Download Prokaryotes 1. How common are prokaryotes on earth? 2. List and

Prokaryotes
1. How common are prokaryotes on earth?
2. List and describe the three basic structural forms of prokaryotic cells.
3. List and describe the essential differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
4. Why was the old prokaryotic Kingdom “Monera” divided into the two new domains,
“Bacteria” and “Archaebacteria”
5. List and describe the four key differences between Bacteria and Archaebacteria.
6. Describe the difference in the cell wall structure of gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria.
7.
What is the medical significance of gram negative bacteria?
8.
Briefly describe these structures found in the interior prokaryotic cell
a. internal membranes
b. nucleoid
c. plasmids
d. ribosomes
9. Explain two processes that create variation in prokaryotes.
10. Considering what you learned in our unit on evolution, why is the prevalent use of antibacterial soap a health concern?
11. Describe the three main metabolic groups of prokaryotes.
a. photoautotrophs
b. chemoautotrophs
c. heterotrophs
12. Describe three diseases of humans that are caused by pathogenic bacteria.
13. Identify and explain three ecologically essential roles that bacteria play on Earth.
14. List and describe three symbiotic associations prokaryotes live in with eukaryotes.
15. What are some of the commercial uses of bacteria?
PROTISTS
1. How long ago did the eukaryotes evolve?
2. What distinguishing characteristic is used to place organisms in the Protist Kingdom.
4. Explain the Theory of Endosymbiosis.
5. Give four lines of evidence that support the Theory of Endosymbiosis.
6. Why are Protists said to be the most diverse of all eukaryotes?
7. Why do most taxonomists currently working on eukaryotic relationships consider the Protist
Kingdom not an evolutionarily accurate grouping (polyphyletic)?
8. Make some notes on the general biology of the Protists:
a. cell structure
b. locomotion
c. cyst formation
d. nutrition
e. reproduction
9. Label the diagram below illustrating the evolutionary relationships between the Protist
lineages.
10. Review the six lineages of the Protists and take notes on their key characteristics as well as
listing an example organism.
FUNGI
1. How common are fungi on earth?
2. How do fungi acquire nutrients?
3. Because of their mode of nutrition, fungi have evolved what structure to provide for both
extensive surface area for absorption and rapid growth?
4. What is a mycelium?
5. How are fungi capable of digesting wood?
6. How does cell division in fungi differ from prokaryotes and from the other eukaryotes?
7. How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants?
8. How do fungi contribute to an ecosystem?
9. Give three examples of how fungi are beneficial to humans.
10. Give three examples of how fungi are harmful to plants and animals.
12. Describe the nature of these mutualistic symbioses:
a. lichens b. mycorrhizae c. fungal gardens of leaf cutter ants
13. The diagrams below depict the life cycles of the Zygomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. They
illustrate the varied reproductive strategies of the fungi. Label the two diagrams and add
the terms monokaryotic, dikaryotic, diploid, and haploid to the appropriate stages
to describe the state of the nucleus and the cell’s genome.
14. Outline the key characteristics of each branch of the Kingdom Fungi as depicted on the
diagram at the right. Include the name of the group, key characteristics, several examples
of organisms in each division, and the approximate number of living species. Place the
letters A, B, C, or D from the table below on the appropriate branch of the diagram to the
right.
PLANT DIVERSITY
1.
Chart the four phyla of the plant kingdom. Include common names of each, the
approximate number of species in the phylum, and the major characteristics.
2. What organisms are thought to be the ancestors of the land plants. What evidence supports
this?
3.
List several adaptations of land plants significant for terrestrial survival.
4. Explain Alternation of Generations in plants and distinguish it from sexual reproduction in
animals. Label the generic diagram below as
well.
5.
Describe a few features common to Bryophytes.
6.
What is the dominant phase of the moss life cycle?
7. What is the dominant phase of the Pteridophyte (fern) life cycle?
8. List the key adaptations of Pteridophytes (ferns) not seen in Bryophytes.
9. How is the reduced gametophyte an adaptation for seeded plants?
10. What is the significance of the seed?
11. What was the advantage of pollen?
12. List the four phyla of gymnosperms. Which is the most common?
15. Identify five differences between monocots and dicots (eudicots).
16. What is the adaptive value of the flower to plants?
15. Describe the role of ovaries and ovules in the flowering plants.
16. How many sperm are in a mature pollen grain in the flowering plants?
17. What is the fate of each of these sperm nuclei during fertilization?
18. What is this fertilization process called?
19. What is the chromosome copy number (ploidy) of the endosperm?
How does this ploidy state come about?
17. What is the function of endosperm?
Animal Diversity (Ch 32)
1. Explain the common characteristics of animals:
· Multicellular
· No cell wall
· Heterotrophic eukaryotes
· Sexual reproduction
· Tissues develop from embryonic layers
2. Describe embryonic development of animals using the following terms:
· Zygote
· Cleavage
· Blastula
· Gastrulation
· Gastrula
· Endoderm
· Ectoderm
· Mesoderm
3. What are the likely causes of the Cambrian Explosion? What new animal phyla
arose during the period?
4. Describe the following characteristics by which animals can be categorized. Give
examples of animals in each category. What is the importance of each
characteristic?
· Body symmetry: radial, bilateral, none (asymmetry)
· Diploblasts vs. triploblasts. Which have a mesoderm? Which group
contains animals with bilateral symmetry? With cephalization?
· Triploblastic animals can be further categorized based on whether they are
acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or true coelomates. What is the
importance of a coelom? Give examples of animals that fall into each
category. Where do humans fit?
· Humans and other chordates are deuterostomes. What does this mean?
Which other phyla contains deuterstomes? Which are protostomes?
Chapter 33: Invertebrates
1. Porifera (Sponges), Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelids
(segmented worms), Mollusks, Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods and
Echinoderms
For each of the invertebrate phyla listed above, describe the following
· Symmetry
· Diploblast or triploblast? If triploblast, what type of coelom is present?
· Cephalization apparent?
· What special adaptations separate this phylum from others that came before it?
· Give examples of representative organisms in each phyla
Chapter 34: Vertebrates
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
·
·
·
1.
Internal bony skeleton
Backbone encasing spinal column, skull-encased brain
Deuterostomes
What is the difference between a chordate and a vertebrate? Which
is the broader clade? Give an example of an animal that is one
but not the other.
2. Major advancements in vertebrate evolution included the following.
Give the name of the clade that is named for each of these
characteristics:
a. Vertebral Column
b. Bony jaws
c. Lungs
d. Lobed fins
e. Legs
f. Amniotic Eggs
g. Milk
Major Vertebrate Phyla: Describe the following lists of characteristics for each of the
major vertebrate phyla.
3. Ray-finned fish
a. Bony & cartilaginous skeleton
b. Jaws and paired appendages (fins)
c. Scales as body covering
d. Gills for gas exchange
e. 2-chambered heart, single loop blood circulation
f. Ectotherms
g. Reproduce via external fertilization, external development in aquatic egg
4. Amphibia:
a. Ancestors were tetrapods – fish transition to land
b. Moist skin
c. Respiration: gas exchange through skin and lungs (no positive pressure in
lungs)
d. 3-chambered heart: veins from lungs back to heart
e. Ectotherms
f. Reproduction: external fertilization, external development in aquatic egg
g. Metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
5. Reptiles:
a. Dry skin, scales, armor
b. Lungs for gas exchange, thoracic breathing (negative pressure)
c. 3-chambered heart
d. ectotherms
e. Reproduce via internal fertilization. External development in amniotic
egg.
6. Aves (birds):
a. Feathers and wings
b. Thin, hollow bone: flight skeleton
c. Very efficient lungs and air sacks
d. Four-chambered heart
e. Endotherms
f. Reproduction: Internal fertilization. External development in amniotic
egg.
7. Mammals:
a. Body covering: hair
b. Specialized teeth
c. Respiration: Lungs and diaphragm; negative pressure
d. 4-chambered heart
e. endotherms
f. Reproduction: Internal fertilization. Internal development in uterus,
nourishment through placenta. Birth live young, mammary glands
make milk.
8. Mammal Sub-groups
a. Monotremes: egg-laying mammals
· lack placenta & true nipples
· duckbilled platypus, echidna
b. marsupials: pouched mammals
· offspring feed from nipples in pouch
· short-lived placenta
· koala, kangaroo, opossum
c. placental: true placenta
· nutrient & waste filter
· shrews, bats, whales, humans