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Brushstrokes from Image Grammar by Harry Noden Core sentence: The dog walked across the lawn. 1. painting with action verbs – use strong, vivid action verbs use active voice Ex: The boy ate the sandwich. avoid passive voice Ex: The sandwich was eaten by the boy. The dog limped across the lawn. The dog darted across the lawn. The dog waddled across the lawn. 2. painting with prepositional phrases Ex: across the lawn with her puppies with a squirrel in its mouth The dog walked with her puppies across the lawn. 3. painting with appositives definition: an appositive is a noun that renames the noun before it Ex: My brother, Bill, is an astronaut. Bill, my older brother by two years, is an astronaut. The dog, a mixed Lab and Collie, limped across the lawn with her puppies. 4. painting with participles definition: a participle is the “ing” or “ed” form of a verb When used with a helping verb, the participle can be the main verb in a sentence. Ex: The lion is roaring loudly. The lion has roared. Participles can also work as adjectives in a sentence. Ex: The roaring lion scared the children at the zoo. As participles are verbals, they can have modifiers (adverbs, prepositional phrases) and complements (direct objects); it is then called a participial phrase. Participial phrases work in sentences as adjectives. Ex: Roaring loudly, the lion scared the children at the zoo. Foaming at the mouth, the dog, a mixed Lab and collie, limped across the lawn with her puppies. Frightened by the car, the dog limped across the lawn with her puppies. The dog, foaming at the mouth, limped across the lawn. 5. painting with adjectives out of order The dog, parched and hungry, limped with her puppies across the lawn. The abandoned dog, parched and hungry, limped with her puppies across the lawn. 6. painting with noun absolutes Definition: a noun absolute is a phrase. Basically it is a noun (or pronoun) + ________ Ex: Ears drooping, the dog walked across the lawn. a. noun + adjective or adjective phrase Ex: His research complete, he began to write his report. Ex: His face red with embarrassment, the coach finally found his whistle. b. noun + present participle Ex: Tires screeching, John braked to avoid the dog in the road. c. noun ( or pronoun) + past participle Ex: These issues resolved, the principal turned his attention to the budget. That said, the teacher began the review. His face twisted in hatred, the killer wildly stabbed his victim. d. noun + prepositional phrase Ex: He lay on the pine-needled floor of the forest, his chin on his folded arms, and dreamed about adventures. Ex: Pencil in hand, the child attacked the DBA test with determination. e. noun + noun Ex: Our opponent has chosen to ignore scientific principles, his theories a wish list of insupportable propositions. Ex: The defendant thought he would win the trial, his sister the only witness to the murder.