Download Chapter 17 Tour: Formation of the Solar System

Chapter 17 Tour: Formation of the Solar System
SHORT ANSWERS
1. A HUGE INTERSTELLAR CLOUD MADE OF DUST AND GAS
2. GRAVITY, PRESSURE
3. 1) YOUNG SOLAR NEBULA COLLAPSES DUE TO GRAVITY
2) SOLAR NEBULA ROTATES, FLATTENS, AND GETS WARMER NEAR THE CENTER
3) PLANETESIMALS BEGIN TO FORM WITHIN SWIRLING DISK
4) LARGEST PLANETESIMALS BEGIN TO SWEEP UP MORE AND MORE DUST & GAS
5) SMALLER PLANETESIMALS COLLIDE WITH LARGER ONES, PLANETS GROW
6) REMAINING DUST & GAS LEAVES, LEFT WITH A NEW SOLAR SYSTEM
4. THE OUTER GAS GIANTS ARE MADE OF GAS BECAUSE THEY WERE LOCATED FAR
AWAY FROM THE SUN AND COULD COLLECT LOTS OF GAS & DUST. THE INNER
PLANETS THAT ARE CLOSER TO THE SUN ARE MADE OF JUST ROCK BECAUSE THE
GAS BURNED OFF.
5.
6. MASS, DISTANCE
7. A) CORONA: OUTER ATMOSPHERE, GASES SO THIN CAN ONLY SEE DURING SOLAR
ECLIPSE
B) CHROMOSPHERE: THIN REGION BELOW CORONA, CAN ONLY SEE DURING
SOLAR ECLIPSE
C) PHOTOSPHERE: THE LAYER WE CAN SEE = SURFACE OF SUN
D) CONVECTIVE ZONE: REGION WHERE HOT AND COOL GASES CIRCULATE AND
CONVECT – HOT GASES RISE, COOL GASES SINK
E) RADIATIVE ZONE: VERY DENSE HOT REGION WHERE LIGHT TAKES MILLIONS
OF YEARS TO TRAVEL THROUGH
F) CORE: CENTER OF THE SUN WHERE ENERGY IS PRODUCED
8. COOLER DARKER REGIONS ON THE SUN’S SURFACE, RELATED TO CHANGES IN THE
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE SUN
9.
10. Crust: OUTERMOST LAYER, FORMS SKIN RANGING IN THICKNESS
Mantle: CONTAINS DENSER LAYER THAN CRUST
Core: CENTER, HEAVIEST MATERIALS (NICKEL, IRON),
11. WE THINK EARTH’S EARLY ATMOSPHERE WAS MADE MOSTLY OF AMMONIA,
METHAND, AND WATER. IT WAS PROBABLY A STEAMY ATMOSPHERE OF WATER
VAPOR AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THE SECOND ATMOSPHERE WAS MUCH COOLER,
THOUGH STILL WARMER THAN IT IS TODAY. OUR CURRENT ATMOSPHERE HAS
THE PERFECT AMOUNT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, AND IS JUST THE
RIGHT TEMPERATURE!
12. THERE WAS A LOT OF WATER ON EARTH FOR A LONG TIME. AS THE EARTH
COOLED AND SETTLED, THE LIGHTER MATERIALS ROSE TO THE EARTH’S
SURFACE AND BEGAN TO PILE UP. EVENTUALLY, THE PILES GOT BIGGER AND
ROSE ABOVE THE WATER LEVEL, FORMING CONTINENTS
Chapter 17 Tour: Formation of the Solar System
Section 1: A Solar System is Born
1. What is a nebula? A HUGE INTERSTELLAR CLOUD MADE OF DUST AND GAS
2. Look at figure 2 on page 425. What 2 forces balance each other to keep a nebula of dust and gas from
collapsing or flying apart? GRAVITY and PRESSURE
3. Look at figure 3 on pages 426-427. Copy the steps below (summarize as much as possible):
1) YOUNG SOLAR NEBULA COLLAPSES DUE TO GRAVITY
2) SOLAR NEBULA ROTATES, FLATTENS, AND GETS WARMER NEAR THE CENTER
3) PLANETESIMALS BEGIN TO FORM WITHIN SWIRLING DISK
4) LARGEST PLANETESIMALS BEGIN TO SWEEP UP MORE AND MORE DUST & GAS
5) SMALLER PLANETESIMALS COLLIDE WITH LARGER ONES, PLANETS GROW
6) REMAINING DUST & GAS LEAVES, LEFT WITH A NEW SOLAR SYSTEM
4. Why does the composition of giant gas planets differ from that of the rocky inner planets? THE OUTER
GAS GIANTS ARE MADE OF GAS BECAUSE THEY WERE LOCATED FAR AWAY FROM
THE SUN AND COULD COLLECT LOTS OF GAS & DUST. THE INNER PLANETS THAT ARE
CLOSER TO THE SUN ARE MADE OF JUST ROCK BECAUSE THE GAS BURNED OFF.
5. Copy figure 5 on page 429 in the box below. Be sure to label rotation, revolution, and orbit.
6. Look at figure 7 on page 431. Read the paragraph next to it. On what properties does the force of gravity
between two objects depend? MASS and DISTANCE
Section 2: The Sun: Our Very Own Star
7. Look at figure 9 on page 433. Label the sun’s layers from the outside. Write 1 fact about each layer.
a) CORONA: OUTER ATMOSPHERE, GASES SO THIN CAN ONLY SEE DURING
SOLAR ECLIPSE
b) CHROMOSPHERE: THIN REGION BELOW CORONA, CAN ONLY SEE DURING
SOLAR ECLIPSE
c) PHOTOSPHERE: THE LAYER WE CAN SEE = SURFACE OF SUN
d) CONVECTIVE ZONE: REGION WHERE HOT AND COOL GASES CIRCULATE AND
CONVECT – HOT GASES RISE, COOL GASES SINK
e) RADIATIVE ZONE: VERY DENSE HOT REGION WHERE LIGHT TAKES
MILLIONS OF YEARS TO TRAVEL THROUGH
f) CORE: CENTER OF THE SUN WHERE ENERGY IS PRODUCED
8. Read the section titled Activity on the Sun’s Surface. What are sunspots? COOLER DARKER
REGIONS ON THE SUN’S SURFACE, RELATED TO CHANGES IN THE MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES OF THE SUN
Section 3: The Earth Takes Shape
9. According to the section titled The Earth and Its Layers, the Earth separated into distinct layers
because melting inside the Earth allowed heavy materials to sink to the center and lighter materials
to rise to the surface. Copy figure 16 in the box below (summarize the captions).
10. Look at figure 17 on page 439. Define each of the 3 layers of the earth.
1) Crust: OUTERMOST LAYER, FORMS SKIN RANGING IN THICKNESS
2) Mantle: CONTAINS DENSER LAYER THAN CRUST
3) Core: CENTER, HEAVIEST MATERIALS (NICKEL, IRON),
11. Skim pages 440-442. How did the Earth’s composition change over time? WE THINK EARTH’S
EARLY ATMOSPHERE WAS MADE MOSTLY OF AMMONIA, METHAND, AND
WATER. IT WAS PROBABLY A STEAMY ATMOSPHERE OF WATER VAPOR AND
CARBON DIOXIDE. THE SECOND ATMOSPHERE WAS MUCH COOLER, THOUGH
STILL WARMER THAN IT IS TODAY. OUR CURRENT ATMOSPHERE HAS THE
PERFECT AMOUNT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, AND IS JUST THE RIGHT
TEMPERATURE!
12. According to the section titled Oceans and Continents on page 443, the oceans probably formed
early on Earth, by about 4 billion years ago. How and when did the continents begin to appear?
THERE WAS A LOT OF WATER ON EARTH FOR A LONG TIME. AS THE EARTH
COOLED AND SETTLED, THE LIGHTER MATERIALS ROSE TO THE EARTH’S
SURFACE AND BEGAN TO PILE UP. EVENTUALLY, THE PILES GOT BIGGER AND
ROSE ABOVE THE WATER LEVEL, FORMING CONTINENTS.