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Building Systems 2 Team: BACT Assignment 2: Structural Systems Architect: Raphael Moneo Kursaal Cultural Center San Sebastian, Spain Introduction: Each cube of the Kursaal consists of two independent structural systems, situated upon a concrete plinth, supported by concrete columns and piers. The exterior is a steel framing system with glass enclosure, and the interior volumes of the auditorium and chamber music hall are reinforced concrete frames poured in place with concrete infill. Order: The Kursaal’s exterior shell structural system consists of a series of steel bents or frames. These frames are composed, essentially, of double Vierendeel columns, cantilevered from a concrete base and spanned by Pratt trusses. The members of the columns are tubular steel, shop welded to their full height, then joined with field welds to the lateral bracing systems and trusses. The trusses are fabricated of Hbeam sections. A concrete diaphragm is poured across the bottom cords of the trusses, bracing the frames. Scale: The glass enclosure allows a visual connection to the steel framing system, which is proportioned in such a way as to break the overall building scale down to human proportions. Hierarchy: Gravity Loads: Dead loads are the only relevant gravity loads in the exterior shells. The mechanical equipment is situated on the diaphragm. The loads are transferred through the frames to the concrete plinth, then into the ground through concrete columns. The two interior structures have differing transfers of their gravity loads, due to positioning of the concrete column grid beneath the chamber music hall. While the auditorium transfers its loads through the plinth to the columns, the chamber music hall has an enormous lateral beam system to pass its loads to the column grid. Lateral Loads: Wind and earthquake loads are transferred through the two independent exterior shells with different hierarchies. For the main auditorium, the lateral loads hit the exterior wall, are then transferred through the diaphragm to the bents, between which the loads are passed through the lateral bracing. Finally they pass then down through the double columns to the base. For the chamber music hall, the lateral loads are passed from the exterior wall to the bents, through the lateral bracing to the diaphragm. Materials: Steel: The steel provides the tensile strength and the concrete provides for compressive strength. The tubular steel members of the columns provides for superior protection against bending as well as performing its compressive functions. The choice of tubular steel may also be attributed to increased performance when field welding, as it reduces brittle fracture cracking. Associated shipping costs and reduction of dead loads also contributed to the material choice. Concrete: Concrete was chosen for the foundation structure due to the sandy soil content. For the interior boxes, the relatively flexible rigid concrete frames function well in structures free from lateral wind loads. Relationship of Technology to Context: According to BOCA/Basic National Building Codes, Moneo’s Kursaal would be classified as Type 2A Protected Non-Combustible. Its Use Group would be A3Assembly. This allows for a building height between 40 and 85 feet, using concrete and steel protected by intumescent paint.