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Chapter 18: Reconstruction and the Changing South, 1863–1896
Section 1: Early Steps to _____________
• Why were postwar problems more severe in the South than in the North?
• What early steps were taken toward reconstruction?
• How did the assassination of Lincoln and the inauguration of a new President lead
to conflict?
Postwar Problems
North
Returning Union soldiers needed _____. Yet, because the government was canceling war
orders, ___________ were laying off workers.
South
• ________________—Homes, barns, bridges and the railroad system were
destroyed. The cities of Columbia, ________, and ___________ had been leveled.
• _________ ruin—After the war, Confederate ______ was worthless. People who
had loaned money to the __________ were never repaid. Many banks closed, and
depositors lost their savings.
• A changed society—Almost overnight, there was a new class of ____________—
men and women who had been slaves. What would become of them?
Early Steps Toward Reconstruction
Reconstruction—the rebuilding of the South
Lincoln’s Plan, called the _____ ___________ Plan
• A southern state could form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore
an oath of ____________ to the United States.
• The new government had to abolish __________. Voters could then once again
elect members of Congress.
• The plan offered __________, or a government pardon, to Confederates who
swore loyalty to the Union. Former Confederate leaders could not be given
amnesty, however.
Wade-Davis Bill, a rival _____________ plan. Lincoln refused to sign the bill.
• A majority of white men in each southern state had to swear loyalty to the Union.
• Anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy would be denied the
right to vote or hold office.
Which plan punished Southerners more?
The __________________ Bureau
Congress and the President did agree on one plan. One month before Lee surrendered,
Congress passed a bill creating the Freedmen’s Bureau, a government agency to help
former slaves. The agency helped poor whites as well.
• Gave food and ___________ to former slaves.
• Tried to find _______ for freedmen.
• Provided ____________ care.
• Set up __________. Most of the teachers were volunteers from the North.
• The Bureau created _____________ for African Americans, including
Howard, Morehouse, and Fisk.
Lincoln’s Assassination and Johnson’s Inauguration Lead to Conflict
• President Lincoln was _________ on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson became
President. He proposed a _______________ plan:
• A majority of voters in each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the
Union.
• Each state had to ratify the ______________ __________________,
which banned slavery throughout the nation.
• The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions. The President approved
their new state governments in late 1865.
• Southern voters elected representatives to the Senate and House.
• ____________ in Congress were outraged that many of those elected had held
office in the Confederacy. No southern state allowed African Americans to ____.
• Congress refused to let southern representatives take their seats. Instead, they set
up a ________ _________ on Reconstruction to form a new Reconstruction plan.
Chapter 18, Section 2
Radical Reconstruction
• How did Congress react to the passage of black codes in the South?
• How did Radical Republicans gain power in Congress?
• Why was President Johnson impeached?
Congress Reacts to __________ Codes
_____ codes—laws passed by southern states that severely limited the rights of freedmen
How did black codes affect freedmen?
• Black codes granted some rights. African Americans could _______
legally and own some property.
• Black codes kept freedmen from gaining ________ and _________ power.
They forbade freedmen to____, own _______, or serve on ____________.
• In some states, African Americans could work only as ________ or
______ ___________. In others, they had to sign contracts for a year’s
work.
How did Congress react to black codes?
• Angered by black codes, ___________ charged that Johnson’s lenient
Reconstruction plan had encouraged the codes.
• Republicans were also angered by southern white _______ against
freedmen.
How did Congress react to black codes?
• The Joint Committee on Reconstruction accused the South of trying to “preserve
____________ . . . as long as possible.”
• When President Johnson ignored the report of the Joint Committee, members of
Congress who were called ____________ Republicans vowed to take control of
Reconstruction.
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•
•
•
•
•
Radical Republicans had two main goals.
• Break the power of wealthy ___________ who had long ruled the South.
• Ensure that _______________ received the right to vote.
Radical Republicans needed the support of ____________ Republicans. Most
southerners were ___________________. Republicans could control both houses
if southerners were barred from Congress.
To combat the black codes, Congress passed the ____________ ___________
Act in April 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans.
Republicans proposed the _______________ Amendment, which granted
citizenship to all persons born in the United States. It guaranteed citizens “equal
protection of the laws” and said that no state could “deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property without due process of law.”
In the Election of 1866, President Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment
and urged voters to reject the Radicals. Southern __________ convinced many
northerners that strong measures were needed, so they backed the Republicans.
Republicans won _____________ in both houses of Congress.
The period that followed the election is often called ____________
Reconstruction. Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act in March 1867. It
threw out state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
Andrew Johnson Impeached
• Because Johnson tried to limit the effect of Radical Reconstruction, Congress
tried to remove him from office.
• On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring
____________ ______________ against, Johnson.
• The President could be removed from office if ________ of the Senate found him
guilty of “high _______ and misdemeanors.” During Johnson’s trial, it became
clear that he was not guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors.
• In the end, the Senate vote was 35 to 19 against Johnson—just one vote shy of the
two thirds needed to convict him.
Chapter 18, Section 3
The South Under Reconstruction
• What groups of people made up the new forces in southern politics?
• How did southern Conservatives resist Reconstruction?
• What challenges did Reconstruction governments face?
• How did many southerners become locked into a cycle of poverty?
White southern Republicans
• Some whites supported the new ______________ governments. They wanted to
get on with rebuilding the South.
• Many white southerners felt that any southerner who helped the Republicans was
a traitor. They called the white southern Republicans __________________.
Northerners
• White southerners accused northerners who came to the South of hoping to get
rich from the South’s misery. The southerners called these northerners
___________________.
• Some northerners did hope to ______________ from rebuilding the South.
• Some former __________________ soldiers went to the South because they had
come to love the land during the war.
• Some northerners went South to help the __________________.
African Americans
• During Reconstruction, ________________ ___________________ voted in
large numbers. They also ran for and were elected to public office. Two
_______________ _______________ served in the _____________.
Southern Conservatives Resisted Reconstruction
• ______________________—white southerners who had held power before the
Civil War and who resisted Reconstruction; they wanted the South to change as
little as possible.
• A few wealthy _________________ tried to force African Americans back onto
plantations. Many small farmers and laborers wanted the government to take
action against __________________ to stop them from competing for land and
power.
• Some white southerners formed secret societies to help them regain power. The
most dangerous was the ___________ _________ __________, or
____________. They conducted a campaign of terror and violence to keep
African Americans and white Republicans out of office.
The Challenges Reconstruction Governments Faced
Despite their problems, Reconstruction governments tried to rebuild the South. They built
public schools for both black and white children, gave women the right to own property,
and rebuilt railroads, telegraph lines, bridges, and roads.
In rebuilding the South, Reconstruction governments met several challenges.
• To pay for rebuilding, Reconstruction governments raised _____________
sharply. This created discontent among southern whites.
• Some Reconstruction officials were corrupt, which angered southerners.
A Cycle of Poverty
Some Radical Republicans talked about giving each freedman “________ ___________
and a ___________________” to help them get started, but that never happened.
• A few freedmen were able to buy land.
• Many freedmen and poor whites went to work on large plantations. These
___________________________ rented and farmed a plot of land.
• The planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools in return for a share of the
crop.
• Most sharecroppers and small landowners bought supplies on
______________ in the spring. In the fall, they had to repay what they had
borrowed. If the harvest did not cover what they owed, they sank deeper
into ______________.
Chapter 18, Section 4
The End of Reconstruction
• What events led to the end of Reconstruction?
• How were the rights of African Americans restricted in the South after
Reconstruction?
• What industries flourished in the “New South”?
The End of Reconstruction
• By 1870, ____________ Republicans were losing power. Northerners were
growing tired of trying to reform the South. In addition, disclosure of widespread
________________ turned people against the Republican party.
• In 1872, Congress passed the ____________ Act. It restored the right to vote to
nearly all white southerners. They voted solidly _______________ and kept many
African Americans from voting.
• The election of ___________ ended Reconstruction. After a dispute in the
______________ _____________, a special commission set up by Congress
settled the election. The commission awarded the election to Rutherford B. Hayes.
Although he was a Republican, he had privately agreed to end Reconstruction
once in office.
Restricted Rights for African Americans in the South
Voting restrictions
• Many southern states passed _______________ taxes, requiring voters to pay a
fee to vote. Poor freedmen could rarely afford to vote.
• States also passed _____________ tests that required voters to read and explain
part of the Constitution. Since most freedmen had little education, such tests kept
them from voting.
•
Many poor whites could not pass literacy tests, so states passed
___________________ clauses. These laws stated that if a voter’s father or
grandfather could vote on January 1, 1867, then the voter did not have to take a
literacy test. (No African Americans could vote before 1868.)
_________________, or legal separation of races
• In southern states, ________ _____________ laws separated blacks and whites in
schools, restaurants, theaters, trains, streetcars, playgrounds, hospitals, and even
cemeteries.
• In the case of _____________ v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that
segregation was legal so long as facilities for blacks and whites were
__________. In fact, facilities were rarely ___________.
Industry in the “New South”
“New South”—Atlanta journalist Henry Grady talked of a “New South”— a South that
used its resources to build up its own __________ and not depend on the North.
_____________________ resources
• Southern communities started building textile mills to turn cotton into
cloth.
• New machinery revolutionized the manufacture of tobacco products.
New industries
• Alabama made use of its large deposits of _______ ________ and
_________ to become a center of the steel industry.
• __________ refineries sprang up in Louisiana and Texas.
• Other states produced ____________, granite, and marble.
• Southern factories turned out cypress shingles and hardwood
______________.