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Chapter 29
 Truman Doctrine- 1947 part of the United States' political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union
in Europe and the Middle East, illustrated through the communist movements in Iran, Turkey and Greece. the United
States was prepared to send any money, equipment or military force to countries which were threatened by the
communist government, thereby offering assistance to those countries resisting communism
 Marshall Plan- 1947 AKA the European Recovery Act; introduced by Secretary of State George C. Marshal at
Harvard University; would provide billions of dollars in aid provided that 1) the recipient states had to cooperate with
one another in aligning national economic policies and improving the international monetary system 2) they had to work
toward breaking down trade barriers; more than 15 countries participated, NOT including Soviet Union, which refused;
enforced by the Office of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
 John Maynard Keynes- his economic theory influenced the planning process, were applied successfully by neutral
Sweden to its economic polices during the war, were popular throughout Europe in 1945, and triumphed in the postwar
era; believed government should be responsible for the control and regulation of the economy, with a goal of full
employment and should spend beyond deficits if necessary
 Douglas MacArthur-was appointed the Supreme Commander for Allied Power and the head of occupation forces
in Japan; mission was to impose rapid economic change from above
 West Germany and Japan prospered after the war
 Benelux- first economic unit consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; Belgium, Netherlands, and
Luxembourg
 Schuman Plan- pooled all coal and steel resources of West Germany and France beginning 1950; created by Jean
Monnet and Robert Schuman of France; was first step toward removal of economic barriers in Europe, and move
toward political integration
 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)- 1951 formed by Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Italy, and West
Germany; succeeded in establishing a common market in coal and steel for its members; same nations created the
European Economic Community (EEC) 1957 to broaden integration of markets; beginning of a Common Market
 Common Market- aimed to establish among its member states a free movement of labor and capital, elimination
of restrictions on trade, common investment practices, coordinated social welfare programs
 welfare state- a creation of post-WWII era; programs aimed to protect citizens through the establishment of a
decent standard of living available for everyone
 “EVERY Western European nation experience DRAMATIC increase in total wealth” Soviet Union experienced
dramatic recovery, second only to the U.S.
 Ghandi- leader of the push for independence of India, England’s richest colony; was given title “Mahatma”
meaning “great-souled”; advocated passive resistance
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British India 1947 divided into India and Pakistan, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Burma (now Myanmar)
America was involved in a war between South and North Vietnam; withdrew in 1973
1960 Republic of Congo got independence, (present day Zaire)
Europe continued to rule Rhodesia (present day Zimbabwe)
France resisted Algeria’s cry for independence, was finally granted 1962 by Gaulle
 third world countries- those with weak market infrastructures; first world- advanced industrial countries; second
world- lower level of prosperity indicating a transition from agriculture to industrial production countries
 decolonization- creation of independence for third world countries
 neocolonialism- A policy whereby a major power uses economic and political means to perpetuate or extend its
influence over underdeveloped nations or areas, as described by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, who called for a united
Africa to resist
 Pan-African Federation- created by Jomo Kenyatta and Nkrumah to promote African nationalism
 Nikita Khrushchev- replaced Stalin after his death
 Soviet Union experienced dramatic recovery, second only to the U.S.; standard of living, however, was bad, with
higher prices for food than before; poverty was almost eliminated in East Europe and Soviet Union
 birthrate increased after the war in some nations, decreased in others, such as the U.S. baby boom
 birth control- pill was invented 1960s; new technologies decreased birthrates
 pronatalism- policy in Europe to encourage women to have more children and to be better mothers to increase
birthrates and family sizes
 Great Britain- welfare was based on ideal of mothers at home with children, gave family allowances based on size;
France- created system Securite sociale, defined women as equal to men, allowed working women
 Simone de Beauvoir- French who wrote The Second Sex, analyzed women’s place in context of Western culture,
studied conditions of political theories, uncovered why male is the center of culture and the female is not; urged women
to be independent, became the handbook for women’s movements
 Betty Friedan- American who wrote The Feminine Mystique, voiced grievances of women, about what Friedan
saw as the schizophrenic split between the reality of women’s lives and the idealized image of a perfect homemaker
 sexual revolution- a change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world; a later trend of
equalizing sexual behavior which occurred primarily during the 1960s and 1970s
 recreational drugs- drugs taken for recreation; marijuana grew in popularity; mostly done by young people
 beginning at the University of California, the Free Speech movement became an international phenomenon, with
students protesting; students protested decreased opportunities in society; French students complained of everyday life
with subway riding (Metro), mindless work (boulot), and sleep (dodo); protests became international in 1968
Communism in Soviet Union
 Brezhnev Doctrine- by Leonid Brezhnev, head of Soviet Union 1966 to 1982; Soviet Union claimed the right to
interfere in the international affairs of its allies in order to prevent counter-revolution, arguing a socialist state was
obligated to take action in another socialist state if the survival of socialism was at stake; repression led to protest
 growing number of Jews in Russia moved to Israel to escape anti-semitism
 Andrei Sakharov- leading Soviet dissident of the period, father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, opposed Communist
party rule and favored liberal democratic system, sentenced to life exile after invasion of Afghanistan, was reinstated as
a national hero just before death
 arms race- race of the Germans, Russians, British studied nuclear fission, America had already developed atomic
bomb; Soviet Union ended U.S. monopoly by testing its first atomic bomb in 1949; U.S. and Soviet Union developed
the hydrogen bomb almost at the same time; other nations joined the “nuclear club”; nations held meetings to restrict
use of atomic bomb;
 Sputnik I- 1957, first satellite launched into space; was made by Soviet Union, was important in terms of detection
and deployment of bombs
 United Nations- created by Allies immediately after World War II to replace the League of Nations
 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 and Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) of 1962 (which limited defensive
antiballistic missile systems) lessened paranoia; 1970s was a decade of negotiations and agreements
 1980s was “dangerous decade” after United States refused to sign SALT II in 1979
 The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 1983, commonly called Star Wars after the popular science fiction movies,
was a system proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the
United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles
 Mikhail Gorbachev- a technocrat (someone who could apply specialized technical knowledge to the problems of a
stagnant Soviet economy) became Soviet Union leader; 1985 created plans for increased openness (glasnost) and
programs of political and economic restructuring (perestroika); extended olive branch to Westerners, loosened
censorship, denounced Stalin, held first elections since 1917
 Boris Yeltsin- believed that Gorbachev did not go far or fast enough with economic reforms; became president of
Russia in 1990; shocking in August 1991 when rebels tried to restore Communism and took Gorbachev prisoner in his
vacation home; Muscovites united against rebels, Yeltsin became a hero by publicly defying the plotters, rallying
support behind him, and helping convince Soviet army to disobey orders to attack the White House, parliament in
Moscow