Download The War between the States

The War between the States
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Topics
Opposing Economies
Political Situation
Early Stages
 The Turning Point
 Reconstruction Begins
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conscription
habeas corpus
Trent Affair
attrition
Anaconda Plan
Legal Tender Act
greenback
War Democrat
Copperhead
“Stonewall” Jackson
Ulysses S. Grant
Emancipation Proclamation
blockade runner
David G. Farragut
Foraging
siege
Pickett’s Charge
Gettysburg Address
William Tecumseh Sherman
torpedo
mandate
Thirteenth Amendment
Appomattox Courthouse
Terms
Test 8
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Why was the Confederacy’s defensive war of attrition
unsuccessful?
What military advantages did the North and the South have at the
start of the Civil War?
What financial advantages did the North have over the South?
Why was president Jefferson Davis’s ability to conduct the war
limited?
At the outbreak of the Civil War, what did Confederates want from
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Europeans?
Name the Southern Confederate States.
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________ Break _____________________________
In 1858 Abraham Lincoln was chosen by the Illinois Republicans to run for the Senate
against the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas.
Lincoln and Douglas held a series of debates.
Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery to the western territories.
Douglas favored popular sovereignty.
In a debate in Freeport, Illinois, Douglas formulated the Freeport Doctrine.
In this statement, Douglas accepted the Dred Scott ruling.
But he also said that people could still keep slavery out of a territory by refusing to
pass laws needed to regulate and enforce it.
The Freeport Doctrine pleased Illinois voters but angered Southern voters.
Douglas was elected Senator.
Lincoln used the debates to clarify the principles of the Republican Party.
Lincoln also established a national reputation as a clear, insightful thinker and an
eloquent debater.
The Opposing Economies
The North’s population was more than twice as large as the South’s
population.
 This gave the North an advantage in raising an army and in
supporting the war.
 The North’s industries gave it an economic advantage over the
South.
• The North had almost 90 percent of the country’s factories, and it
could provide ammunition and other supplies more easily.
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The South had only one railroad line connecting the western states
of the Confederacy to the east.
Northern troops easily disrupted the South’s rail system and
prevented the distribution of supplies and troops.
The North had several financial advantages over the South.
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The North controlled the national treasury and was able to continue
collecting money from tariffs.
Northern banks loaned the federal government money by buying
government bonds.
Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February 1862.
This created a national currency and allowed the government to
issue green-colored paper money known as greenbacks.
 The Confederacy’s financial situation was not good to start, and it
continued to worsen.
 Southern planters and banks could not buy bonds.
 The Union Navy blockaded Southern ports, so money raised by
taxing trade was greatly reduced.
 To raise money, the South taxed its own people.
 Many Southerners refused to pay the taxes.
• The South was forced to print its own paper money, which caused
rapid inflation in the South.
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As the Civil War began, there were many Republicans and Northern
Democrats who challenged Lincoln’s policies.
Lincoln’s goal was to preserve the Union, even if that meant allowing
slavery to continue.
The War Democrats supported the Civil War and restoring the Union.
They opposed ending slavery.
The Peace Democrats, referred to as Copperheads by Republicans,
opposed the war.
They wanted to reunite the states by using negotiation.
In 1862 Congress introduced a militia law that allowed states to use
conscription–the drafting of people for military service–to fill their
regiments.
Many Democrats opposed the law, and riots erupted in many cities.
• To enforce the militia law, Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus – a person’s
right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime and given a trial.
• The Confederate Constitution’s commitment to states’ rights limited Confederate
president Jefferson Davis’s ability to conduct the war.
• Many Southern leaders opposed president Jefferson Davis’s policies.
• They objected to the Confederacy forcing people to join the army.
• They also opposed suspending writs of habeas corpus.
• The United States did not want Europeans to recognize the Confederate States of
America as an independent country.
• The South wanted Europeans to recognize the Confederacy and provide it with
military assistance.
• To pressure France and Britain, Southern planters stopped selling cotton to these
countries.
In 1861 the Confederacy sent two diplomats to Britain and France.
In the Trent Affair, a Union warship intercepted the British ship that the two men
were on and arrested them.
 Eventually they were freed, but the Confederacy failed to gain the support of
Europeans.
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The Early Stages
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The Civil War was the first modern war.
The war involved huge armies made up of mostly civilian volunteers who required
vast amounts of supplies and equipment.
New cone-shaped bullets used in the Civil War were more accurate and could be
loaded and fired faster than previous bullets.
Instead of standing in a line, troops began to use trenches and barricades to
protect themselves.
The new military technologies and tactics caused attacking forces to suffer high
casualties.
Attrition–the wearing down of one side by the other through exhaustion of soldiers
and resources–meant that the armies had to keep replacing their soldiers.
Jefferson Davis wanted to wage a defensive war of attrition against the Union.
Southerners scorned defensive warfare, however.
Southern troops instead often went on the offensive, charging
enemy lines and suffering large numbers of casualties.
The Union implemented the Anaconda Plan.
This strategy, proposed by Winfield Scott, included a blockade of
Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the Mississippi to
divide the Confederacy.
Confederate reinforcements at the First Battle of Bull Run turned the
tide for the Confederacy in the first major battle.
The reinforcing troops were led by Thomas J. Jackson–“Stonewall”
Jackson.
He became one of the most effective commanders in the Confederate
Army.
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At first many Northern and Southern men enlisted in the armies.
As the war dragged on, fewer young men enlisted.
The North tried to get volunteers to enlist by offering a bounty–an
amount of money given as a bonus–to men who enlisted for three
years of military service.
Eventually both the Confederacy and the Union instituted the draft.
Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of all Confederate ports in an effort to
cut the South’s trade with the world
The Union blockade became increasingly effective as the war went
on.
• The Union navy, however, could not stop all of the blockade runners,
or small, fast vessels used by the South to smuggle goods past the
blockade.
• A fleet of Union ships, led by David G. Farragut, captured New
Orleans and gained control of the lower Mississippi River in April
1862.
• The South’s largest city, and a center of the cotton trade, was now in
Union hands.
• In February 1862, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began a campaign
to control the Cumberland River and the Tennessee River.
• Control of the rivers cut Tennessee in two and gave the Union a river
route deep into Confederate territory.
• Grant had victories at Forts Henry and Donelson.
• He and his troops advanced down the Tennessee River until the
Confederates held a surprise attack at Shiloh.
• The Union army won the Battle of Shiloh, but twenty thousand
troops were killed or wounded.
• General George B. McClellan took over the Union army in the east
after General McDowell’s loss at the First Battle of Bull Run.
• The Union wanted to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond.
• McClellan allowed his forces to become divided by a river.
• Confederate commander Joseph E. Johnston attacked McClellan’s
troops, which then suffered great casualties.
Robert E. Lee took over Johnston’s forces and began a series of
attacks against McClellan in the Seven Days’ Battle.
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Lee inflicted heavy casualties on the Union army and forced
McClellan to retreat to the James River.
Lincoln ordered McClellan and his troops to return to Washington.
As McClellan withdrew, Lee attacked the Union forces defending
Washington.
This became the Second Battle of Bull Run.
The South forced the North to retreat.
Confederate troops were just 20 miles from Washington.
Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis believed that an invasion of the
North was the only way to convince the Union to accept the South’s
independence, gain help from Great Britain, and help the Peace
Democrats win control of Congress in upcoming elections.
So Lee and his troops invaded Maryland. McClellan and his troops
took position along Antietam Creek, east of Lee.
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest one-day battle of the war.
McClellan inflicted so many casualties on the Confederate army that
Lee decided to retreat to Virginia.
This was an important victory for the Union.
The South lost its best chance to gain international recognition and
support.
The defeat convinced Lincoln that it was time to end slavery in the
South.
The Emancipation Proclamation…
Democrats opposed the end of slavery.
Republicans were divided on the issue.
Many were abolitionists.
Others, like Lincoln, did not want to lose the loyalty of the
slaveholding border states.
As Union casualties rose, however, Northerners began to agree that
slavery should end.
In September of 1862 Abraham Lincoln, encouraged by the Union victory at
Antietam, announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
This decree would free all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January
1, 1863.
The Emancipation Proclamation changed the Civil War from a conflict over
preserving the Union to a war to free the slaves.
As a result of the collapse of the South’s transportation system and the presence
of Union troops in many agricultural regions, the South suffered severe food
shortages by the winter of 1862.
The food shortages hurt Southern morale and led to riots. Rapid inflation drove up
prices.
The North had an economic boom because of the war.
The large, well-established banking industry made raising money for the war
easier.
 The increased use of mechanical reapers and mowers made farming possible with
fewer workers.
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Document Based Question 2
How did the war affect the economies of the North and the South?
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Why was the Battle of Antietam a turning point in the Civil War?
Why did the Union want to control the Cumberland and Tennessee
rivers?
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Why did the Union want to capture New Orleans?
6. Why did the North have an economic advantage over the South?