Download Notes - Terevaka Archaeological Outreach

ANT 104 Notes
2/2/17
1. Ole worm – 1588-1655 – Massive collections of artifacts and trinkets
a. King Frederick 3rd of Denmark hosted the artifacts in a building which became a
museum
2. John Greaves – 1602-1652 – Oxford University
a. Kicked out due to different political views
b. Funded his own research
c. Egypt – Studied pyramids of Giza and drew a technical sketch of its tunnels
added anthropological background to the pyramids
tombs rather than treasure vaults signified religious beliefs
3. Pompeii – Roman city destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius
a. Ran into a wall building a conduit, found art etc. Covered up due to fear
b. King Charles 3rd of Naples and his wife took many artifacts for their palace
4. Society of Dilettanti – 1732
a. Society that funded expeditions to less explored areas
b. Artifacts not acquired entirely legally
5. Napoleon Bonaparte – 1761 – 1829
a. Arts and artifacts not too important
b. Egypt – invaded and sacked for most important jewels and artifacts.
c. Rosetta Stone – Used to translate hieroglyphics to demotic script and ancient
Greek.
d. 1802 British took all of Bonaparte’s possessions.
6. 1700’s – 1800’s
a. Jefferson – 1743-1826
i. One of first to use stratigraphy
b. Petrie – 1853-1942
i. Egyyptologist
ii. Analyzed stylistically collections
c. Pitt-Rivers – 1827-1900
i. One of first to say that said to look at remains of every other society not
just the most famous ones
d. Wheeler – 1890-1976
i. Indus Valley
ii. Complexity in inquiry - Documenting everything very meticulously
20TH CENTURY
7. 1914-1960 Culture History
a. Categorizing into cultural and ethnic groups (concept applied by Nazi’s: blonde,
blue-eyed etc)
b. - - Video Intermission - 8. 1960’s Processual (“new”) Archaeology
a. Learn about people by studying those categorized artifacts of different cultures
b. All faith in the scientific method
i. People’s advancements and technologies depended on the desirability of
their environment
ii. Categorized into sociopolitical entities (band > tribe > chiefdom > state)
9. 1980’s Post-Processual Archaeology
a. Criticized previous work for overemphasizing materialist interpretations based on
objectivity
b. Emphasizes the subjectivity (not objectivity) of interpretations
10. 1980’s Evolutionary Archaeology
a. Employs methods of Darwinism to classify human behavior (over large periods of
time and diverse natural areas)
b. Models based on scientific methods such as Natural Selection by looking
biology(genes) and geology
Homo neanderthalensis
c. 400kya-40kya
d. Mousterian (use of stone tools)
i. Stone tools like flake tools, points, scrapers, and composite tools
e. Speech – bone recovered suggested articulated speech in Neanderthals
f. Artistic Expression
g. - - Video Intermission - 11. Fire
a. Nutrition, Less bacteria, Sense of gathering, Protection, Light
b. Control – 1mya
c. Lighting – 800kya
12. Lithics (technology/tools)
a. Homo habilis (2.3-1.4mya) called Oldowan
b. Homo erectus (1.8-100kya) called acheulian
c. - - Video Intermission - -