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ASSIGNMENT 3
Student Name
:
Subject
: World History
Grade/Class
:
Topic
: German Unification
Date
:
Teacher(s)
: Ms. Sarah
Semester
:
Parent’s Signature
:
/
RESULT
Section A: Book Reading (8 points)
Instructions: Read the following excerpts from the Pearson World History book, and then
answer the questions below.
Where others had failed in uniting Germany, Otto von Bismarck
succeeded. Bismarck came from Prussia’s Junker (“Yoong-kur”) class,
made up of conservative landowning nobles. Bismarck first served Prussia
as a diplomat in Russian and France, and then as prime minster to King
Wilhelm I. In 1871, he became chancellor, or the highest official, of a united
Germany.
Bismarck’s success was due in part to his strong will. Power was
more important than principles. Although Bismarck was the architect of
German unity, he was not really a German nationalist. His main goal was to
increase Prussia’s power, not to fulfill German nationalist aims.
As Prussia’s prime minister, Bismarck first moved to build up the
Prussian army. However, the liberal legislature refused to vote for funds for
the military. In response, Bismarck strengthened the army with money that had been collected for
other purposes. With a powerful, well-equipped military, he was then ready to pursue an
aggressive foreign policy. Over the next decade, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars. Each war
increased Prussian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity.
Bismarck’s first maneuver was to form an alliance in 1864 with Austria. Prussia and Austria
then seized two provinces from Denmark. In 1866, he invented an excuse to attack Austria. The
Austro-Prussian War lasted just seven weeks and ended in a decisive Prussian victory. Prussia
then annexed, or took control of, several other north German states.
In France, the Prussian victory over Austria angered Napoleon III. A growing rivalry between
the two nations led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. A superior Prussian force, supported by
troops from other German states, smashed the badly organized and poorly supplied French
soldiers. France had to accept a humiliating peace.
Delighted by the victory over France, princes from the southern German states and the
Northern German Confederation persuaded Wilhelm I of Prussia to take the title kaiser, or
emperor. In January 1871, German nationalists celebrated the birth of the Second Reich, or
empire. They called it that because they considered it heir to the Holy Roman Empire, set up in the
900s and abolished by Napoleon I in 1806.
A constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature. The Bundesrat, or upper
house, was appointed by the rules of the German states. The Reichstag, or lower house, was
elected by universal male suffrage. Still, the new German nation was far from democratic. Because
the Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag, real power remained in the hands of the
emperor and his chancellor.
As chancellor of the new German empire, Bismarck pursued several foreign-policy goals. He
wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria and Russia. He
respected British naval power but did not seek to compete in that arena. “Water rats,” he said, “do
not fight with land rats.” Later, however, he would take a more aggressive stand against Britain as
the two nations competed for overseas colonies.
On the domestic front, Bismarck applied the same ruthless methods he had used to achieve
unification. The Iron Chancellor, as he was called, sought to erase local loyalties and crush all
opposition to the imperial state. He target two groups- The Catholic Church and the Socialists. In
his view, both posed a threat to the new German state.
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In response to what he saw as the Catholic threat, Bismarck launched the culture laws,
which lasted from 1871 to 1878. His goal was to make Catholic put loyalty to the state above
allegiance to the Church. The chancellor had laws passed that gave the state the right to supervise
Catholic education and approve the appointment of priests. Bismarck’s moves against the Catholic
Church backfired. The faithful rallied behind the Church, and the Catholic Center party gained
strength in the Reichstag. A realist, Bismarck saw his mistake and worked to make peace with the
Church.
Bismarck also saw a threat to the new German empire in the growing power of socialism.
Under socialism, the people are supposed to own and operate the means of production. Bismarck
feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward
revolution. Bismarck had laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers,
and banned their meetings. Once again, repression backfired. It served to unite workers to support
the socialist cause. So, Bismarck changed course. He set out to woo workers away from socialism
by sponsoring laws to protect them. Although workers benefited from Bismarck’s plan, they did not
abandon socialism. Yet Bismarck’s program showed that conditions for workers could be improved
without a revolution. Later, Germany and other European nations would build on Bismarck’s social
policies, greatly increasing government’s role in providing for the needs of its citizens.
Source adapted from: Ellis, E.G. and Esler, A. (2016). World History. New York: Pearson. Page
551-555.
1. Describe the characteristics of Bismarck’s leadership with 2 details. (2 points)
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2. How did Bismarck’s wars actually help create German unification? (1 point)
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3. For the first time in History, the German states were united and working together. Before
that, what territory had the German states been a part of? (1 point)
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4. Why did Bismarck not trust Catholics? (Consider the answer to number 3 above!) (1 point)
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5. Summarize, in a minimum of three sentences, what Bismarck’s overall contributions to
History are. (3 points)
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Section B: Document Analysis (11 points)
Instructions: Read the primary documents below and then answer the questions about
them.
In 1890 after Wilhelm I died, his son Wilhelm II took over. Because he believed that he was chosen
by God to lead the country, he demanded that Bismarck resign.
Excerpt from the book “Bismarck: A Life” by Jonathan Steinberg (2011, page 449)
Thus ended the extraordinary public career of Otto von Bismarck, who ... had presided/ruled over
the affairs of a state he made great and glorious. ... Now the humble posture/role that he had
necessarily adopted in his written communications with his royal master had become his real
posture. The old servant, no matter how great and how brilliant, had become in reality what he had
always played as on a stage: a servant who could be dismissed at will by his
Sovereign/king/queen/royalty. He had defended that royal prerogative The king’s goal/aim because
it had allowed him to carry out his immense/strong will; now the absolute prerogative/goal of the
Emperor became what it has always been, the prerogative of the sovereign. Having crushed his
parliamentary opponents, flattened and abused his ministers, and refused to allow himself to be
bound/tied by any loyalty. Bismarck had no ally left when he needed it.
1. What does the author suggest was Bismarck’s role as Prime Minister for all those years?
(1 point)
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2. What are 3 things that Bismarck did as Prime Minister? (3 points)
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Johann Gustav Droysen: Speech to the Frankfurt Assembly, 1848
We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between
Prussia and Austria. In these states German life has its positive and negative poles—[the positive],
all the interests which are national and reformative/wanting change, [the negative], all that are
dynastic (family that rules for a long time) and destructive/destroy. The German question is not a
constitutional question, but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly/fully
German, while that of Austria cannot be. . . .We need a powerful ruling house. Austria's power
meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the
deficiencies/deficit/kekurangan of her own power. Already Prussia is Germany in embryo. She will
"merge" with Germany…
3. What positive remarks does the author make about Prussia? (2 points)
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4. What negative remarks does the author make about Austria? (2 points)
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The Imperial Proclamation/Speech/Annoucement by Wilhelm I. (January 18, 1871)
Whereas the German princes and the free cities have unanimously/everyone agrees called upon
us to renew and to assume, with the restoration/rebuild of the German Empire, the German
imperial office…
We, Wilhelm, by the grace of God King of Prussia, do herewith declare that we have considered it
a duty to our common fatherland to answer the summons of the united German princes and cities
and to accept the German imperial title. In consequence, we and our successors on the throne of
Prussia will henceforth/starting now and forever after bear the imperial title in all our relations and
in all the business of the German Empire…We assume/accept/take on the imperial title, conscious
of the duty of protecting, with German loyalty, the rights of the Empire and of its members, of
keeping the peace, and of protecting the independence of Germany, which depends in its turn
upon the united strength of the people….And may God grant that We and our successors on the
imperial throne may at all times increase the wealth of the German Empire, not by military
conquests, but by the blessings and the gifts of peace, in the realm of national prosperity, liberty,
and morality.
Wilhelm I, Kaiser und König.
5. What does this Proclamation mean? (1 point)
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6. What are 2 things that the King promises to do? (2 points)
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Section C: Political Cartoons (4 points)
Instructions: Read the descriptions of the political cartoons and then answer the questions
about them.
“Between Berlin and Rome” (1875)
In 1875, the relationship between Prussia and the Catholic Church reach an all-time low. The Pope
declared that the cultural laws of the Prussian Minister were invalid and that Catholic priests did
not have to follow them. In response, the Prussian government campaigned that priests would not
receive subsidies (money to help pay for something) unless they agreed to follow the laws of
Prussia. In the cartoon Zwischen Berlin und Rom [Between Berlin and Rome], published in the
satirical journal Kladderadatsch, this high-stakes conflict between church and state is depicted as a
chess game. The players are Bismarck and Pope Pius IX. The caption reads: [Pius IX]: “The last
move was certainly unpleasant for me; but the game is not up yet. I still have a very nice [secret]
move!” [Bismarck]: “That will be your last one, and then in a few moves you will have lost – at least
for Germany.”
1. What does the metaphor of chess suggest about the relationship between Prussia and the
Holy Roman Empire? (1 point)
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2. Why is Bismarck the one playing chess (and not German state leaders) with the Pope?
(1 point)
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Germany’s Future (1866)
A South German cartoon from the autumn of 1866 shows a picture of Bismarck’s helmet covering
the people of the German states. Underneath is the caption: “Does it go under one hat? I believe,
rather, it goes under a spiked helmet.”
3. Is this is a pro-Bismarck or anti-Bismarck political cartoon? (1 point)
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4. What does this political cartoon suggest about Bismarck’s way of ruling? (1 point)
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