Download Graduation Exam Preparation Setup—The exam material is divided

Graduation Exam Preparation
Setup—The exam material is divided into standards, objectives, and specific eligible content. The notes are by Standard
and Objective number, and the number of questions that will come from that standard and objective.
Standard I Objective 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Crusades—Opens up European trade with the east, leads to the Renaissance.
Renaissance—Rebirth of learning and science—leads to colonizing Americas.
Reformation—religious movement, Martin Luther, New protestant religions, Catholics v. Protestants.
St. Augustine—Florida—Built by Spanish—oldest city in North America.
Jamestown—1607—Virginia—Tobacco—1st permanent English settlement in America.
Virginia House of Burgesses—1st legislative assembly and representative government setup in the English
Colonies.
7. Columbian Exchange—cultural exchange of crops, technology, and customs between the Americas, and Europe,
Africa and Asia.
8. Causes of the American Revolution
a. **Taxation without representation
b. **French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
i. English defeat French, five them out of N America
ii. Leads to problems between UK and the colonies.
iii. Changes easy going relationship to a strained relationship.
iv. UK tightens up regulations and taxing the colonies.
c. Lack of Free trade—British Enforce the Navigation Acts, New taxes Colonists claim violation of their
rights as English citizens.
d. **Boston Massacre (1770)—British troops fire into a mob killing colonists. Increases hostility towards
the British
e. **Boston Tea Party (1773)—members of the Sons of Liberty led by Sam Adams, throw a lot of British
tea into the Boston Harbor. Leads to passage of Coercive (Intolerable) Acts by Parliament to punish and
break resistance in Massachusetts.
f. **Lexington and Concord (1775)—Massachusetts—First shots of the Revolutionary War (War for
Independence).
Standard II Objective I
1. Magna Carta—English document—limits the power of the King—one source of US tradition of limited national
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
government.
John Locke—English philosopher—concept of equality and the Social Contract—heavily influences Thomas
Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
Great Awakening (1730s to 1740s)—religious revival in the 13 colonies, creates new denominations, creates
feelings of independence and self reliance; more democratic feeling.
First continental Congress (1774)—colonial representatives meet in reaction to the situation in Massachusetts.
a. Series of resolutions and protests against Great Britain are passed
b. Continental Association formed to boycott British goods
c. Representatives agree British can regulate external commerce but could not regulate internal colonial
affairs.—NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
Second Continental Congress (1775)—Representatives meet to decide on independence or reconciliation with
Great Britain
a. British troops and colonists were fighting now (Lexington and Concord)
b. Decision made to declare independence.
c. Sec Cont Cong serves in effect as our first government during Revolutionary War
d. Writes and adopts the Declaration of Independence.
Articles of Confederation (1781)—Our first Constitution
a.
b.
c.
d.
Creates a weak national government
Almost all power in the hands of the 13 states
Main Weaknesses—cannot collect taxes, cannot regulate foreign or interstate commerce
Danger of the country falling apart (Critical Period 1781-1786)
7. Constitutional Convention 1787 Philadelphia—decide to scrap the Articles of confederation and write a new
Constitution with a stronger national government.
8. **Great Compromise**—prevents the breakup of the Const. Convention
a. Virginia Plan—favored large states—population
b. New Jersey Plan—favored small state—one vote one state
c. Compromise—Solves the problem of how congressional representation will be determined
i. 2 house legislature—House of Reps. and Senate
ii. House of Representatives—Lower House—representation based on population (fair to large
states)
iii. Senate—Upper House—equal representation—2 senators per state.(Fair to Small States)
9. 3/5 compromise—agreed to count slaves as 3/5 of a person when counting population for determining
representation.
10. Federalist Papers 1787-88—Written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay in New York in support of ratification of the
Constitution. Explains what the Constitution is about and what the writers meant
a. Federalists—supported ratification of Constitution
b. Anti-Federalists—opposed ratification of the Constitution
11. First American Political Systems (Parties)
a. Federalist Party (Federalists)—
i. led by Alexander Hamilton
ii. strong national government
iii. assumption of state debts by national government
iv. creation of a national bank
v. strong economy based on manufacturing
vi. use of government power for the economic good of the nation.
b. Republican Party (Jeffersonian Republicans)led by Thomas Jefferson
i. supports limited national government;
ii. against assumption of state debts;
iii. against a national bank;
iv. economy based on agriculture;
v. economy in the hands of the states;
vi. ultimate power still in the hands of the states.
12. Washington’s Farewell address (1796)
a. Written at the end of his second term
b. Warns the nation that political parties divide the nation
c. Warns that long term treaties with other countries that could get us involved in their wars was not good
13. John Marshall (Federalist)
a. 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (considered the greatest)
b. establishes the role of the Supreme court
c. All of his decisions strengthen the power of the national government.
d. Marbury v. Madison—Marshall’s most important decisionestablishes the power of judicial review
(Sup court can declare federal and state laws unconstitutional.
Standard II Objective 2
1. The Declaration of Independence—Written by Thomas Jefferson
a. Philosophical foundation of the US
b. Jefferson heavily influenced by John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
c. Key phrases and ideas:
i. All mean are created equal
ii. Natural (inalienable) rights—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
iii. Social Contract—consent of the governed, right of revolution against tyrannical governments.
2. Basics of the Constitution (Written 1787 Ratified 1789)
a. Preamble—outlines purpose of Constitution—“We the People”
b. Separation of Powers—
i. legislative, executive, and judicial branches of national government
ii. Each branch with own powers and checks on each other so none branch won’t become too
powerful.
c. Federal System—sharing of power between the National and state governments.
d. Bill of Rights (1791)
i. 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution
ii. protects the rights of the people
iii. Result of bargain to get Const. ratified.
e. Other Key Amendments
Civil War Amendments
i. 13th Amendment—abolished slavery
ii. 14th Amendment—citizenship for slaves, provides definition of citizenship, due process of law,
equal protection under the law.
iii. 15th Amendment—gave freed slaves the right to vote
f. Separation of Powers, Federal System, and Bill of Rights were all related to the colonial experience with
Great Britain who were perceived as oppressive, tyrannical, and as violating the rights of its citizens (the
colonists).
Standard III
Objective 1
1. Patrick Henry’s speech—“Give me liberty or give me death”—Revolutionary War
2. George Washington
a. Commander of the Continental Army
b. Biggest hero of the American Revolution
c. 1st President of the US—defines what it means to be president
d. truly the Father of his country.
3. Samuel Adams
a. From Massachusetts
b. Radical revolutionary
c. Early supporter of independence
d. Organizer of the Sons of Liberty
4. Paul Revere
a. From Massachusetts
b. Son of Liberty
c. Midnight ride to warn Patriots at Lexington and Concord that the British were
marching towards them.
5. Lexington and Concord
a. First battle of the Revolutionary War
b. First shots of the war fired—“The shot heard ‘round the world”
6. Battle of Saratoga (1777—New York
a. Turning point battle of the Revolutionary War
b. Great victory over the British
c. Helped bring France into the war as an ally against the British (2 1778 treaties)
7. Valley Forge—bitter winter for Washington and the Continental Army 1777-1778
8. Battle of Yorktown (1781—Virginia)
a. Decisive battle of the Revolutionary War
b. Washington defeats British General Cornwallis
c. Convinces the British to let us go and end the war.
9. Treaty of Paris 1783
a. Ends Revolutionary War
b. British recognize our independence
c. US territorial borders would be north to the Great Lakes, south to Florida and
west to the Mississippi River.
Standard III Objective 2
1. Land Ordinance 1785—provided method to survey and sell land
2. Northwest Ordinance 1787—provided method to create new states
3. Louisiana Purchase 1803—bought LA territory from France under President Thomas Jefferson—doubles the size
of the US
4. Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806—expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Sent by Pres. Thomas
Jefferson
5. Economic Nationalism
a. Henry Clay’s American System—internal improvements:
i. canals, transportation,
ii. national bank,
iii. high protective tariff—national government involved in developing the economy of the nation
(eco. Nationalism)
6. Alabama Statehood—AL becomes a state in 1819
7. Missouri Compromise 1820—
a. Missouri admitted as a slave state
b. Maine admitted as a free state
c. Maintains the same number of slave and free states
d. Draws imaginary line of 36◦ 30’ latitude—no slavery north of the line, slavery allowed south of the line.
8. Monroe Doctrine 1823
a. The US would not allow any new colonization in the Americas nor any interference with new countries in
the Americas by Europe.
b. The US would not interfere in European affairs.
9. Era of Good Feeling 1817-1825
a. The 2 terms of Pres. James Monroe
b. Only 1 political party
c. Were at peace
d. Americans felt pride and looked to a great future for the US economy (was growing)
10. Indian Removal Act (1830)
a. Under Pres. Andrew Jackson
b. Forced removal of all Indians that were still east of the Mississippi River to the west of the Mississippi
River.
11. Trail of Tears 1837
a. Forced removal of the Cherokees from the Southeast US
b. Many died on their way west to the Indian Nation (Oklahoma)
c. Compensated but made to pay for their own removal
d. Challenged in court and Supreme Ct. sided with Indians, but Jackson would not enforce it.
12. Oregon Trail—most famous and most used trail to the West
13. Texas Independence 1836
a. Americans in Texas revolt against Mexico and General Santa Anna
b. The Alamo
c. Texans under Sam Houston defeat Santana and create the Lone Star Republic under President Sam
Houston.
d. US recognizes Texas independence but Pres. Jackson does not try to annex Texas because of controversy
over slavery and potential war with Mexico.
e. Texas is annexed in 1845 by Pres. Tyler
14. Mexican War 1846-1848
a. Annexation of Texas by US in 1845 strains relations with Mexico
b. Pres. James K. Polk starts war with Mexico to take Mexican territory (California, New Mexico
c. US wins—controversy over the war
d. 2 big results:
i. US increases it size by 1/3
ii. Controversy over whether or not there would be slavery in the newly acquired territory from
Mexico.—this would grow to be the dominant national issue.
15. Manifest Destiny—many Americans believed that God intended (our destiny) for the territory of the US to spread
form the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and that we would become a great nation.
Standard III Objective 3
1. Seneca Falls convention 1848—
a. 1st women’s rights convention in the US
b. # 1 issue was female suffrage
c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton—leader of the Seneca Fall Convention
d. Susan B. Anthony—post Civil War women’s rights leader. Leader of the women’s right to vote
movement.
2. Frederick Douglas—leading black abolitionist, published the North Star
3. Harriet Beecher Stowe—wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin that attacked the evils of slavery..
4. Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad—Black, female abolitionist who helped slaves escape to the
North. Nickname of her operation—underground railroad.
5. William Lloyd Garrison—white radical abolitionist—published The Liberator.
6. Dorothea Dix—female reformer from Massachusetts—helped reform prisons (remove mentally ill from prison)
and organize the Union nursing corps during the Civil War.
7. Temperance Movement—reform movement to stop drinking alcohol.
8. Utopian communities—reform movement to create perfect communities (all share, all equal, all happy).
9. War of 1812
a. US against Britain
b. Causes—British stirring up the Indians and violation of American rights at sea (impressments of
American sailors)
c. Course of the War
i. Battle of Horseshoe Bend—Andrew Jackson’s victory over the Creek Indians in Alabama.
ii. Ft. McHenry—Francis Scott Key writes The Star-Spangled Banner
iii. Battle of New Orleans—Andrew Jackson’s great victory over the British in 1814 that was fought
2 weeks after the war was over.
d. Consequences of the war
i. Growth of nationalism (pride in the US, felt we beat the British again
ii. Increase in manufacturing leading to the passage of our first protective tariff in 1816.
10. Jacksonian Democracy—great increase in democracy during President Jackson’s 2 terms:
a. More people voting
b. Common man ideal
c. Jackson symbolize the idea that the greatness of the country is based on the common sense of the
common man (ordinary people.)
d. Creation of the Spoils System
i. Rewarding your supporters by appointing them to a government job; strongly associated with
Jackson
11. Nullification Crisis (1832)
a. During Jackson’s 2nd term
b.
c.
d.
e.
South Carolina issues Ordinance of Nullification (refusal to collect the tariff which is a federal law)
Threatens secession
Jackson threatens force
Compromise Tariff passed and South Carolina repeals ordinance.
12. US authors before the Civil War
a. Noah Webster (dictionary)
b. Henry David Thoreau (Walden, Civil Disobedience)
c. Walt Whitman (leaves of Grass, poetry promoted America)
d. Edgar Allen Poe (horror and mystery)
e. Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter)
f. George Washington Irving (1st great US author, Rip van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow,
g. James Fenimore cooper (stories about the US frontier, Leather stocking Tales, Last of the Mohicans)
h. John Dickinson (Revolutionary writer, Letters of a P3nnsylvania farmer; promoter of no taxation without
representation)
i. Ralph Waldo Emerson—transcendentalist—major American poet launched the “American Renaissance”
in literature in 1840s-1850s.
Standard IV Objective 1
1. Compromise of 1850
a. California admitted as a free state
b. Stronger Fugitive Slave Act is passed—angered Northerners
c. Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C.
2. Fugitive Slave Act
a. Forces Northerners to help return runaway slaves.
b. Most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850
c. Henry Clay organizes the compromise
3. Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
a. Organizes Kansas-Nebraska Territory
b. Slavery will be decided in the 2 territories on the basis of popular sovereignty (people of territory will
decide)
c. Stephen Douglas sponsors bill to facilitate the transcontinental railroad
d. Kansas will become a rehearsal for the Civil War (bleeding Kansas)
4. Formation of the Republican Party (1854)
a. #1 platform that the party is founded onno extension of slaver outside of where it already exists (the
South)
b. iow no slavery in the territories
5. Dred Scott Decision
a. Supreme court decision by Chief Justice Roger Taney
b. Rules slaves are property and you can take them anywhere in the US
c. Angers Northerners greatly\
6. John Brown’s Raid (1859)
a. John Brown—abolitionist
b. Leads raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia to capture arms to start a slave rebellion
c. Captured and hung
d. Becomes a hero and a martyr to many Northerners which alarms many Southerners.
7. Presidential Election of 1860
a. The key issue is slavery and the possible breakup of the US
b. Democratic Party
i. Splits over the issue of slavery in the territories
ii. Northern Dem’s support popular sovereignty and nominate Stephen Douglas
iii. Southern Dem’s—support Dred Scott decision, nominate John Breckenridge
c. Republicans—no extension of slavery outside the South, nominates Abraham Lincoln
d. Constitutional Union Party—supports compromise and holding the country together; nominates John
Bell
e. Lincoln is alected with no votes from the South
f. 7 Southern States secede (leave the union)
8. Formation of the Confederacy (Confederate States of America—CSA)
a. Capital in Montgomery, AL
b. President Jefferson Davis
9. Fort Sumter (1861)
a. Charleston, South Carolina
b. South Fires on Ft. Sumter
c. Civil War begins
d. 4 more Southern states secede to make 11 Confederate states.
e. Capital moves to Richmond
10. Southern goal—to win independence
11. Northern goal—Lincoln’s goal—not let Southern states leave the Union.
12. Pockets of Southern resistance to secession
a. West Virginia secedes from Virginia and becomes a US State
b. Winston county, Alabama secedes from AL and forms the Free State of Winston
13. Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
a. Issued by Lincoln
b. Freed slaves under Confederate control (in effect freed no slaves)
c. Political document to give another reason for the North to continue the war—freedom for the slaves.
14. Creation of Black Military Units
a. North creates black military units after the Emancipation Proclamation
b. Over 180,000 would fight in the Union Army
c. Very important to the Union war effort.
15. Homestead Act (1862)—provides free land for those who work and live on the land for 5 yearsanother reason
for people to move west
16. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)—provided each state with land to start agricultural collegessome state
universities are land grant colleges.
17. Writ of Habeas Corpus
a. Means you cannot be held in jail without legal charges against you
b. Suspended by Lincoln to help keep Maryland from seceding
18. Battle of Gettysburg (1863)
a. Turning point battle of the civil War.
b. July 1-3
c. Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia are defeated by General Meade and the Northern
Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
d. Lee’s invasion of the North fails.
e. South’s last chance to win the war militarily.
19. Battle of Vicksburg (1863)
a. Turning point battle of the Civil War
b. Northern General Grant takes the fortress of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River.
c. 9 month siege—Vicksburg surrenders July 4th
d. Gives North complete control of the Mississippi River
e. Splits the Confederacy in two.
20. Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
a. Northern Gen. Sherman marches 300 miles from Atlanta, GA to Savannah, GA
b. Destroys anything of any use to the confederate war effort
c. Total war—destroyed Southern support for the war.
21. Gettysburg Address (1863)
a. Lincoln’s speech to commemorate the Gettysburg Cemetery
b. Outlines a new concept of freedom
c. Gives new meaning to the Declaration of Independence and all mean are created equal. (i.e.—everyone
equal regardless of race
22. Appomattox Court House, Virginia (1863)
a. Southern General Lee surrenders to Northern general Grant
b. Basically ends the Civil War.
23. Costs of the War
a. Over 600,000 Americans die
b. South is destroyed
c. South’s economic structure is destroyed
24. Lincoln’s Plan of Reconstruction
a. Bring the South back into the Union and rebuild the South
b. Was lenient on the South
c. If 10% of white Southerners in a state took an oath of loyalty to the US and ratified the 13th Amendment,
they were readmitted to the Union
d. After Lincoln’s assassination, President Johnson would basically use Lincoln’s plan to bring all the
Southern states back in the Union.
25. Congressional Plan of Reconstruction
a. Countered Lincoln’s plans
b. Was very hard on the South
c. Make sure freedmen (freed slaves) got their rights
d. Much tougher on letting southern states back in the Union.
26. Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877)
a. Also known as Congressional Reconstruction
b. Republican Congress would be in charge of reconstructing the South
c. All southern states that had been let back in the Union under President Andrew Johnson were thrown out
and had to undergo reconstruction again (except Tennessee).
d. Many Ex-Confederates could not vote
e. Southern states had to ratify the 14th and 15th Amendments
f. South was put under military occupation by Federal troops
g. Very bitter period to many white southerners
h. Positive effect on the South—northern investment of money in the South and the beginning of public
education in the South.
27. Southern Military Districts
a. During Radical Reconstruction
b. South was divided into 5 military districts and occupied by Federal troops.
28. Black Codes (1865-67)
a. When all the former states of the Confederacy were re-admitted into the Union, they each instituted black
codes to control the freed slaves—re-working of the old slave codes.
29. Carpetbaggers—Northerners who came south to carry out Radical (Republican) Reconstruction policy; despised
by many white southerners.
30. Scalawags—White southerners who worked with the Republicans in carrying out reconstruction policy in the
South, despised by many white southerners.
31. Ku Klux Klan—Organized resistance group to Radical Reconstruction policyintimidation and violence aimed
at freed slaves and any whites who supported reconstruction.
32. Presidency of US Grant (1868-1876)—2 terms of Grant more characterized by the carrying out of Reconstruction,
keeping the Republicans in power and marked by a great deal of corruption in the national government.
33. Compromise of 1877—disputed Presidential election of 1876—between the Democrat-Tilden and RepublicanHayes—results in a compromise in which the Democrats would accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes election
as President in exchange for ending reconstruction and financial help for the South.
34. New South—term refers to the idea that the South would have to industrialize and develop manufacturing like the
North and would need Northern investment to do it to rebuild the South.
35. Jim Crow Laws—laws passed by Southern states that would separate blacks and whites.
Standard V Objective 1
1. Indian Tribes—1865-1890—many conflicts between the US Army and the nomadic tribes of the Great Plains as
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
white Americans moved further west; biggest tribe to contend with is the Sioux; most famous battle is the Battle
of Little Big Horn in Montana when George Armstrong Custer’s command is wiped out.
Buffalo Annihilation—US government encouraged the slaughter of the buffalo to starve the Plains Indians and
bring them under control—late 1800s
Inventions of 1800s that encouraged the settlement of the Midwest—steel plow, wind mill, barbed wire, and
railroads.
Mechanization of Agriculture—new farm inventions such as harvesters and threshers contributed to an increase in
the production of crops.
Populist Movement—(1890s)—political party—the People’s Party or Populists—made up of farmers and labor;
sought reform in many areasexpanded money supply (unlimited coinage of silver), regulation of big business,
electoral reform (direct election of US Senators by popular vote). VERY PROGRESSIVE.
Alabama Farmers (1890s)—Populism does well in the state of Alabama.
Standard V Objective 2
1. John D. Rockefeller—created a business monopoly in the oil refining business.
2. Andrew Carnegie—Created a business monopoly in the steel business. Gave away; most of his money.
3. Robber Barons—nickname used by critics of men like Rockefeller and Carnegie; portrays them as ruthless,
unethical men who let nothing get in their way.
4. Social Darwinism—“Survival of the fittest”—the most talented, most competitive people would rise to the top.
Rockefeller and Carnegie believed in this.
5. Gospel of Wealth—belief by men like Rockefeller and Carnegie that you should spend a lot of your money on
things that benefit people. (build hospitals, libraries, museums, foundations to support arts and education).
Carnegie outlined this belief in his book—The Gospel of Wealth
6. Horatio Alger—author wrote stories about poor boys who became successful in business through dedication and
hard work-“poor boy makes good”
7. Labor Unions—after the Civil War—would organize nationally, labor strikes would be a big weapon, unions were
unsuccessful because the government and courts were against them.
8. Progressive Movement (1890-1920)—A period of social reform in reaction to the tremendous technological
changes and societal changes taking place in the last part of the 19th century.
9. Urbanization in the late 1800s—more people were moving from the farms to the cities. Populations grew
resulting in problems—sanitation, health, fires, crimes, tenements. Economically—more manufacturing factories;
industrialization led to the need for labor—resultpeople move to cities, immigration increases, child and female
labor is used, labor unions grew, have bad labor strikes and demand for immigration restrictions.
10. Muckrakers—people who wrote about different businesses that needed reform in order to draw public attention
and public demand for reform.
11. The Jungle—book written by Upton Sinclair that pointed out the filthy, unsanitary conditions in meat packing
houses; helps lead to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act. Sinclair was a muckraker.
12. History of the Standard Oil Company—book written by Ida Tarbell that pointed out the unethical practices that
helped to create a monopoly by Rockefeller and his associates. Leads to more demand for anti-trust laws to break
up the monopolies.
13. Horace Mann—from Massachusetts—father of public education
14. The Niagara Movement (1905)—called for full civil rights for blacks. Leader and founder of the movement was
W.E.B. Dubois—believed blacks must first achieve full social equality—i.e.-social equality came before
economic equality.
15. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) the first and oldest civil rights
organization. Founded by W.E.B. Dubois (1909). W.E.B Dubois—talented blacks should attend college and
become professionals and lead the fight for immediate civil rights for blacks—a critic of Booker T. Washington.
16. Atlanta Exposition / Compromise—called for blacks to get a vocational education and be successful economically
and not to demand whites give them full civil rights right now.—Leader of the Atlanta Exposition was Booker T.
Washington.
17. Booker T. Washington—black leader—believed blacks must first prove themselves economically before they
would be accepted equally in the US; believed in vocational educationi.e.-economic equality before social
equality.
18. Tuskegee Institute (Alabama)—Founded by Booker T. Washington to provide blacks with a vocational education.
19. George Washington Carver—most famous teacher at the Tuskegee institute—chemistpeanuts.
20. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)—Supreme Court Case—ruled separate but equal public facilities for blacks and whites
was constitutional.
21. Alabama’s 1902 constitution—#1 objective was to take away blacks right to vote and to keep the Democratic
Party in power.
22. 16th Amendment—made the collection of federal income taxes constitutional (1913)
23. 17th Amendment—changed the election of Senators to a direct vote by the people (1913).
24. 18th Amendment—Prohibition—banned the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages in the US
(1919)
25. 19th Amendment—Gave women the right to vote (women’s suffrage)
26. ***The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments are a result of the Progressive Era** Easy way to remember 16th
Income Tax; 17th Senators; 18th Income Tax; 19th Women Vote.
ALABAMA
Alabama farmers—late 19th century, dependence on cotton, boll weevil opened way for crop diversification—Populist
movement strong in AL in the late 19th Century
Early Industry / Role of Labor in AL—Birmingham (iron and steel), Mobile (shipping), Huntsville (textiles), railroads
important in industrial development. Lumber is big, mining coal is big. Convict leasing coming and a Progressive Era
issue.
Constitution of 1901—# 1 goal was to limit / take away the black vote.
1819—Alabama becomes a state.
STANDARD VI: The student will understand the causes and effects of World War I.
American imperialism and territorial expansion prior to World War I. Hawaiian Islands--sponsored rebellion under pineapple grower-Dole
Spanish American War: “Remember the Maine” Yellow press, Rough Riders, Cuba and
Open Door Policy Access to China
Panama Canal--William C. Gorgas - Alabama native--helped stop malaria during building of canal by controlling
mosquitoes.
Roosevelt’s Corollary--Theodore Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to
intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America
The World War I Era
1914-1918
The Road to War
The Causes
•
Imperialism—competition for land, colonies and possessions intensified and Japan joined the race as an
imperialistic nation.
•
Militarism—aggressively building military strength in preparation for war—practiced by Austria-Hungary,
France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia
•
Nationalism—countries acted in their own interest and ethnic minorities pushed for independence.
•
Alliances—countries entered into entangling alliances both openly and secretly
The Catalyst
•
Assassination
•
Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophie were visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia
•
Serbian Nationalist, Gavrilo Princip shot them both to death on June 28, 1914
•
Austria blamed Serbia for the deaths.
The War Escalates
•
July 28, 1914—Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
•
July 29—Russia (Serbia’s protector) mobilized for war.
•
Germany’s (A-H’s chief ally) warned Russia and began mobilizing.
•
France (Russia’s ally) began to mobilize
•
August 1, 1914—Germany declared war on Russia
•
Germany initiated the Schlieffen Plan (knock out France quickly, then attack Russia)
•
The German army took Belgium on the way to France.
•
August 4—British (Belgium’s protector) declared war.
The Sides
•
Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later the Ottoman Empire.
•
Allies—Russia, France, Great Britain, Serbia, and later the US, Italy, and Japan.
Stalemate
•
Most thought the war would end in 6 weeks.
•
Neither side gained advantage and the conflict became a war of attrition.
•
Both sides soon settled into trench warfare.
Modern Warfare
•
The War Introduced:
•
Machine guns
•
Long range artillery shells
•
Hand grenades
•
Poison gas
•
Tanks
•
Barbed Wire
•
Air planes / Dirigibles
America’s Response
•
To protect investments, Pres. Wilson declared the US neutral on August 4, 1914.
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Americans were primarily isolationists.
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Most Americans, however, disliked the Germans b/c of the Kaiser.
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Despite isolationism, there was a strong “Preparedness” movement to prepare the US if it were drawn into the
war.
The US Declares War
German Submarine Warfare
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Germany used U-Boats to attack ships w/o warning.
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May 7, 1915—The Lusitania (UK ship) was sunk and 128 Americans died.
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May 20, 1916—Germany sand a French passenger ship the Sussex
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Under pressure Germany issued the Sussex Pledge—warn ships b/4 attacking
Prelude to War
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February 1, 1917—Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
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Feb 3—US broke diplomatic relations w/ Germany
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Zimmermann Note00Arthur Zimmermann (GR Foreign Sec.) sent a note w/ a secret offer to Mexico—regain
lost lands in US in exchange for joining the Central Powers when war broke with the US.
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Russian Revolution
By 1917 had lost 1.8 million, 24 million were POWs, and 2.8 million were sick or wounded.
March 1917—Czar Nicholas II was overthrown by Communists under Vladimir Lennin
March 3, 1918 Russia Left the War
March 16-18, 1917—Three US ships were sank by the Germans
War Declared
April 6, 1917—Congress declared war.
Americans on the Front
Preparation
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Americans were very unprepared for the war. (120K enlisted 80K national guard)
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Forces were placed under Spanish-American War veteran Gen. John J. Pershing.
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Pershing took 14,500 men to Europe.
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He then asked for 1 million by 1918 and 3 million by 1919.
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May 1917—Congressed Passed the Selective Service Act
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24 million registered
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3 million were drafted
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Few objected b/c this was thought to be the “War to end all wars.”
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Draftees, volunteers and Guardsmen became the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
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Navy implemented the Convoy System—Merchant and troops ships traveled surrounded by destroyers
and torpedo boats.
Turning the Tide
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Overview
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When Russia left the war, GR turned all its strength toward the UK and FR lines. It is the arrival of the
Americans that turns the tide of the war.
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Americans Save Paris
Battle of Chateau-Thierry
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June 1918, GR forces were 50 miles from Paris
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Brigadier Gen. James G. Harbord declared, “We dig no trenches to fall back on. The marines
will hold where the stand.”
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Paris was saved.
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US lost over ½ their men in the battle
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The Allied Counter-Attack
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Began to use tanks to break GR lines
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August 8—Battle of Amiens—Allies stopped the GR advance completely.
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Battle of St. Mihiel—Gen. Pershing defeated the Germans and sent them into full retreat.
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Allies began to use planes to drop bombs
Corporal Alvin York
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Born in Tennessee
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Fought in the final Allied assault—Meuse-Argonne Offensive
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Single handedly killed 25 machine gunners in a machine gun nest and captured 132 Germans.
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Later told the General, “. . . I would hate to think I missed any of them shots; they were all pretty close
range—50 or 60 yards.”
Armistice
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Signed Movember 11, 1918, at 11:00 AM
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Over 50K Americans died in battle; more of sickness and disease.
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8 million Europeans died / 5K a day
The Home Front
Paying for the War
•
The government sold Liberty Bonds to the public.
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Raised over $20 million.
The War Economy
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War Industries Board—oversaw war related production.
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War Trade Board—regulated trade.
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War Labor Board / Labor Policies Board—settled disputes, set wages, set hours, and regulated working
conditions.
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Congress gave the President the power to regulate food and fuel
•
Price controls and rationing were instituted.
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Reduced consumption was encouraged— “Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays.”
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Daylight savings time was implemented to reduce fuel consumption.
Enforcing Loyalty
•
Americans feared that foreigners might try to undermine the war effort.
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There was great hostility toward Germans and any immigrant.
•
German Measles became “Liberty Measles; Hamburger the “Liberty Burger”
•
Congress passed the Espionage Act and later the Sedition Act.
Prohibition
•
1917—Congress proposed 18th Amendment partly because of the need for grain.
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Ratified in 1919.
Peace!!!
Wilson’s Plan—The Fourteen Points
•
Had 14 Provisions which included
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An end to entangling alliances
•
Removal of trade barriers
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Reduction of armaments
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National self-determination for ethnic groups / colonies.
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No spoils or reparations— “Peace without Victory”
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Formation of the League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
•
The Other Allies wanted to divide up Germany’s colonies.
•
France pushed for the humiliation and destruction of Germany.
•
Wilson was forced to compromise.
Treaty of Versailles
•
Germany was forced to:
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Give up its colonies
•
Sign the War Guilt Clause
•
Pay the Allies $33 billion
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Demilitarize the Rhineland
•
Dismantle its army
•
Give France control of the coal assets in the Saar Valley
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Established the League of Nations
•
US Congress never ratified the treaty b/c of the League of Nations provision. Congress later negotiated
separate peace w/ each of the Central Powers.
The Roaring Twenties
A Republican Decade
Roots of the Red Scare
•
Russian Revolution
•
March 1917--Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate
•
Nov. 6, 1917--Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power.
•
The Bolsheviks put all private property under government ownership.
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Russian Civil War
The Bolsheviks (Reds) were soon opposed by the “Whites,” and civil war ensued.
The US and other Western Democracies supported the Whites
The Reds won by 1920
Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and communism was the official ideology.
Soviet Communism Involved:
•
Government ownership of all land and property
•
A single political party
•
Individuals had no rights the government was bound to respect.
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Stirring up revolution and spreading communism to the entire world.
The Red Scare in the US
•
The Communists were openly hostile to American ideals.
•
An intense fear of communism grew (Red Scare)
•
Schenck v. US
•
During WWI Charles Schenck had mailed letters to draftees urging them to not report.
•
Schenck was convicted under the Espionage Act.
•
His appeals were denied. The courts ruled that silencing free speech is justified when there is a “Clear
and present danger.”
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Palmer Raids
Attorney General Mitchell Palmers established a task force to pursue “subversives.”
Targets included communists, socialists, and anarchists.
Thousands were arrested; over 500 immigrants deported
The Army Chief of Staff said those deported should be sent on “ships of stone with sails of lead.”
Billy Sunday said, “A firing squad would save money on ships.”
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Sacco and Vanzetti
April 15, 1920--Gunmen killed the guard and paymaster of a shoe factory.
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested. Both were Italian Immigrants.
Both had guns when arrested. One, the same model as used in the crime.
Many thought they were accused only b/c they were immigrants.
Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death.
Despite multiple appeals they were executed in 1927
Labor Strikes
Strikes occurred among the police, steel workers, and coal miners.
Many believed these strikes were sponsored by the communists.
Republicans Return to Power
1920--Warren G. Harding won the Presidency of returning America to “Normalcy.”
Harding Administration
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Foreign Policy
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Practiced Isolationism
•
Called for Worldwide disarmament
•
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Immigration
Nativism (favoring native born Americans over immigrants) had grown stronger in the US b/c
many Americans:
•
Believed foreigners could never fully loyal to the US
•
Disliked the immigrants who were Catholic, Orthodox Christian, or Jews.
•
Blamed the problems of cities on immigrants
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Feared they would take their jobs
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Feared they would have or adopt dangerous political ideas.
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With Harding’s support congress limited immigration and established immigration quotas.
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Tea Pot Dome Scandal
Harding’s administration had been very corrupt
1921--Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall secretly gave oil drilling rights to 2 companies on
government oil fields in Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome, Wyoming in exchange for $300K in
bribes.
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Fall later went to jail.
Coolidge Becomes President
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August 2, 1923--Harding died.
•
Coolidge finished his term and was elected in 1924.
Coolidge Administration
•
Coolidge the Man
•
Coolidge was widely respected.
•
Coolidge was a great speaker, but privately a man of few words.
•
It was said he could be silent in 5 languages.
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Economic Policy
•
Practiced Laissez Faire (“let alone, let do”).
•
Said, “The Business of the American people is business.”
•
Oversaw a tremendous economic boom.
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Reduced the size of government.
Continued to practice isolationism.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
•
Coolidge did not run for reelection in 1928. Herbert Hoover will win
A Business Boom
Rise of the Consumer Economy
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Defined as the buying of products in large #’s by consumers.
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1914-1926 wages increased by over 28%
Credit--consumers began to buy goods on installment plans at rates ranging from 11-40%.
Electricity
Demand Surged (Homes w/ electric lights went from 16% to 63%)
New Products Included
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Toasters
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Ovens
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Sewing Machines
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Coffee Pots
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Irons
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Vacuum Cleaners
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Telephones
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Cosmetics
Ford and the Automobile
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1903 Started the Ford Motor Co.
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By 1907 sold 30K of his Model T.
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Ford wanted to “Democratize the Automobile”--make it affordable for ordinary people
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The Assembly Line
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Ford Applied it to the the automobile.
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Ford’s assembly line was different and more efficient b/c it moved while the workers stayed in place
and b/c it used interchangeable parts.
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Made a Model T every 24 seconds
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1914--Model T was $490 (1/2 of the cost in 1910); 1915--$390
Ford Practiced Vertical Consolidation
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He owned all the businesses for each phase of production
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Ford boasted he could take a load of raw ore on Monday and sell it as a car 52 hours later on
Wednesday.
Industrial Growth
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1920s--Autos became the biggest single industry in America.
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Business grew to serve automobile travel.
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Power of monopolies declined while business grew.
1920s Society
Overview
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With the booming economy came a time of lavish decadence. Many began to reject traditional ways and live
a more carefree lifestyle. Others looked for the morals of the former days and a return to decency.
Women’s Role
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Epitomized by the “Flappers”
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Wore shorter dresses (amount of fabric to make a dress shrank from 19.5 yds. to 7 yds.)
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Bobbed hair cuts.
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Wore makeup
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Smoke and drank in public (# of cigarettes produced more than doubled).
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Rebellious and bold.
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Many adopted the new styles b/c of convenience and did not adopt the flapper lifestyle
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Working and Voting
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Only single women could get jobs
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Women seldom voted
Cities and Suburbs
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Major population shift away from the countryside.
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Many African Americans migrated north to find work
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Cities and Suburbs increased dramatically in size and population.
American Heroes
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Lucky Lindy
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May 20, 1927--Charles Lindbergh took from NY in the Spirit of St. Louis.
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33.5 hours later he landed in Paris and became the first to fly solo across the Atlantic.
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Amelia Earhart
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1932--First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.
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1937--disappeared while trying to fly around the world.
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Sports
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Jack Dempsey (boxing)
George Herman “Babe” Ruth (baseball)
Mass Media and the Jazz Age
Mass Media
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Overview:
•
Historically, the US was a collection of regional cultures. The advent of mass media helped to create a
national culture.
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Movies
Became the 4th largest business in America
Newspapers
Increased in size and circulation
B/W 1914-1927 use of newsprint doubled.
Radio
1920 Frank Conrad of Westinghouse experimented by sending music and baseball scores over radio.
Stations and networks soon developed.
Jazz Age
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Grew out of African American music of the South--especially ragtime and blues.
By 1929 2/3 of all radio air time was jazz
Jazz clubs opened across the nation
Best Jazz clubs were in Harlem, NY
Duke Ellington
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Considered the King of Jazz
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Composer--wrote at least 1K pieces
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Band Leader
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Arranger
Other Artists
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George Gershwin--Rhapsody in Blue combined Jazz w/ symphony.
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Sinclair Lewis--novelist who attacked what he saw as the ills of American Society
The Lost Generation
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Set of writers who felt they were lost in a materialistic, immoral world.
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Many moved to Greenwich Village and others left the country.
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Writers included:
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e. e. cummings
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Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises)
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F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby)
Harlem Renaissance
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Was an African American literary awakening.
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Most famous artist--Langston Hughes
Cultural Conflicts
Prohibition
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Overview
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1919 Congress passed the Volstead Act to enforce the 18th Amendent. The result will be the rise of
organized crime.
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Bootlegging
Bootleggers arose to supply alcohol to those who violated prohibition.
Illegal called “speakeasies” prospered in cities.
Organized Crime
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Criminals formed organizations to control alcohol distribution.
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City streets became battlegrounds b/w organizations.
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Gangsters expanded into gambling, prostitution and racketeering (fee based “protection”).
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Al Capone (“Scarface”)
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1925--murdered his way to the top in Chicago’s organized crime network.
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Stayed in power by paring off officials and brutally crushing any opponents.
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1931--was convicted of tax evasion.
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Prohibition ended in 1933
Religious Issues
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Challenges to Religion
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Science an d Technology
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War and widespread problems made people question God.
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Some scholars contended the Bible was full of contradictions.
Fundamentalism
Response to religious challenges
Held true the tradition ideas about Jesus Christ.
Bible was the inspired word of God
Bible is literally true
Prominent Preacher--Billy Sunday
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The Scopes Trial
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Fundamentalists worked to pass laws to prevent the teaching of evolution.
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Tennessee passed a ban and John T. Scopes challenged it.
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William Jennings Bryan prosecuted and Clarence Darrow defended.
•
The trial was held in Dayton, TN in July 1925.
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First trial broadcast on radio.
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Scopes admitted guilt and was fined $100
Racial Tensions
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Red Summer 1919
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Began in Chicago
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Sparked when a black boy swimming at a beach on Lake Michigan floated into a “Whites only” area.
Whites threw rocks at him and he drowned.
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Riots and fighting spread throughout the city.
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Rioting spread to 25 other cities
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KKK Revived 1915
Revived by William J. Simmons (Atlanta GA)
1922--100K members; 1924--4 million
Not just in the South--Indiana had the largest # of Klansmen in the country.
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Marcus Garvey
Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
Emphasized racial pride and self respect.
Urged the return of African Americans to Africa
Collected $10 million to form a steam line to carry followers back to Africa
Never successful b/c Garvey was jailed on fraud charges in 1925
The Crash and the Great Depression
The Late 1920s Economy
Healthy in Appearance
•
Prosperity in the market
•
1925 Stock values $27 billion
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1928 Stock values grew by $11.4 billion
•
By Oct. 1929 Stock values hit $87 billion
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Workers wages had risen by 40% since 1914.
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Unemployment was less than 4%
•
1929 John J. Raskob
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Wrote article “Everybody Ought to be Rich”
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Saving $45 / week over 20 years would bring $400 / month income.
Danger Signs
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Uneven Prosperity
•
Mainly the rich got richer
•
200 companies controlled 49% of Industry
•
1929 0.1% had $100K+ incomes and held 34% of the country’s savings
•
71% earned less than $2,500 / year.
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80% had no savings
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Buying on credit
Consumer debt increased greatly
Playing the Stock Market
•
A get rich quick attitude prevailed
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Widespread speculation occurred
Small investors put their life savings in the market
Buying on margin-•
Investors purchased stock for a fraction of its cost (10-50%) and borrowed the rest.
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Brokers charged high interest and could call in the loan at any time.
Surplus of Manufactured Goods
Wages rose and so did production
Consumers’ need for more products did not keep up with production.
Industry sales will begin to slump.
Trouble for Farmers
•
Farm prices began to tumble
•
Farmers could not repay their debts
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6K banks went under as a result.
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Workers
•
Most workers still worked long hours for low wages
The Stock Market Crash
The Market Crashes
•
September 3, 1929 the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached 381.
•
Prices of stock soared above their value
•
Black Thursday
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Prices began to decline after the September peak.
•
Some brokers began to call in loans
•
Thursday, October 24, prices fell sharply (ie-GE $400 stock sold for $283)
•
A group of Bankers pooled their money to buy stock and temporarily stabilized the market.
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Black Tuesday (the Great Crash)
Investors raced to get their money out of the market.
Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the Great Crash occurred.
16.4 million shares sold in one day.
The Crash continued in the following days and by Nov. 13 the Dow was 198 . . . A $30 billion loss.
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Riches to Rags
•
Fortunes were lost overnight
•
Brokers and banks called in loans, but people had no money to pay them
•
Many committed suicide.
The Ripple Effect of the Crash
•
The crash affected more than just investors
•
The crash triggered the Great Depression
•
Impact on workers and farmers
•
Factories began to close
•
By 1932 12 million+ were unemployed (1/4 of the labor force)
•
GNP-- 1929 was $103 billion; 1933 $56 billion
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Farm Prices fell more
•
Corn--1929 was $1.04 / bushel; 1933 $0.38 / bushel
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Cotton--1929 was $0.17 / lb; 1933 $0.065 / lb
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Banks Closed
“Bank Runs” occurred as people withdrew money out of fear and to pay stock loans
5,500 banks failed
9 million savings accounts vanished
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World Impact
•
US investments had enabled Germany to pay reparations.
•
The Allies were dependent upon these reparations.
•
US investment fell and German banks collapsed
•
War reparations ceased and Europe ceased buying American goods.
•
The world economy and trade sank into depression
Causes of the Depression
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Over speculation
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Buying stocks on margin
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Government policies
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Uneven wealth distribution
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Overproduction
Social Effects
Widespread Poverty
•
Hoovervilles
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1931 Census estimated 15K homeless in NYC
•
Shanty towns were built called “Hoovervilles”
•
People lived in anything--rusted out cars, boxes, crate houses, etc.
•
Farmers
Many lost their homes to the banks
Banks sold the homes at auction
•
Dust Bowl
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Region of the Great Plains
•
Drought and dust storms occurred throughout the 1930s
•
440K+ left Oklahoma
•
300K left Kansas
•
Most went to California to find work.
Dorothea Lange
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Photographer
•
Hired by the Government to document the lives of the migrant farmers.
Strain on society
•
Anxiety and depression were common
•
Health
•
Starvation and malnourishment were common
•
Children suffered the most
•
The Family
•
Living conditions declined
•
Men felt like failures
•
Women worried about feeding their families.
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Discrimination Increased
•
There was a general rise in hostility and suspicion against minorities.
Surviving the Great Depression
Overview
•
Those who survive will forever be impacted. Most will continue to save money as though financial chaos is
just around the next corner.
Pulling Together
•
People helped each other and were extremely generous with what little they had.
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Political Solutions
•
Most Americans trusted the democratic process to handle the problems.
•
Humor
Hoover Blankets--old newspapers used to keep warm.
Hoover Flags--empty pockets turned inside out.
Will Rogers--”When Wall Street took that tail spin, you had to stand in line to get a window to jump
out of.”
Signs of Change
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Feb. 1933--Prohibition was repealed
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The Empire State Building
•
Began in 1930
•
Built by John J. Raskob
•
Won the race to build the world’s tallest building.
•
Became a symbol of hope.
•
The true force that will end the Depression will be WWII
Election of 1932
Hoover’s Handling of the Crises
•
Failure of Voluntary Action
•
Hoover believed US businesses should issue voluntary controls to ease the crisis.
•
Temporarily it worked, but businesses soon did what was in their own best interest.
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Government Action
•
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Hoover increased spending on public works ie-buildings, roads, parks and dams (Boulder Dam or
Hoover Dam)
1930 Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff (resulted in a trade war that slowed international
trade)
1932 Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) which gave credit to banks to
extend loans
Hoover’s Unpopularity
Blamed for all the problems
He was against direct intervention in the economy.
Some economists began to back the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes--massive
government spending to stimulate the economy and encourage private spending.
•
Veteran’s March on D. C.
•
1932 20K WWI Vets and families encamped in Washington, D. C.
•
The “Bonus Army” wanted immediate payment of a pension bonus promised in 1945.
•
Congress disagreed and most went home.
•
After some violent incidents, Hoover called in the Army under General Douglas MacArthur.
•
MacArthur decided to use force to drive the marchers out of D. C.
•
Using bricks and stones the Vets fought back and many were injured.
•
Hoover took the blame.
The Election of 1932
•
Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover
•
Democrats nominated the former Governor of New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
•
Roosevelt said, “I pledge myself to a New Deal for the American people.”
•
The election was a battle b/w 2 philosophies--those who believed government could not and should not try to
fix people’s problems and those who felt that large scale problems required government help
•
•
•
•
Any Democrat could have beat Hoover.
FDR won by 7 million popular votes.
Most voted against Hoover rather than for Roosevelt.
1933 FDR was inaugurated and said, “So first of all let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have
to fear is fear itself.”
The New Deal
Forging a New Deal
Restoring the Nation’s Hope
•Second Bonus March
•WWI Veterans marched on Washington again.
•FDR provided camp sites for them.
•Eleanor visited w/them in the camps.
•Fireside Chats
•Regular radio addresses by the President
•Reassured the people
•First Hundred Days
•FDR had Promised “Bold, persistent experimentation”
•During his First Hundred Days in office he pushed relief, job, and economic stimulation programs through
Congress.
•Restoring the Banks
•March 5, 1933, FDR ordered a ‘bank holiday’ in which all banks closed for four days.
•During the ‘holiday’ Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act which authorized the government to inspect
the financial health of all banks.
•June 1933—Congress established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured bank
deposits up to $5K.
•Americans began to put more money in banks and banks could begin to loan money again.
•Relief and Job Creation
•May 1933—Congress established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
•FERA gave money to overburdened local relief agencies
•FERA oversaw and gave money to other federal relief programs.
•November 1933—Civil Works Administration (CWA)
•Gave jobs building or improving:
•Roads
•Parks
•Airports
•Other public facilities
•March 1933—Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
•Employed 2.5 million single men
•Restored and maintained forests, beaches, and parks.
•Helping Business
•June 1933 Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) which established the National
Recovery Administration (NRA)
•The NRA
•Sought to balance the economy through sensible planning
•Established codes regulating:
Wages (set minimum wage)
Working conditions
Production
Prices
NRA policies initially worked, but soon proved ineffective
•NIRA also established the Public Works Administration (PWA) which built dams and bridges
•May 1933 Federal Securities Act—required companies to provide financial information if they offered stock.
•1934—Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market.
•1934—Congress gave the Federal Reserve power to regulate buying stocks on margin
•Helping Homes and Farms
•1933—Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)
•Refinanced or reshaped terms of mortgages to make payments manageable
•1933—Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
•Tried to regulate farm prices through subsidies.
•Paid farmers not to raise certain crops / animals.
•May 1933—Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
•Helped farmers (?)
•Created Jobs
•Provided cheap electricity
•Provided flood control
•Provided recreational opportunities
•Eleanor Roosevelt
•Took an active role in supporting the New Deal
•Toured the country and visited workers and programs.
•Wrote her own news column.
•Redefined the role of the First Lady
•The New Deal Falters
•The New Deal did not bring significant economic improvement.
•Many worried it gave the federal government too much power.
•1935—The US Supreme Court declared NIRA unconstitutional b/c it gave the President lawmaking power and
b/c it regulated local commerce
•1936—The Court ruled that the tax funding the AAA subsidies was unconstitutional.
•The Second New Deal
•Overview
•Launched in 1935
•More social welfare benefits
•Stricter business controls
•Stronger union support
•Higher taxes on the rich
•New Agencies
•Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Hired 8 million and citizens
Built playgrounds, schools, hospitals, and airfields.
•Labor Legislation
•July 1935 Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)
•Legalized
Collective Bargaining
Closed Shops
•Outlawed
•Spying on unions
•Blacklisting
•Established the national Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce the act.
•Social Security Act
•Purpose—provide security in the form of payments to people who could not support themselves.
•Three Types of Insurance
•Old-age pensions and survivors benefits.
•Unemployment insurance
•Aid for dependent children, the blind, and the physically disabled.
•Election of 1936
•Republicans nominated Alfred M. Landon.
•Democrats nominated FDR.
•FDR won the Electoral College by a landslide 523-8
•Limits of the New Deal
•Brought little permanent relief.
•Labor provisions only covered 25% of the workers.
•The minimum wage was set at $0.25/hr.—lower than most made.
•Women were legally paid less.
•No provisions were made to help females in the home.
•African Americans were kept out of skilled jobs and paid less than whites.
•Political Critics
•Republicans and others felt the New Deal went too far.
•New Deal programs like TVA were said to be socialistic
•Social Security Act was seen by some as penalizing successful hardworking people.
•SSN’s were seen as a move toward a militaristic society.
•The wealthy regarded FDR as their enemy.
•Progressives and socialists felt the New Deal had not went far enough.
•Other Critics
•The Demagogues
•Father Charles E. Coughlin
•Radio Priest
•Initially supported FDR
•Later called him Franklin Double-crossing Roosevelt.
•Issued openly Anti-Jewish statements
•Praised Hitler and Moussolini
•Huey Long
•Senator from LA
•Initially supported FDR
•Broke with FDR and began pushing for his “Share the Wealth Program” which would limit income and
redistribute wealth to the poor through taxes.
The Court-Packing Scheme
•The Supreme Court had caused FDR the most frustration
•Feb. 1937—FDR proposed a court reform bill
•The bill would have enabled FDR to appoint 6 additional justices.
•FDR claimed he wanted to ease the burden of the Court.
•Most realized FDR was trying to pack the Court with judges who would favor the New Deal.
•FDR was forced to withdraw his reform bill.
Last Days of the New Deal
•Recession of 1937
•The economy collapsed again in 1937.
•Caused in part by the new Social Security tax
•FDR had to cut back expensive programs.
•The national debt had rose from $21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion in 1940.
•Unions Triumph
•Unions gained much strength during the New Deal
•The American Federation of Labor (AFL) represented skilled workers.
•Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)—sought to organize unskilled labor
•Strikes—used by unions to gain strength against employers and to have demands met.
•New Deal Effects on Culture
•Literature
•Pearl Buck—The Good Earth
•Plight of peasants in China b/4 the revolution.
•John Steinbeck—The Grapes of Wrath
•Journey of Dust Bowl victims to California in search of work.
•Radio and Movies
•Comedy shows became popular
•First Soap Operas emerged
•Movies focused on optimistic themes
•Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
•The Wizard of Oz
•Walt Disney produced cartoons
•Lasting New Deal Achievements
•Public Works—many of the bridges, dams, tunnels, buildings, and hospitals still stand.
•Social Security System
•TVA, FDIC, SEC
•Legacy of Hope—reestablished a sense of hope in the US among the people.
World War II
The Greatest Generation
Prelude to Global War
“We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”--Winston Churchill
•Overview
•By the 1930s, Italy had fallen to fascism, Germany to Nazism, and Imperial Japan was looking to expand. The
ambitions of three leaders will bring the world to war.
•Fascism and Nazism
•Italy and Fascism
•Benito Mussolini felt Italy was shortchanged in the Treaty of Versailles.
•1919 He and other war vets organized the Revolutionary Fascist Party
•Called himself Il Duce =the leader
•Used Fascist thugs called “Blackshirts” to terrorize opponents.
•1922 Threatened to march on Rome and the Kind made him prime minister.
•As PM he:
•Suspended elections
•Outlawed other political parties
•Established a dictatorship
•Declared, “The Country is nothing without Conquest”
•Oct. 1935--Invaded Ethiopia
•Germany and Nazism
•Adolf Hitler
•Discontented Austrian Painter
•1919 Joined the National Socialist German Worker’s Party or the Nazi Party
•1923 Beer Hall Putsch--Tried to overthrow the Weimar Government
•Wrote Mein Kampf =“My Struggle” during 9 mo. Prison term.
•Blamed the Jews for Germany’s loss in WWI
•Proposed strengthening the military
•Called for expanding territory
•Called for purifying the “Aryan” race (blonde, blue eyed) by removing the Jews from Germany
•Conditions
•Germany was in Economic and Social ruin
•High unemployment
•Massive inflation
•Shortages
•Lawlessness
•Nazi Promise
•Order
•Stabilization of the country
•economic recovery
•Restoring the Empire--The Third Reich
•Nazi Rise
•Jan 1933 Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag
•Hitler was appointed Chancellor
•After the Reichstag fire, Hitler was given emergency powers.
•After President Von Hindenberg’s death, Hitler consolidated his control over the country and the military.
•Europe Goes to War
•German Aggression
•March 9, 1936 German troops reentered the Rhineland.
•1936 Germany and Italy signed an alliance and became the Axis Powers (later joined by Japan)
•March 1938 Anschluss--Hitler approved the “voluntary” annexation of Austria.
•Sept. 1938 Munich Conference
•Hitler had demanded the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia (GR pop) be given to Germany
•Appeasement
•Neville Chamberlain (UK) and Edouard Daladier (France) agreed to give the land to Hitler in exchange for
his promise to not seek more territory.
•“Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor . . . They chose dishonor. They will have
war.”--Churchill
•March 1939 Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia.
•Soon after Hitler signed a treaty of non-aggression with Russia
•War!!
•September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland
•Used blitzkrieg tactic
•UK and FR declared war 2 days later.
•Mid September--Russians seized East Poland as per their agreement.
•April 9, 1940 GR attacked Denmark and Norway
•May 10, 1940 GR attacked the Maginot Line and overwhelmed Belgium, the Netherlands and FR.
•Evacuation at Dunkirk
•As France fell, UK forces retreated to this coastal city
•900 UK vessels (tug boats, yachts, and other private craft) evacuated 340K across the English channel to
Britain.
•Despite constant Luftwaffe attacks, the UK pulled off one of the greatest rescues in history.
•The Battle of Britain
•After the fall of FR Hitler turned on Britain
•1,000 Luftwaffe Planes bombed Britain daily
•Royal Air Force (RAF) outnumbered, flew 6-7 missions per day
•Dec. 1940 “The Blitz”--The bombing of London started 1500 fires in the city.
•June 1941 the bombing ended. Hitler’s effort to crush the UK had failed.
•30K Londoners died 120K injured.
•The Empire of Japan
•1931 Japan seized the Manchuria region of China
•By 1940 Japan controlled most of Eastern China
•Sept 1940 Signed the Tripartite pact w/ GR and Italy.
•April 1941 Signed a neutrality pact with Russia.
•The American Response
•Most Americans favored neutrality and isolationism.
•Early Neutrality Acts
•US would w/hold weapons and loans from all nations at war.
•Required that all non military goods be paid for w/ cash and transported by the purchaser -- “cash and
carry”
•Neutrality Act of 1939--permitted UK and FR to buy weapons on a cash and carry basis
•Increased Involvement
•1940 FDR proposed providing war supplies to the UK w/o payment:
•“If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the
fire is out.”
•March 1941--congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which authorized the President to aid any nation whose
defense was vital to US interests
•Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941
“A date which shall live in infamy.”
•Mid 1941--Japan took French Indo-China
•FDR responded by freezing Japanese assets in the US and cutting off trade with Japan
•For weeks the US and Japan negotiated to avoid war.
•Japan’s leaders decided that they could not conquer Asia with the US Pacific fleet in Hawaii.
•Dec 7, 1941--Japanese attacked the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor.
•<2 hrs. 2,400 Americans died and 1,200 wounded; 300 planes damaged or destroyed; 18 warships sunk
•Japan lost 29 planes
•Dec 8, 1941 FDR asked Congress to declare war.
•Dec. 11 Germany and Italy declared war on the US.
•The Road to Victory in Europe
•American Mobilization
•Thousands volunteered after Pearl Harbor
•The draft began immediately
•The Force
•16.1 Million Served
•Majority--white, male Americans
•300K Mex-Amer
•300 Navajos as Code Talkers
•17K Japanese-Amer
•1 Million African Americans
•275K Women (volunteers)
•Atlantic War
•US ships had to travel in convoys
•Germans used “Wolf Packs” (sub groups of 30) to systematically attack convoys
•North Africa
•Germans under the command of FM Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) had been very successful.
•1942 Turning Point--UK Gen. Bernard Montgomery won a decisive victory at El Alamein Egypt
•May 1943 American Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower and Gen. Montgomery trapped Rommel’s forces in Tunisia.
•Rommel escaped to Europe and Africa was under Allied control.
•Italy
•July 1943 American General George s. Patton attacked Sicily. It fell in 38 days.
•Mussolini was overthrown and the New Italian gov’t surrendered.
•German forces stiffly defended Italy.
•Turning Point--Anzio
•Jan 1944 American troops landed behind GR lines at Anzio (just S. of Rome)
•Fighting to advance was slow, but the Allies won in May 1944.
•72K American casualties
•The Allies quickly took Rome
•April 1945 German forces in Italy surrendered.
•190K American casualties in the Italian Campaign
•Germany and the Soviet Union
•June 1941--3.6 million German and Axis troops attacked the USSR
•The Russians were overwhelmed and their air force quickly destroyed
•The soviets burned everything as the retreated.
•Turning Point--Stalingrad
•The Red Army chose to take a stand
•Fighting was house to house
•The Russian winter wet in and in mid November the Red Army counterattacked and surrounded the
Germans.
•Jan 31, 1943--A final assault resulted in the German force surrendering
•90K Germans had survived
•Fighting would continue
•Allied Invasion of Western Europe
•Air War
•Allied bombers began to soften GR for the attack
•Methods such as carpet bombing were used daily.
•US bombed by day; the RAF by night (3K planes per day).
•Preparation
•Allies amassed troops, weapons and warships in UK
•Germans under Rommel strengthened the Atlantic Wall
•D-Day June 6, 1944
•Largest landing by sea in history
•4,600 invasion craft and warships
•23K UK and US Airborne dropped behind lines the night before.
•Warships pounded the coast
•2K planes (1K at a time) bombed the GR lines
•150 K Allied troops landed on 60 mi. of coast
•Hitler failed to order an immediate counterattack.
•GR resistance was fierce and casualties were high
•By late July the Allies had 2 million troops in FR
•August 1944--Americans liberated Paris
•Battle of the Bulge
•Dec. 1944 GR launched a fierce counter attack.
•Allied forces were thrown back and the line almost broke
•W/ reinforcement, the Americans held and stopped the GR advance.
•Casualties--80K US 100K GR
•End of the War in Europe
•The American Advance
•March 1945
•Allies continued to bomb GR
•American forces crossed the Rhine River
•The Soviet Advance
•Heavy losses
•13.6 million soviet and 3 million GR had died in fighting
•Soviet civilian and military deaths totaled 27 million
•Soviets wanted to capture Berlin and the US allowed it.
•April 25, 1945--Soviet and US forces met at the Elbe River
•German Surrender
•May 1, 1945--GR announced Hitler had committed suicide
•VE DAY--May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered.
•Yalta Conference
•The Big 3 met--FDR, Churchill, and Stalin
•Agreed to split Germany into occupation zones.
•Berlin (in the Soviet zone) would also be divided.
•Stalin promised to allow elections in the countries they had liberated and to enter the war against
Japan.
•The War in the Pacific
•Overview
•When Japan attacked Pearl harbor, they simultaneously attacked several other American bases in the Pacific. The
American Pacific outlook was grim.
•The Japanese Advance
•Philippines
•US and Filipino forces fought valiantly and managed to hold the Bataan Peninsula for 4 mos.
•Gen. Douglas MacArthur was ordered to leave the islands and his troops behind. “I shall return.”
•May 6, 1942--the last of the US and filipino forces surrendered.
•Bataan Death March
•76K US and Filipinos became POWs
•They were forcibly marched 60 miles to a railway and shipped to work camps
•10K died during the 12 day march.
•The Sea War
•The Japanese had been steadily advancing in the Pacific and hoped to take Australia.
•Battle of the Coral Sea
•May 1942
•1st Naval combat carried out entirely by aircraft.
•The ships never saw each other.
•Militarily--a draw Strategically--stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.
•Turning the Tide
•Battle of Midway
•Midway Island was vital to the protection of Hawaii
•Japanese under Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto hoped to lure the US into battle and destroy the
remainder of the Pacific fleet.
•Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese at a vulnerable time (loading bombs) and attacked
•Fought entirely from the air.
•Destroyed all 4 Japanese carriers
•Battle of Guadalcanal
•Located in the Solomon Islands
•Intense jungle warfare
•Captured by Feb 1943
•Casualties--US 6K of 60K ---Japan 24K of 36K
•Island-Hopping Strategy
•US began to attack islands strategically
•Some were bypassed
•Goal was to get close enough to attack the main Island of Japan
•Casualties were staggering
•Philippines
•Oct. 1944--160K US troops invaded the island of Leyte.
•MacArthur “People of the Philippines, I have returned.”
•Simultaneously--3 day naval Battle of Leyte Gulf
•Greatest naval battle in history
•Japan threw all their ships into it.
•Japan used Kamikaze attacks
•Japan was badly beaten and their navy destroyed
•June 1945--The Philippines were completely liberated.
•Iwo Jima Nov. 1944
•For 74 days US planes and warships poured 7K tons of bombs and 20K shells into the island
•Feb 1945--Marines stormed the beaches and fought 3 days to gain 700 yds.
•110K US vs. 25K Japanese
•25K US casualties; 216 Japanese surrendered.
•Battle of Okinawa
April - June 1945
•100K Japanese defended the Island
•US--1300 warships; 180K combat troops
•Japanese used Kamikaze attacks and Bonzai charges to inflict maximum casualties.
•7,200 Japanese surrendered
•50K US casualties
•The Manhattan Project
•1939--Jewish physicist Albert Einstein wrote FDR suggesting the possibility of a new weapon ---the Atomic
Bomb
•Einstein knew the Germans were already working on it.
•FDR authorized the work.
•July 16, 1945, US detonated the first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert.
•Dropping the Bomb
•April 1945--FDR died
•Harry S. Truman had to make the decision.
•Estimated 1 million US deaths to conquer main island Japan.
•August 6, 1945--1st bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
•135K casualties
•90% of the infrastructure destroyed
•August 9--2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki
•64K casualties
•V-J Day
•On August 14, 1945, the Japanese surrendered.
•WWII was over, but the US and the world would never be the same.