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A Evolução do Universo 1 O Calendário Cósmico Carl Sagan em Dragões do Éden Cada mês corresponde a aproximadamente um bilhão de anos. 2 Quantos segundos há em um ano? – 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 31.536.000 segundos. – No modelo: 1 segundo 500 anos. – O último segundo da história do universo condensada em um ano corresponde aos últimos 500 anos da história da humanidade. – 10 segundos para pensar nisto... 3 1 de Janeiro: Big Bang! 1 de Março: nascimento da Via Láctea. 1 de Agosto: nascimento do Sistema Solar. 1 de Setembro: aparecimento da vida (unicelular) na Terra. 1 de Novembro: aparecimento da vida multicelular. 15 de Dezembro: Big Bang Biológico. A Explosão Câmbrica deu origem à diversidade de vida que vemos actualmente. 18 de Dezembro: aparecimento das primeiras plantas. 21 de Dezembro: os primeiros insectos começam a dominar o mundo. 24 de Dezembro: aparecimento dos dinossauros. 25 de Dezembro: aparecimento dos mamíferos. 27 de Dezembro: aparecimento dos pássaros. 29 de Dezembro: um asteróide arrasa com o domínio dos dinossauros. 31 de Dezembro – 10 da manhã: aparecimento dos macacos. 31 de Dezembro – 21 horas: aparecimento dos hominídeos. 31 de Dezembro – 23h54m: aparecimento do homem moderno. 31 de Dezembro – 23h59m45s: invenção da escrita. 31 de Dezembro – 23h59m50s: as pirâmides são construídas no Egipto. 31 de Dezembro – 23h59m54s: nascimento de Cristo. 31 de Dezembro – 23h59m58s: Cruzadas! 31 de Dezembro – 23h59m59s: Pedro Álvares Cabral chega ao Brasil! Renascimento! The Evolution of Life on Earth in One Day https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2_6cqa2 cP4 O Calendário Cósmico (dublado) - Carl Sagan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNJx2SJp abY A Evolução Social SOCIEDADE INDUSTRIAL Acesso a bens produzidos por outros 1800 1900 1950 SOCIEDADE PÓS-INDUSTRIAL Acesso a serviços prestados por outros 2000 10 SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO Acesso a informações geradas por outros 2020 11 Internet Celular Web -30 -20 -10 Computação Pervasiva Redes -40 0 Computador -50 Banda Larga Televisão -70 -5 Rádio Automóvel -110 -90 Luz Elétrica -120 Anos atrás Telégrafo Tecnologia -150 A Evolução Tecnológica The History of Technology The History of Technology can be divided into nine distinct periods of time: Paleolithic Age The Middle Ages Mesolithic Age The Renaissance Neolithic Age Industrial Age Bronze Age The Information Age Iron Age The Paleolithic Age The Old Stone Age or in Greek (palaios – “old”) and (lithos – “stone”) Time Period: 500,000 BC – 10,000 BC Impacts on history: Improved diet and enhanced security enabled early humans to increase the population. Artifacts: Stone axes, bone needles, hearth sites The Mesolithic Age The Middle Stone Age or in Greek (mesos – “middle”) and (lithos – “stone”) Time Period: 10,000 BC – 4,000 BC Impacts on history: The gradual domestication of animals and agriculture led to settled communities. Artifacts: Leatherwork, fishing tackle, stone circles The Neolithic Age The New Stone Age or in Greek (néos – “new”) and (líthos – “stone”) Time Period: 4,000 BC – 2,300 BC Impacts on history: Dependable year-round food supply enables division of labor and specialization that spurs invention. Artifacts: Spinning/weaving tools, stone plows, sickles The Neolithic Age Examples of Engineering Design during the Neolithic Age: Mesopotamian engineers used clay tablets to document irrigation systems. Babylonian engineers used mathematical concepts such as algebra for land excavation calculations. Egyptian engineers built the pyramids. The Bronze Age The architectural period that included combining copper and tin to produce bronze Time Period: 2,300 BC – 700 BC Impacts on history: The use of bronze replaced stone tools and allowed humans to greatly alter their environment. Artifacts: Bronze jewelry, tools/weapons The Iron Age The architectural period marked by the prevalent use of iron or steel Time Period: 700 BC – 450 AD Impacts on history: Military dominance for cultures that could produce iron weapons. The iron-blade plow allowed humans to increase food production. Artifacts: Iron farming equipment/weapons, manuscripts The Iron Age Examples of Engineering Design during the Iron Age: Greek engineers created the crossbow and catapult to conquer territories. Roman engineers created aqueduct systems, sanitary systems, and an extensive road system. The Middle Ages The architectural period after the Roman Empire. Divided into Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, and Late Middle Ages. Time Period: 450 AD – 1,400 AD Impacts on history: Early Middle Ages – increased pressure from invasion lead to depopulation and deurbanization. The Middle Ages Impacts on history: High Middle Ages – the beginning of feudalism, population increase, and agricultural innovation Late Middle Ages – famine, plague and war, often marked by the Black Death, which killed approximately one-third of the population Artifacts: Improved harness for horses, cast iron, cannons, mechanical clocks, compass The Middle Ages Examples of Engineering Design during the Middle Ages: Technology, like the windmill, produced mechanical labor. The printing press was used to share information and knowledge. The word “engineer” began to appear as “ingeniare” or to design or devise. The Renaissance / Enlightenment The architectural period marked by the revival of classical influence and the sharing of ideas, or in Italian (Rinascimento – “to be reborn”) Time Period: 1,400 AD – 1,750 AD Impacts on history: Instrumentation enabled scientists to observe and quantify natural phenomena. Artifacts: Telescope, microscope, thermometer The Renaissance / Enlightenment Examples of Engineering Design during the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci was born in Italy in 1452 and began his career as an artist, painting and sculpting. He also designed weapons, buildings, and machinery. To learn more, please visit “Exploring Leonardo” at the Museum of Science: http://legacy.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/ The Renaissance / Enlightenment Examples of Engineering Design during the Renaissance: Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 and was known as a physicist, astronomer, and philosopher. He is best known for his improvements to the telescope and astronomical observations. To learn more, please visit “Galileo’s Place in Science” at NOVA PBS: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/science.html The Industrial Age The architectural period marked by the first use of complex machinery, factories, and urbanization. Time Period: 1750 AD – 1950 AD Impacts on history: The industrial revolution gave rise to urban centers, requiring vast municipal services, creating a specialized and interdependent economic life. The Industrial Age Impacts on history: Economic expansion created the rise of professionals, population expansion, and improved standard of living. Artifacts: Electricity, automobile, airplane, radio, television, telephone, rocket The Industrial Age Examples of Engineering Design during the Industrial Age: James Watt refines the steam engine for practical use. Alessandro Volta discovers the principles for a battery. Pieter van Musschenbroek creates the forerunner of the capacitor. Henry Ford creates the concept of the modern assembly line. The Information Age The architectural period marked by information sharing, gathering, manipulation, and retrieval. Time Period: 1950 AD - Present Impacts on history: As information becomes more widely available, increasing numbers of people will be empowered. Artifacts: Integrated circuit, computer, nuclear power, digital camera A Lei de Moore Transistor Relé Eletromecânica Tubo a Vácuo Circuito Integrado 10+10 Cálculos por Segundo por US$ 1.000 Escala Exponencial 10+8 10+6 10+4 10+2 10 10-2 10-4 10-6 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 31 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Em Processadores 2010 - Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Informática 32 History of Light Lighting Power Per Unit of Energy 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 Campfire Animal Fat Lamp (Australopithecus 1,4 m (Paleolithic 42,000 bc) bc) Sesame Oil Lamp (Babylonians 1,750 bc) Candles (Greeks, Romans I bc) Whale Oil Lamps (1,800) Kerosene Lamps (Petroleum PA, 1,859) Electric Carbon Lamps (Edison, 1,882) Fluorescent Bulb (1,992) http://www.edis ontechcenter.org /ArcLamps.html Perguntas • How did electricity change industry and daily life? • What effect did advances in transportation have on daily life? Referencias • © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology