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Chapter 1—Molecular Reasons
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of these is the best definition of matter?
a. The pull of gravity on an object.
b. Anything that has weight and volume.
c. Anything that has mass and occupies space.
d. Anything that is directly proportional to weight.
e. The measure of the amount of space an object occupies.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
2. Which of these statements is correct?
a. The amount of carbon on earth is essentially constant.
b. The amount of carbon on earth fluctuates with the seasons.
c. The amount of carbon on earth is increasing due to plant and animal growth.
d. The amount of carbon on earth is decreasing due to consumption of carbon based fuels.
e. Both B and C are correct.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
3. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier found that the weight of objects before burning and the weight
of the products after burning were equal. He concluded that the total weight did not change during a
process. Which of these best describes Lavoisier's conclusion?
a. From observation, Lavoisier created a scientific law.
b. From observation, Lavoisier created a scientific theory.
c. From scientific law, Lavoisier created a scientific theory.
d. From experimentation, Lavoisier created a scientific law.
e. From observation, Lavoisier created a scientific conclusion.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
4. When using the scientific method, before experiments are done a ___________ should be established.
a. hypothesis
b. law
c. theory
d. conclusion
ANS: A
PTS: 1
5. A statement which summarizes the data obtained from a series of observations is known as a(n) ____.
a. observation
b. Law
c. theory
d. conclusion
e. experiment
ANS: B
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6. Which of these is not part of the scientific method?
a. observation
b. law
c. theory
d. conclusion
e. experiment
ANS: D
PTS: 1
7. Which of these is the best definition of a scientific theory?
a. A prediction based on a limited number of observations.
b. A method of explaining observations that appears contradictory.
c. A broadly applicable generalization with virtually no exceptions.
d. A method for approaching problems that is used by all scientists.
e. A tentative model that describes the underlying cause of a physical behavior.
ANS: E
PTS: 1
8. Which of these is the best definition of a scientific law?
a. A prediction based on a limited number of observations.
b. A method of explaining observations that appear contradictory.
c. A broadly applicable generalization with virtually no exceptions.
d. A method for approaching problems that is used by all scientists.
e. A rule made by scientists to ensure consistency in their observations.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
9. A(n) ____ is an explanation of a scientific observation.
a. law
b. theory
c. conclusion
d. prediction
e. epiphany
ANS: B
PTS: 1
10. Which of these is not a requirement of a scientifically acceptable theory?
a. Good predictive power of the theory.
b. Proven by additional experimentation.
c. Sound reasoning for a particular observation.
d. Easily revised to accommodate new observations
e. Provides model of behavior consistent with other widely accepted theories.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
11. Which of these statements about the scientific method is incorrect?
a. It is not a group of absolute truths.
b. It uses experiments that are reproducible
c. It is used for testing claims about the natural world.
d. It requires one to propose a theory and perform experiments to give results which confirm
or disclaim the theory.
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e. All of these are correct statements.
ANS: E
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12. To explain natural phenomena scientists must ______________.
a. have an opinion.
b. make observations.
c. guess correctly most of the time.
d. agree with existing theories.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
13. Which scientist first theorized that matter was ultimately composed of small indivisible particles
called atoms?
a. Dalton
b. Lavoisier
c. Empedocles
d. Plato
e. Democritus
ANS: E
PTS: 1
14. The historical predecessor to chemistry is known as ____.
a. alchemy
b. pre-chemistry
c. biology
d. biochemistry
e. physical science
ANS: A
PTS: 1
15. Which of these contributions did Alchemists of the Middle Ages make to modern science?
a. sun centered universe and metallurgy
b. metallurgy and development of scientific techniques
c. scientific method and the Law of Conservation of Mass
d. Law of Conservation of Matter and The First Atomic Theory
e. Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Constant Composition
ANS: B
PTS: 1
16. Thales believed that _________ is the principle element of all things.
a. earth
b. air
c. fire
d. water
e. gold
ANS: D
PTS: 1
17. Which scientist is incorrectly matched with his idea or theory?
I.
II.
III.
scientist
Copernicus
Dalton
Galileo
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theory
a sun centered universe
Atomic Theory
a sun centered universe
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IV.
V.
Vesalius
Boyle
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The simplest form of a substance is an element.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I
II
III
IV
V
ANS: D
PTS: 1
18. Which two scientists are credited with the endorsement of a sun centered universe?
a. Dalton and Plato
b. Boyle and Copernicus
c. Copernicus and Galileo
d. Democritus and Vesalius
e. Copernicus and Vesalius
ANS: C
PTS: 1
19. The scientific revolution of the 1500s was marked by a move away from ____ and towards ____ as a
method for explaining the natural world.
a. law, theory
b. alchemy, research
c. reason, observation
d. scientific theory, experimentation
e. Both a and c are correct.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
20. Identify the materials which will correctly complete the flow chart.
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I.
pure substance
element
mixture
Mass
mixture
II.
mixture
atoms
solutions
mixture
atoms
I
II
III
IV
V
ANS: A
PTS: 1
21. Which of these substances are compounds?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
neon
crude oil
water
sodium chloride
I
I, and III
II, III and IV
III and IV
II and IV
ANS: D
PTS: 1
22. Which of these substances are heterogeneous mixtures?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
steam
milk of magnesia
crude oil
rubbing alcohol
II and III
I and IV
II, III and IV
I, III and IV
I, II, and III
ANS: A
PTS: 1
23. Which of these substances are mixtures?
I.
II.
steam
crude oil
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III.
IV.
V.
VI.
salt water
gun powder
oxygen
mercury
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
II and III
I and III
II, III and IV
I, III and V
II, III,IV, and VI
ANS: C
PTS: 1
24. Which of these are pure substances?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
steam
crude oil
salt water
gun powder
oxygen
mercury
I, II and III
I and III
I, II, III and V
I, III and V
I, V, and VI
ANS: E
PTS: 1
25. When ice melts to form liquid water. Which of the following is true?
a. A physical change occurs.
b. A chemical change occurs.
c. Both physical and chemical changes occur.
d. Neither a physical nor chemical change occurs.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
26. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
a. glass breaking
b. water freezing
c. wood burning
d. getting a haircut
ANS: C
PTS: 1
27. Which of these statements is true?
a. The composition of both mixtures and pure substances is variable.
b. The composition of both mixtures and pure substances is fixed.
c. The composition of mixtures is variable and the composition of pure substances is fixed.
d. The composition of mixtures is fixed and the composition of pure substances is variable.
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e. The composition of both mixtures and pure substances can be fixed or variable.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
28. A substance composed of two or more different elements in fixed proportions is known as a(n) ____.
a. Atom
b. element
c. molecule
d. Ion
e. compound
ANS: E
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29. The simplest form of substance is known as a(n) ____.
a. element
b. ion
c. mixture
d. nucleus
e. homogeneous
ANS: A
PTS: 1
30. Which of the following statements does not describe a chemical compound?.
a. It contains two or more elements.
b. It is a pure substance.
c. It has a fixed composition.
d. It has a variable composition.
e. All of the statements are correct.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
31. The smallest unit of a chemical compound is
a. an atom.
b. a molecule.
c. a nucleus.
d. an alpha particle.
e. None of the above are true.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
32. A chocolate chip cookie is an example of what type of matter?.
a. element
b. compound
c. homogeneous mixture
d. heterogeneous mixture
e. A cookie is not matter.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
33. Which of these statements is true?
a. Gases are compressible and have variable shape.
b. Gases are incompressible and have variable shape.
c. Gases are compressible and have a fixed shape.
d. Gases are incompressible and have a fixed shape.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
34. Which of these statements is true?
a. Solids are compressible and have variable shape.
b. Solids are incompressible and have variable shape.
c. Solids are compressible and have a fixed shape.
d. Solids are incompressible and have a fixed shape.
ANS: D
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35. What does the figure represent?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A heterogeneous mixture of elements.
A pure substance which is an element.
A pure substance which is an compound.
A homogenous mixture of elements and compounds.
A heterogeneous mixture of elements and compounds.
ANS: E
PTS: 1
36. Methane can be decomposed into two simpler substances, hydrogen and carbon. Therefore, methane
a. is a gas.
b. is an element.
c. is a mixture.
d. is a compound.
e. must have the formula CH.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
37. What does the figure represent?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A heterogeneous mixture of elements.
A pure substance which is an element.
A pure substance which is an compound.
A homogenous mixture of elements and compounds.
A heterogeneous mixture of elements and compounds.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
38. A bowl of chocolate chip ice cream is best described as
a. a pure substance.
b. a homogenous mixture.
c. a heterogeneous mixture.
d. a compound which is a pure substance.
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e. a chemical reaction between chocolate and vanilla ice cream.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
39. Methane and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. What mass of water is formed if 3.2 g of
methane react with 12.8 g of oxygen to produce 8.8 g of carbon dioxide?
a. 7.2 g
b. 8.8 g
c. 9.6 g
d. 14.8 g
e. 16.0 g
ANS: A
PTS: 1
40. Carbon and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide. What mass of carbon dioxide is produced when 12.0
g of carbon react with 32.0 g of oxygen?
a. 44 g
b. 38 g
c. 28 g
d. 20 g
e. 2.67 g
ANS: A
PTS: 1
41. If 12.0 g of carbon react with 32.0 g of oxygen to form 44.0 g of carbon dioxide, which of these
statements is false?
a. 18.0 g of carbon will be needed to form 66.0 g of carbon dioxide.
b. 48.0 g of oxygen will be needed to form 66.0 g of carbon dioxide.
c. 48.0 g of carbon will be needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide.
d. 96.0 g of oxygen will be needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide.
e. None of the above are false.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
42. Which of these statements best explains the Law of Conservation of Mass?
a. All atoms of a given element have the same weight.
b. Atoms of different elements combine in fixed whole number ratios.
c. The weight of an object is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
d. All samples of a given compound have the same proportion of constituent elements.
e. The sum of the masses of the reactants equals the sum of the masses of the products in a
normal chemical reaction.
ANS: E
PTS: 1
43. Which scientist is responsible for establishing the Law of Conservation of Mass?
a. Bohr
b. Proust
c. Dalton
d. Lavoisier
e. Galileo
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ANS: D
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44. Which of the following pairs of diagrams of arrangements of atoms is consistent with a chemical
reaction according to Dalton's atomic theory?
Before Reaction
After Reaction
I.
II.
III.
IV.
a.
b.
c.
d.
I
II
III
IV
ANS: A
PTS: 1
45. Which of these statements best explains the law of constant composition?
a. All atoms of a given element have the same weight.
b. Atoms of different elements combine in fixed whole number ratios.
c. The weight of an object is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
d. All samples of a given compound have the same proportion of constituent elements.
e. The sum of the masses of the reactants equals the sum of the masses of the products in a
normal chemical reaction.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
46. Elements A and Z react to form compound AZ. Compound AZ contains 40% A and60% Z by mass.
Which statement best explains the outcome when 100 g of A is mixed with 100 g of Z?
a. The reaction will form 200 g of AZ.
b. The reaction will form 100 g of AZ.
c. After all possible AZ is formed, some Z will be left over.
d. After all possible AZ is formed, some A will be left over.
e. No reaction will occur since the reactants are in the wrong ratio.
ANS: C
PTS: 1
47. Which scientist is responsible for establishing the Law of Constant Composition?
a. Bohr
b. Proust
c. Dalton
d. Lavoisier
e. Galileo
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ANS: A
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48. A sample of heptane always contains 84% carbon and 16% hydrogen. Which of these best explains
this phenomena?
a. Law of Constant Composition
b. Law of Conservation of Mass
c. Dalton's Atomic Theory
d. Law of Mass Action
e. Lavoisier's Law
ANS: B
PTS: 1
49. Which law best illustrates the following statement? Regardless of the amount of fluorine available, 23
g of sodium always combines with 19 g of fluorine.
a. Law of Constant Composition
b. Law of Conservation of Mass
c. Dalton's Atomic Theory
d. Law of Mass Action
e. Lavoisier's Law
ANS: A
PTS: 1
50. Analysis of a silicon dioxide (SiO2) sample indicated it contained 46.75 g of silicon and 53.25 g of
oxygen. Determine the mass of silicon in a sample of SiO2 if the mass of oxygen is 21.3 g.
a. 116.9 g
b. 24.26
c. 18.7 g
d. 9.70 g
e. 2.67 g
ANS: C
PTS: 1
51. Analysis of a sodium chloride (NaCl) sample indicated that it contained 15 g of sodium and 23.1 g of
chlorine. Determine the mass of chlorine in a sample of NaCl if the mass of sodium is 45.0 g.
a. 29.2 g
b. 60.0 g
c. 68.1 g
d. 69.3 g
e. 83.1 g
ANS: D
PTS: 1
52. 2.0 g of hydrogen react with 16.0 g of oxygen to form 18.0 g of water. If 3.0 g of hydrogen is reacted
with 16.0 g of oxygen, which of the following is true?
a. 18.0 g of water will form with 1.0 g of excess oxygen.
b. 18.0 g of water will form with 1.0 g of excess hydrogen.
c. 19.0 g of water will form.
d. 17.0 g of water will form with 1.0 g of excess oxygen and 1.0 g of excess hydrogen.
e. None of the above is correct.
ANS: B
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53. 10.00 g of the chemical compound benzene (C6H6) contains 0.77 g of hydrogen and 9.23 g of carbon.
What mass of benzene will contain 10.00 g of hydrogen?
a. 129.9 g
b. 0.77 g
c. 92.3 g
d. 77.0 g
e. None of these.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
54. Which scientist is responsible for establishing the early atomic theory using the laws of Conservation
of Mass and Constant Composition?
a. Bohr
b. Proust
c. Dalton
d. Lavoisier
e. Galileo
ANS: C
PTS: 1
55. Which of these sets of masses for nitrogen dioxide is not consistent with the others according to the
Law of Constant Composition?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
grams of nitrogen
14 g
28 g
42 g
84 g
126 g
grams of oxygen
32 g
64 g
96 g
112 g
288 g
I
II
III
IV
V
ANS: D
PTS: 1
56. Which of these statements is not consistent with Dalton's Atomic Theory?
a. All atoms of gold have the same chemical properties.
b. Electrons are equally distributed throughout an atom.
c. The properties of sodium are different from the properties of chlorine.
d. Compounds are formed when atoms combine in simple whole number ratios.
e. Atoms are rearranged in normal chemical reactions but are neither created nor destroyed.
ANS: B
PTS: 1
57. Which of these statements is not correct according to Dalton's Atomic Theory?
a. Elements combine in fixed proportions to form compounds.
b. Atoms are converted into other atoms in a chemical reaction.
c. All matter is composed of small indivisible particles called atoms.
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d. Atoms of one element are different from atoms of another element.
e. All of these statements are correct according to Dalton's Atomic Theory.
ANS: B
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58. Based on Rutherford's model of the atom, how many electrons would be found in an atom with 7
protons?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 7
e. 14
ANS: D
PTS: 1
59. Based on Rutherford's model of the atom, how many protons would be found in an atom with 17
electrons?
a. 1
b. 7
c. 12
d. 17
e. 34
ANS: D
PTS: 1
60. Which of these statements is incorrect according to Rutherford's model of the atom?
a. Neutrons are part of the nucleus.
b. Most of the volume of an atom is empty space.
c. A neutral atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons.
d. An electron is located in close proximity to the nucleus of an atom.
e. The majority of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
61. Which scientist is responsible for establishing the concept of a nuclear atom?
a. Rutherford
b. Proust
c. Dalton
d. Lavoisier
e. Galileo
ANS: A
PTS: 1
62. Which of the following is a characteristic of the nucleus of an atom?
a. It is positively charged.
b. It accounts for most of the mass of the atom.
c. It accounts for most of the volume of the atom.
d. Both B + C are correct.
e. Both A + B are correct.
ANS: E
PTS: 1
63. Which two subatomic particles compose the nucleus of an atom?
a. protons, neutrons
b. protons, electrons
c. electrons, neutrons
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d. alpha particles, protons
e. alpha particles, electrons
ANS: A
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64. Which of these subatomic particles is not found in nucleus of an atom?
a. proton
b. neutron
c. electron
d. both A and B
e. none of these
ANS: C
PTS: 1
65. Which scientist is incorrectly matched with his idea or theory?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
scientist
Rutherford
Proust
Lavoisier
Dalton
Boyle
theory
Atoms contain a nucleus.
Law of Constant Composition
Law of Conservation of Matter
Established the scientific method.
The simplest form of a substance is an element.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
ANS: D
PTS: 1
66. Which scientist is incorrectly matched with his idea or theory?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
scientist
Rutherford
Dalton
Lavoisier
Proust
Boyle
theory
Atoms contain a nucleus.
Established the atomic theory.
Law of Conservation of Matter
Atoms are small indivisible particles.
The simplest form of a substance is an element.
I
II
III
IV
V
ANS: D
PTS: 1
67. Which of these statements about science is incorrect?
a. Science influences culture and society.
b. Science reveals knowledge not attainable by other means.
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c. Science is a fundamental way to understand the world around us.
d. Decisions involving scientific principles are often made by nonscientists.
e. All of these are correct statements.
ANS: E
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68. A college freshman reports to Student Health Services on campus complaining of a soar throat and
fever. The doctor swabs the back of the student's throat and begins a throat culture. The swabbing and
growing of a culture is an example of what step in the scientific method?
a. law
b. theory
c. conclusion
d. observation
e. experimentation
ANS: E
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