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NOUN NOTES I. What is a noun? A noun is a __word____ that names a person, __place___, __thing___, or __idea_____. II. When to capitalize nouns: 1. Names of specific people Caps: Juana, Kathie, the Stevens family, the Jones’ = _proper nouns__ No Caps: family, boy, girl, sister, cousin = ___common nouns__ What about mom and dad? _these are capitalized only when being used as a name____ 2. Days of the week, months, holidays, but not seasons Caps: Passover, December, Monday No Caps: autumn, fall, spring, winter, summer 3. Ranks and titles, but only when used with a particular person’s name Caps: This is Doctor Smith, this is Aunt Anne, and that man is Coach Karb. No Caps: That man is a doctor, that woman is her aunt, and that man is my coach. 4. Geographic area: cities, states, countries, streets, parks, and oceans. 5. Regions of the United States, but not simple directions. Caps: I was born in New England, but I grew up in the South. No Caps: I live on the north side of town. 6. Historical periods Caps: The Renaissance, World War II, the Middle Ages 7. Religions, nationalities, races of people, languages, countries and adjectives related to those countries. 8. The various names for God and the names of sacred books. Caps: God, Jehovah, Allah, the Bible, the Koran No Caps: There were many gods and goddesses in ancient myths. 9. Names of specific schools, businesses, buildings, organizations. 10. Brand Names Caps: Nintendo, Cheerios, Nestlé’s Crunch 11. Names of planets, but not sun and moon. 12. Letters that stand-alone Caps: U-turn, T-shirt, X-ray 13. Names of specific teams and clubs and their members Caps: the Boston Red Sox, the Republican Party, Democrats 14. Titles of movies, books, chapters, and articles Caps: “Tar Heels Beat Duke 102-96,” Jane Eyre 1 Directions: Underline the nouns in the following passage: We use nouns all the time when we write letters to friends or papers for class. For example, all these underlined words are nouns. Some students get carried away with making common nouns proper. They seem to think that every word they capitalize suddenly becomes exciting or important. Too many capitals make your work look bad. PRONOUN NOTES •A _pronoun___ is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. It serves as a stand-in, or substitute, for a noun. •The word or group of words that a pronoun replaces, or refers to, is called its _antecedent__. • An antecedent usually comes before the pronoun. It may be in the same sentence as the pronoun or in another sentence. Marcy is happy. Her dog won in a pet contest. • A pronoun can have more than one antecedent. Allison and Connie have taken their eye tests. • Sometimes more than one pronoun can refer to the same antecedent. Jason took his raincoat with him. I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS Of all the different kinds of pronouns, __personal____ pronouns are used most often. •A personal pronoun refers to (1) the person speaking, (2) the person being spoken _to, or (3) the person, place, or thing being spoken __about____. First Person (speaker) Second Person (person spoken to) Third Person (person or thing spoken about) PERSONAL PRONOUNS Singular Plural I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours you, your, yours you, your, yours he, him, his she, her, hers it, its they, them, their, theirs 2 II. OTHER KINDS OF PRONOUNS ___Demonstrative____ pronouns are pointers. They point out a specific person, place, or thing. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Singular Plural this, that these, those A __relative__ pronoun is a connecting word. It begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the same sentence. that which RELATIVE PRONOUNS who whom whose An __interrogative___ pronoun is used to begin a question. what INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS which who whom whose An ___indefinite___ pronoun does not have a definite antecedent. It refers to people, places, or things, often without naming or specifying which ones. another anybody anyone anything each either everybody Singular everyone everything little much neither nobody no one INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Plural nothing both one few other many somebody others someone several something Singular or Plural all any more most none some VERB NOTES I. ____Verbs____ tell what action a person or thing is performing. II. Action verbs are used to show both ___mental__ and __visible/physical___ actions. Mental Actions Examples: think dream worry consider wonder believe decide He remembers many events from World War II. Visible/Physical Actions Examples: dance eat stand run grow sing The quarterback threw a long pass. open put 3 III. An action verb is __transitive_ if the receiver of the action is named in the sentence. She broke the lamp. IV. An action verb is __intransitive__ if no receiver of the action is named in the sentence. The lamp broke in the living room. V. _Linking verbs__ connect a noun or pronoun at or near the beginning of the sentence with a word at or near the end. Examples: am are is was were am being are being is being was being Example: The soup smells delicious. were being Non-example: John smells the soup. VI. ___Helping verbs____ are added before another verb to make a verb phrase. Examples: is was being had shall should be should had been will might have been would do can does could did have has may might must She ___has__ ___been___ waiting at the station for more than two hours. In another half hour, Brian ___will__ __have__ __been__ sleeping for twelve hours. ADJECTIVE NOTES I. An adjective is a word that modifies a _noun or pronoun_. II. An adjective modifying a noun or pronoun will answer one of the following four questions: 1.__what kind__? 2.__which one___? 3.__how many___? 4.__how much__? Which questions do the following adjectives answer? 1. many wonderful songs __ how many? _______ 3. tired old man __what kind?/which one?______ 2. clear blue water ___what kind?_________ 4. tiny little baby __ what kind?/which one?_____ III. Three commonly used adjectives are: a, an, and the. These words are called __articles___ Definite article = __the_____ Indefinite articles = __a, an__ 4 IV. Nouns are sometimes used as adjectives. They brought a long grocery list to the market. Guitar music soothes me. Proper Adjectives are proper nouns being used as adjectives; adjective formed from a proper noun The Thanksgiving dinner was delicious. A Newsweek editor called several hours ago. V. A compound adjective is like a compound noun. It is made up of more than one word. Compound adjectives can be made up of two hyphenated words or two combined words. Yours is a purely one-sided opinion. Please bring your worn-out clothing to the St. Vincent DePaul. VI. Pronouns used as Adjectives A pronoun is used as an adjective if __it modifies a noun_. All four kinds of pronouns can used as adjectives. They are: 1._possessive_ 2._demonstrative__ 3._interrogative__ 4._indefinite__ Possessive adjectives are personal pronouns used as adjectives. My, your, his, her, its, our, their = _possessive adjectives_______ The four demonstrative pronouns are: 1. __this__ 2. __that__ 3.__these___ 4. __those__ I’ll buy that watch. This book is very interesting. Interrogative adjectives are interrogative pronouns used as adjectives. What name did he give? Whose umbrella is that? Indefinite adjectives are indefinite pronouns used as adjectives. I don’t want any beans. Each game came with instructions. 5 ADVERB NOTES I. An adverb is a word that modifies a _verb__, ____adjective___, or __another adverb_____. II. Adverbs Modifying Verbs An adverb modifying a verb will answer one of the following four questions: 1.__where___? 2.__when___? 3._in what manner_? 4.__to what extent_? Which questions do the following adverbs answer? 1. traveled rapidly __in what manner?___ 3. immediately described ___when?_____ 2. fully understand __ to what extent?____ 4. move away from Boston ___where?____ III. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives and Other Adverbs Adverbs modifying adjectives and other adverbs answer the question __to what extent? • Learning where to look for adverbs will help you to identify them. List the seven positions or locations in which adverbs can appear in a sentence. 1. _at the beginning of a sentence_ 5. _between parts of a verb___ 2. _at the end of a sentence__ 6. _before an adjective___ 3. _before a verb__ 7. _before another adverb___ 4. _after a verb__ • Directions: Circle the adverbs and draw an arrow to the words they modify. 1. Brad has almost finished his model airplane. 3. She tearfully told us the accident. 2. These apples are especially good. 4. He was rather shy when he was little. IV. Distinguishing Between Adverbs and Adjectives *Remember, adjectives modify nouns and pronouns whereas adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. In the blank space, indicate whether the underlined word is an adverb or an adjective. 1. Robert ran too quickly. adverb 4. My puppy is much calmer now. adverb 2. Sheila is a quick runner. adjective 5. They bought a beautiful home. adjective 3. I added too much sugar. adjective 6. Carrie sang beautifully. adverb Many adverbs end with the letters _-ly_. HOWEVER, not all words ending in these two letters are adverbs. 6 PREPOSITION NOTES I. A preposition _relates__ a noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence. Look at the “mountain” below. Consider how you could relate to the mountain. For example, “You are on the mountain.” List as many prepositions as possible that could represent relationship to the mountain. above across after against around at before beside between by down from in into near off on over through to toward under upon Directions: Circle the preposition in the following sentences. 1. Imagine a huge forest growing in a hot, steamy environment. 2. The tallest trees rise nearly two hundred feet above the ground. 3. Direct sunlight reaches only the highest of their branches. 4. Only dim light filters through the leaves. 5. Thundershowers occur often throughout the year. II. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with the __noun or pronoun following it__. Directions: In the following sentences, underline the entire prepositional phrase. 1. Few raindrops fall directly to the ground. 2. The place teems with life. 3. Many animals spend their entire lives in the trees. 4. Frogs, toads, lizards and snakes dwell among the branches. 7 5. Bats, monkeys, and squirrels eat nuts and fruits from the highest branches. CONJUNCTION NOTES I. ____Conjunctions___ connect words or groups of words. The three types of conjunctions are__coordinating__, __correlative__, and ____subordinating____. II. __Coordinating conjunctions____ connect words of a similar kind (two or more verbs, prepositional phrases or entire sentences.) Coordinating Conjunctions and but for nor or so yet We bought a small yet comfortable car. The actor was talented but unattractive. III. __Correlative conjunctions___ connect words as do coordinating conjunctions BUT correlatives come in pairs. Correlative Conjunctions both…and either…or neither…nor whether…or not only…but also I don’t care whether Marla or Lisa represents us. Not only was he a fine athlete, but he was also a fine student. IV. _Subordinating conjunctions__ connect two ideas by making one idea dependent on the other and always comes before the dependent idea. after as long as wherever in order that where while Subordinating Conjunctions although as as soon as as though before even though since so that than unless until whenever as if because if though when I did the planting after he prepared the soil. When he phoned this morning, he was unable to reach the senator. 8