americans settled on Native
American lands, the Native Americans of the Great Lakes region were persuaded by their
leader, Tecumseh, to fight a war against the settlers. Tecumseh’s forces had been supplied
by Britain. Congress declared war against Great Britain in 1812. At first, the war went
badly for the United States. British forces captured Washington, D.C., and set fire to
government buildings, including the Capitol and the White House. A treaty ending the war
did not say a word about U.S. neutral rights and did not award any land to either side.
After the War of 1812 (also called the ‘second war for independence’), Great Britain
ended its much resented policy of stopping American ships and seizing their cargoes. The
United States emerged from the war as a respected member of the community of nations.”
~ Adapted from U.S. History and Government
Questions:
1- What were the foreign policies goals of the first five Presidents of the U.S.?
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2- Why did President Washington believe the U.S. should not become involved in
conflicts in Europe?
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3- What did the French navy do during Adams’s presidency?
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4- What was the XYZ affair?
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5- What slogan did Americans adopt during the XYZ affair?
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6- What did Napoleon crown himself during Jefferson’s Presidency?
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7- What happened in Europe when Napoleon came to power in France?
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8- Why did British warships often stop American ships?
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9- What did the British do when they stopped American ships?
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10- Define impressment.
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11- How did President Jefferson respond to the British stopping American ships?
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12- Define embargo.
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13- Why were New Englanders upset by the embargo?
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14- What did President James Madison attempt to do?
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15- Who was Tecumseh?
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16- Why was Tecumseh upset with American settlers?
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17- What did Tecumseh declare?
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18- Who did Tecumseh receive military assistance from?
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19- So, what were the two main causes of the War of 1812?
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20- What countries fought in the War of 1812?
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21- What happened to the U.S. Capitol building during the War of 1812?
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22- How did the War of 1812 end?
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23- What is another name historians give to the War of 1812?
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24- What policy did Great Britain end after the War of 1812?
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25- How was the United States treated by other nations after the War of 1812?
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26- Why do you think the War of 1812 is called “the Second War for Independence”?
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Attempts by Spain to restore its authority at the end of the Napoleonic Wars triggered a
series of independence movements in the Spanish colonies. The U.S. recognized the
independence of these nations, but feared Spain might try to reconquer them.
President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine (1823).
The Monroe Doctrine had four main points:
1) The United States would not get involved in European affairs.
2) The U.S. would not interfere with existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
3) No other nation could form a new colony in the Western Hemisphere.
4) If a European nation tried to control or interfere with a nation in the Western
Hemisphere, the United States would view it as a hostile act against this nation.
Questions:
1- What did Americans fear after the success of the Latin American independence
movements?
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2- What doctrine did President James Monroe create?
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3- What did the U.S. promise to do regarding Europe in the Monroe Doctrine?
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4- What did the U.S. expect of Europe in the Monroe Doctrine?
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Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803):
“During Jefferson’s first term, thousands of American farmers had moved west to the
lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. They used the port
of New Orleans at the base of the Mississippi River to export much of their produce.
The Louisiana Territory had been given to Spain by France at the end of the French and
Indian War. Americans became alarmed when it was learned that Spain had transferred
the area back to France and that Spanish officials left in control of New Orleans had ended
the right of American farmers to use the port. Jefferson, fearful of a strong and aggressive
France as a neighbor and concerned over conflicts concerning the use of New Orleans sent
James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to try to buy New Orleans. Napoleon,
burdened with problems in Europe, decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the
United States for $15,000,000.
Problems arose when the strict constructionist Jefferson realized that the Constitution did
not authorize Congress to purchase territory. Jefferson was forced to modify his
constitutional theories because of the importance of the purchase, and in 1803 the treaty
was ratified authorizing the purchase, which nearly doubled the size of the United States.”
~ U.S. History and Government
1What happened during Jefferson’s first term as President?
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2Why was New Orleans important?
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3Why did Americans become alarmed?
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4What did Jefferson fear?
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5What was Jefferson’s solution? _______________________________________
1. One result of the purchase of the
Louisiana Territory (1803) was that the
United States
(1) acquired California from Spain
(2) gained control of the port of New
Orleans
(3) ended border conflicts with British
Canada
(4) annexed Florida
2. A major reason for purchasing the
Louisiana Territory (1803) was to
(1) gain access to the Ohio Territory
(2) remove the British from the borders of
the United States
(3) secure control of the port of New
Orleans
(4) open the Rocky Mountains to miners
3. …Europe has a set of primary interests
which to us have none or a very remote
relation. Hence she must be engaged in
frequent controversies, the causes of which
are essentially foreign to our concerns.
Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to
implicate [connect] ourselves by artificial
ties in the ordinary vicissitudes [changes] of
her politics or the ordinary combinations
and collisions of her friendships or enmities
[antagonisms]…
~ President George Washington, Farewell
Address, 1796
According to the passage, President
Washington believed that the United States
should
(1) seek financial aid from European nations
(2) end all existing European friendships
(3) avoid involvement in the political
disputes of Europe
(4) discontinue commercial relations with
Europe
4. The War of 1812 has been called the
“Second War for American Independence”
primarily because the
(1) British blocked United States access to
the port of New Orleans
(2) United States continued to resist taxes
imposed by Great Britain
(3) British government had never fully
respected the United States as a free nation
(4) United States and Great Britain had not
signed a peace treaty after the
Revolutionary War
5. Which geographic area was added to the
United States by the Louisiana Purchase?
(1) Appalachian Mountains
(2) Columbia River valley
(3) Great Plains
(4) Piedmont Plateau
6. The main purpose of the Monroe
Doctrine (1823) was to
(1) stake a claim to Mexican territory
(2) limit European influence in the Americas
(3) force the British out of the Oregon
Territory
(4) establish full control over Canada
7. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) established
the United States foreign policy that
(1) provided foreign aid to developing
nations
(2) opposed the creation of new colonies in
Latin America
(3) led directly to the Civil War
(4) encouraged expansion into East Asia
8. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a
foreign policy success for the United States
primarily because it
(1) secured full control of Florida from
Spain
(2) ended French control of the Mississippi
River
(3) ended British occupation of forts on
American soil
(4) eliminated Russian influence in North
America
9. A primary goal of the Monroe Doctrine
(1823) was to
(1) prevent European intervention in Latin
America
(2) create an opportunity for the annexation
of Canada
(3) protect the site of a canal across Central
America
(4) help European nations establish new
Western Hemisphere colonies
10. The Louisiana Purchase initially
presented a dilemma for President Thomas
Jefferson because he believed it would
(1) lead to war with Great Britain
(2) bankrupt the new nation
(3) force Native American Indians off their
lands
(4) violate his strict constructionist view of
the Constitution
11. President George Washington pursued a
foreign policy of neutrality during his
administration primarily because he
believed that
(1) the United States needed time to gain
economic and military strength
(2) treaties were prohibited by the
Constitution
(3) the United States should not expand by
force
(4) alliances should be established with both
France and England
12. In his Farewell Address, President
George Washington warned against
establishing alliances with European
countries because he was concerned
primarily about
(1) restrictions on trade with Latin America
(2) French colonization of the Caribbean
(3) United States involvement in foreign
wars
(4) protection of the western frontier
13. An example of a primary source of
information about the War of 1812 would be
a
(1) battle plan for the attack on Fort
McHenry
(2) historical novel on the Battle of New
Orleans
(3) movie on the life of President James
Madison
(4) textbook passage on the naval
engagements of the war
14. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) was issued
primarily because President James Monroe
(1) wanted to warn European powers
against intervention in Latin America
(2) opposed the revolutions taking place in
South America
(3) needed to establish a foothold in Panama
for a future canal
(4) believed the United States should pursue
overseas colonies
15. “…I know too that it is a maxim [rule]
with us, and I think it a wise one, not to
entangle ourselves with the affairs of
Europe…” ~ Thomas Jefferson, December
21, 1787, Library of Congress
Which document most clearly reflects the
advice given in this statement?
(1) Albany Plan of Union
(2) Articles of Confederation
(3) Bill of Rights
(4) Washington’s Farewell Address
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