Download Name Date ______ Period _____

Name ____________________________________ Date ____________ Period _____
Chemistry of Carbon/Macromolecules
Raven Ch. 3
Big Idea 2: BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UTILIZE FREE ENERGY AND MOLECULAR
BUILDING BLOCKS TO GROW, TO REPRODUCE AND TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.
Essential Knowledge:






All living systems require constant input of free energy.
Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.
Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between their constituent parts.
Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions.
Chemistry of Carbon
Why study carbon? ________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Cells

~72% ___________________

~25% ____________________ compounds

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

________________________________

~3% salts

Na, Cl, K…
Chemistry of Life

________________________________ is the study of carbon compounds

Carbon atoms are versatile ________________________________

bonding properties (non-polar covalent bonds are very strong)

____ stable covalent bonds (forms long chains- very unique in an element)
1
Hydrocarbons

Combinations of ____________________________________

________________________

not soluble in H2O

_______________________

stable

very little attraction between molecules

a ________ at room temperature
Isomers (mostly sugars or amino acids)

Molecules with same molecular ____________
but different ______________________ (shapes)

different chemical __________________

different biological _________________
Form affects function

Structural differences create important functional significance



amino acid ___________________________

L-alanine used in proteins

but not D-alanine
Stereoisomers
(L and D refer
to chirality)
____________________________________

L-version active

but not D-version
sometimes with tragic results…
Thalidomide

prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s

reduced morning sickness, but…

_________________________ caused severe _____________________________
2
Diversity of molecules

______________________________ other atoms or groups around the carbon

Eth________ vs. Eth__________

___________ replaced by an ___________________ (–OH)

______________ vs. ______________

______________ vs. ______________

biological effects!
Functional groups

Parts of organic molecules that are involved in __________________________________


give organic molecules distinctive _________________________________

hydroxyl
•
amino

carbonyl
•
sulfhydryl

carboxyl
• phosphate
Affect reactivity

makes hydrocarbons ________________________

increases _______________________________________ in water
Viva la difference!

Basic structure of male & female _________________________ is _______________________

identical _______________________________ skeleton

attachment of different _______________________________ groups

interact with different ________________________ in the body

different effects
3
_____________________________

____________

organic compounds with OH = ______________________

names typically end in -ol

Ex: ______________________________

_____________________________

____________

O double bonded to C

if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde

if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone

_____________________________

____________

C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group

compounds with COOH = __________________________
 ________________ acids
 ________________ acids

_____________________________

_____________

N attached to 2 H

compounds with NH2 = ______________________
 ________________ acids

NH2 acts as _________
 ammonia picks up H+ from solution

_____________________________

_____________

S bonded to H

compounds with SH = thiols

SH groups stabilize the structure of _____________________
4

_____________________________

_____________

P bound to 4 O

connects to C through an O

lots of O = lots of __________________ charge

___________________

transfers energy between organic molecules
 Ex: _______________________________________
Macromolecules

________________________ organic molecules join together to form ____________________
molecules


Macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules:

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________
Polymers (Poly = ________________________)

Long molecules built by linking _______________________________ building blocks in a chain


_________________________________

building blocks

repeated small units
covalent bonds
5
How to build a polymer

_________________________________________ (_____________________________)


joins ______________________ by “taking” __________________ out

one monomer donates _______

other monomer donates _______

together these form H2O
requires ________________ & ________________
__________________________________
________________________________
How to break down a polymer

________________________________ (_____________________________)

use ____________________ to breakdown polymers

reverse of dehydration synthesis

cleave off one monomer at a time

H2O is split into H+ and OH–
 _______ & ________ attach to ends

requires _____________________

____________________ energy
H2 O
HO
H
________________________________
________________________________
HO
6
H
HO
H