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Introduction to Animals- STUDY GUIDE General Characteristics All are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic Cells lack cell walls & come in a variety of shapes Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food & internally digest it) Store food reserves temporarily as glycogen in the liver Have some type of skeletal support Exoskeletons found in arthropods cover the outside of the body but limit size Endoskeletons found in all vertebrates are found inside the body & are made of cartilage &/or bone Worms have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them skeletal support (hydrostatic) Sponges have the simplest skeleton May be sessile (attached & non-moving) or motile (larvae are motile)-Ex: sponge (Porifera) Reproduce sexually (some can still reproduce asexually) Show levels of organization including cell, tissue, organ, & system, as animals evolved Cells are specialized for particular functions (differentiation) Cell junctions hold individual cells in a tissue together Most vertebrates have a backbone or spine made of repeating bones called vertebrae that protect the spinal cord Some show cephalization (have a head with sensory organs concentrated there) Those with bilateral symmetry have dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior (*usually refers to quadrupeds, such as a dog) Invertebrate Groups Simplest animals Contains the greatest number of animal species Most found in water Do not have a backbone Some have different adult forms- Ex: polyp and medusa in Cnidarians Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms), mollusks, arthropods, & echinoderms Vertebrate Groups (Subphylum of Chordata) More complex animals Most have a backbone Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals Body Areas Dorsal is the back or upper surface Ventral is the belly or lower surface Anterior head or front end Posterior is the tail or hind end opposite the head Oral surface in echinoderms is where the mouth is located (underside) Aboral surface in echinoderms is the surface opposite the mouth (top side) DORSAL VENTRAL Body Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis Asymmetry occurs when the body can't be divided into similar sections (sponges) Radial symmetry occurs when similar body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (Echinoderms. ex- starfish) Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little) Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane (right & left sides that are mirror images) Animals with bilateral symmetry are more complex, usually motile organisms, such as worms, arthropods, and all vertebrates Animals with bilateral symmetry show cephalization & have anterior & posterior ends Segmentation Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments Found in more complex animals Earthworms show external segmentation, while humans show internal segmentation (vertebrae of the backbone) Segments may be fused together such as cephalothorax covering chest & head of a crayfish, while some have head, thorax, abdomen- insects (both are arthropods, which has the largest # of species) Tissue Development All animals reproduce sexually, but some also reproduce asexually (sponges bud & flatworms fragment) Zygote is the fertilized egg all animals form from Zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions known as cleavage to become hollow ball of cells called blastula Blastocoel is the central hollow cavity of the blastula Blastula invaginates (folds inward at one point) to form an opening & formation of germ layers begins; process called gastrulation Inner germ layer called endoderm & outer germ layer called ectoderm. Some have a 3 layer called mesoderm. *What do these germ layers give rise to? (See PPt!) rd Opening (blastopore) may become the mouth or the anus Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) develop mouth from blastopore, while deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) develop an anus from blastopore Cells differentiation during development changes their shapes (structure) to fit their function (neurons or nerve cells become long to conduct messages) Cleavage – OMIT IN 2017 Protostomes have spiral cleavage in which embryonic cells divide in a spiral arrangement Deuterostomes have radial cleavage or embryonic cell division parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo Protostomes have determinate cleavage (embryonic cells can't form a new organism if separated) Deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage (embryonic cells can form other organisms if separated such as identical twins) Germ Layers Form the tissues, organs, & systems of an animal Found in the embryo of all animals except sponges (have specialized cells but no tissues) Ectoderm (outer) forms skin, nerves, & sense organs Endoderm (inner) forms the digestive tract & respiratory organs & systems Mesoderm (middle) forms muscles, bone, circulatory system, reproductive & excretory systems Larval Forms- OMIT IN 2017 Some animals have indirect development & go through an immature larval form that does not resemble the adult Planula is the larva of cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, & sea anemones) Trochophore is the larva of mollusks (squid & octopus) Dipleurula is the larva of echinoderms (starfish & sea urchins) Metamorphosis May be complete or incomplete Usually found in arthropods Incomplete metamorphosis (egg --> nymph --> adult) Ex- grasshopper Complete metamorphosis ( egg --> larva --> pupa --> adult) Ex- butterfly, moth *Metamorphosis also occurs in amphibians. Why? Body Cavities Coelom is an internal body cavity lined with mesoderm Animals with a true coelom are called coelomate animals (annelids, mollusks, arthropods, & vertebrates) Acoelomate animals do not have a body cavity but have ‘solid’ bodies (no mesoderm, instead has mesoglea. Ex: sponges, flatworms, & cnidarians Pseudocoelomate animals have a body cavity only partially lined with mesoderm (roundworms) Body Layers Sponges have specialized cells but no tissues or organs Cnidarians (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) have 2 body layers (ectoderm & endoderm) with a jellylike layer called mesoglea between for support Cnidarians have one body opening into a large cavity called gastrovascular cavity All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, & vertebrates have 3 cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm) Mouth & Anus Development Blastopore is the opening in the gastrula formed when blastula folds inward Protostomes are animals that the blastopore develops into the mouth (earthworms, mollusks, arthropods) Deuterostomes are animals that the blastopore develops into the anus (echinoderms & chordates) Support Systems Sponges are supported by spicules (made of various substances), while limestone cases support corals Hydrostatic skeletons in worms consist of a fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by muscles. Another exp: jellyfish Arthropods have external exoskeletons that prevent water loss but must be molted for growth to occur Echinoderms & vertebrates have internal endoskeletons that grow with the organism Digestive Systems All animals are heterotrophs Sponges have specialized cells to capture, digest and circulate their food Cnidarians have one opening into their gastrovascular cavity where food enters & wastes leave; called a two-way digestive system. Also, flatworms (ex- planaria) have this Annelids, arthropods, & vertebrates have a one-way digestive system in which food enters the mouth, is digested & wastes leave through the anus Circulatory System Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells & carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells Sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms don't have a circulatory system (diffusion) In closed systems, blood remains in blood vessels at all times until it reaches cells (earthworms & vertebrates) In open systems, blood isn't always contained in blood vessels (arthropods). Blood directly bathes the organs and then is collected in another vessel Respiratory System Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration & carbon dioxide must be eliminated Sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, & roundworms exchange gases by diffusion Mollusks & fish use gills to exchanges gases, while terrestrial vertebrates use lungs Nervous System Cephalization occurs in animals that have a distinct head at the anterior end where sensory organs are concentrated Cephalization is found in more complex animals Sponges have specialized nerve cells, while cnidarians & flatworms have a nerve net Ganglia are clusters of nerve cells found in more complex animals Nerve cells may specialize to detect, light, sound, etc. (ex- planaria worms have eyespots. Animals with a brain interpret nerve impulses & sends a response Body Coverings Integument is the outer covering of an animal Terrestrial vertebrates have water-tight outer coverings Integuments of amphibians allow some gas exchange through the skin (small lungs) Adaptations of integuments include scales, fur, hair, & feathers to protect and insulate the body Excretory System Rid animals of wastes, help conserve water, & filter wastes from the blood Ammonia is a toxic waste that must be gotten rid of by an animal's body. Closely related forms of ammonia excreted by some animals: urea, uric acid Kidneys: used to filter blood in vertebrates Reproductive System All animals reproduce sexually, but some also use asexual reproduction Budding is asexual reproduction in which an outgrowth on the parent organism breaks off to form a new individual. Ex- hydra (a cnidarian) Sponges, flatworms, & cnidarians asexually reproduce by fragmentation (separating into pieces & each piece making a new organism) Some insects develop from unfertilized eggs by a process known as parthenogenesis Hermaphrodites are animals that produce both sperm & eggs. Ex: earthworms – crossfertilize with each other (exchange sperm) & tapeworms can self-fertilize in their body sections called proglottids Echinoderms, arthropods, mollusks, & vertebrates have separate sexes (sperm to egg) Internal fertilization occurs inside the body of the female & larger numbers of sperm & eggs are produced External fertilization occurs inside the body of the female. Ex- Frogs. If fertilization and development is successful in the water, tadpoles result. BE SURE AND STUDY VERTEBRATE ‘BASIC’ CHARACTERISTICS. KNOW THE FOLLOWING EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTERISTICS AND TO WHICH CLASSES THEY APPLY: (The following are not necessarily in evolutionary ‘order’ and some apply to more than 1 class) 1- Jawless fish 2- Fish with jaws 3- Class that transitioned from water to land 4- Amniotic egg 5- cartilage skeleton (fish) 6- bony skeleton (fish) 7- ectothermic 8- endothermic 9- bones not filled with marrow (hollow) 10- Hair, mammary glands, give birth to live young MAMMALIAN CLASSIFICATION: (know basic characteristics and examples) 1. Monotremes 2. Marsupials 3. Placentals a. Placental Order: Primates. Basic Characteristics? Know these terms: viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous GO OVER: 1) INTRO TO ANIMALS PPT; 2) INVERTERATE PPT AND THE 3) VERTEBRATE PPT GO OVER ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PPT! Be sure to know: ethology, innate, imprinting, classical conditioning, altruism, territorial behaviors, sexual selection/mating behaviors, pheromones