Download astronomy - Mr. Barnard

ASTRONOMY
Section I Motions of the Earth
A. Rotation
evidence
rate & direction
causes
B. Polaris
C. Revolution
evidence
rate
causes
Section II Seasons
A. why seasons
B. holidays
C. celestial sphere
D. shadows
Section III Solar System
A. moon
phases
tides
eclipses
B. models
C. planets
D. orbits
ellipse
eccentricity
gravity
orbital mechanics
E. little guys
Section IV Deep Space
A. Stars
life cycle
B. Galaxies
C. Universe
evidence
Section IV: Deep Space
A. Stars
1. Nuclear Fusion
H + H ---> He + Energy
Hydrogen Fuses with Hydrogen to form Helium and Energy in
the form of light, heat, gamma rays, UV rays, etc.
2. Classification of stars
Stars are grouped according to their:
Temperature (which is related to their color)

Luminosity (which is related to their size)
3
_ __1. The most abundant element on the sun is
(1) oxygen
(3) hydrogen
(2) carbon
(4) helium
1
__ _2. The "fuel" of the sun is
(1) hydrogen
(3) helium
(2) oxygen
(4) oil and various hydrocarbons
3
__ _3. What are the two most abundant elements in a
main sequence star?
(1) helium and carbon (3) hydrogen and helium
(2) carbon and metals (4) carbon and hydrogen
4
__ _4. Most of the radiant energy released by the sun
results from the process of
(1) combustion
(3) nuclear fission
(2) electrical generation
(4) nuclear fusion
1
__ _5. As the sun ages it will be composed of
(1) more helium and less hydrogen
(2) less oxygen and more carbon
(3) more hydrogen and less helium
(4) more oxygen and less carbon
3
_ __6. A light year is
(1) the time it takes light to travel one year
(2) the time it takes light to go around the Earth
(3) the distance traveled by light in one year
(4) the distance the Earth moves in one year
2
__ _7. The unit most used by astronomers to express
the distances to other galaxies is
(1) astronomical unit (AU)
(2) Lightyears (LY)
(3) miles
(4) kilometers
Fill out by watching the Life Cycle of
Stars PowerPoint.
Use the following word bank to fill in the boxes below which represent the life cycle of a star.
Planetary Nebula
Main Sequence Star
Super Giant
Small Star
Dust and Gas
Red Giant
Big Star
Black Hole
Neutron Star
White Dwarf
Protostar
Supernova
Dust and Gas
Protostar
Main Sequence
Star
Small Main
Sequence Star
Large Main
Sequence Star
Red Giant
Supergiant
Planetary
nebula
Supernova
White Dwarf
Neutron Star
Black Hole
Star Life Cycle Questions
___1. Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the life cycle of a star?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
____2. What factor from the choices below determines whether a star will evolve into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a
black hole?
(1) percentage of helium
(3) mass
(2) percentage of carbon
(4) apparent brightness
____3. The probable fate of our sun is
(1) to become a black hole
(2) to shrink to a white dwarf then eventually expand to a red giant
(3) to expand as a red giant, undergo a nova outburst and end as a white dwarf
(4) become hotter and expand into a blue supergiant
____4. Eventually the sun is expected to become a
(1) blue supergiant
(3) black hole
(2) neutron star
(4) white dwarf
____5. The explosion of a massive star near the end of its life is known as a
(1) nebula
(3) nova
(2) supernova
(4) pulsar
____6. According to our present theories of stellar evolution, our sun will change next into
(1) a white dwarf
(3) a red giant
(2) a black hole
(4) a supernova
____7. When a star less massive than our sun consumes all of its nuclear fuel it will then become a
(1) white dwarf
(3) black hole
(2) nova
(4) supernova
____8. Stars are believed to undergo evolutionary changes over millions of years. The flowchart below shows stages of
predicted changes in the Sun.
According to this flowchart, the Sun will become
(1) hotter and dimmer in stage 2, then cooler and brighter in stage 3
(2) cooler and dimmer in stage 2, then hotter and brighter in stage 3
(3) hotter and brighter in stage 2, then cooler and dimmer in stage 3
(4) cooler and brighter in stage 2, then hotter and dimmer in stage 3
Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the graph below, which shows the inferred stages of development of the Sun,
showing luminosity and surface temperature at various stages.
9. Describe the changes in luminosity of the Sun that will occur from its current Main Sequence stage to its final White
Dwarf stage.
Increase and then decrease
10. Which star shown on the “Luminosity and Temperature of Stars” graph in the Earth Science Reference Tables is
currently at the Sun’s final predicted stage of development?
Procyon B or 40 Eridani B
B. Galaxies
 Group of billions of stars
 Have different shapes
Milky Way
Top View
Side View
__3__1. Which statement best describes galaxies?
(1) They may contain a few hundred stars in a space
slightly larger than the solar system.
(2) They contain only one star but hundreds of planets.
(3) They may contain billions of stars in a space much
larger than our solar system.
(4) They are similar in size to the solar system.
__4__4. Which celestial feature is largest in actual size?
(1) the Sun
(3) the Moon
(2) Jupiter
(4) the Milky Way
__4__5. Billions of stars in the same region of the
universe are called
(1)solar systems
(3)constellations
(2)asteroid belts
(4)galaxies
__2__6. The diagram below represents a side view of
the Milky Way Galaxy.
__1__2. The symbols above represent the Milky Way
galaxy, the solar system, the Sun, and the universe.
Which arrangement of symbols is most accurate?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
__4__3. In which list are celestial features correctly
shown in order of increasing size?
(1)galaxy, solar system, universe, planet
(2)solar system, galaxy , planet, universe
(3)universe, galaxy, solar system, planet
(4)planet, solar system, galaxy, universe
At approximately which position is Earth’s solar system
located?
(1) A
(3) C
(2) B
(4) D
__2__7. The Milky Way galaxy is best described as
(1)a constellation visible to everyone on Earth
(2)a spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of
stars
(3)a region in space between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter
(4)a type of solar system
C. Universe
 Everything; including time and space
 Had a beginning; called the Big Bang
 IS Expanding
Evidence
The Doppler Effect
The wavelength of sound and
light changes as the source is
moving toward or away.
 If the source is moving
toward the observer the wavelength is shorter; if the source is
moving away from the observer the wavelength is longer.
 Shorter light wavelength is bluer; longer wavelength is redder.
 The spectrums of all galaxies are shifted red (longer wavelength)
 Therefore all galaxies must be moving away from us.
 Therefore the universe is expanding.
 Therefore the galaxies must have been closer together in the past.
 13 billion years ago the universe was at one point.