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Unit Two Common Assessment Review
Heat and Temperature: Chapters 9 and 10 (19 questions)
Understand and Describe the following terms (write definitions on a separate sheet of paper):
Thermal energy
Boiling
Temperature
Condensation
Absolute Zero
Convection
Heat
Evaporation
Calorie
Freezing
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat of Fusion
Thermal Expansion
Heat of Vaporization
Melting
Sublimation
Radiation
1. How does the temperature of a substance relate to
the amount of thermal energy in the substance?
The higher the amount of thermal energy, the faster
the molecules will be moving, in turn increasing the
temperature.
2. What is the relationship between absolute
zero and thermal energy?
At absolute zero there is no thermal energy
3. Compare and contrast heat and temperature
Heat is the energy transferred from a high
temperature system to a low temperature system.
The more heat, the higher the temp and vice versa.
4. Compare and contrast the three laws of thermodynamics
1. Whenever heat flows into or out of a system, the gain
or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat
transferred
2. heat never spontaneously flows from cold to hot
3. Absolute zero not possible
5. How does specific heat capacity of the great lakes play a role in Michigan’s climate?
The big difference in specific heat between the lakes
and the land around it cause for breezes and relatively
cool days and warm nights.
6. Explain how thermal expansion affects the following:
Bridges: spaces so when metal expands and contracts
has room
Bi-metallic Strip: same idea
A bottle of water put into the freezer: bottle expands as
it freezes
7. How does a thermometer in a beaker of water on a hot plate relate to the laws of
thermodynamics?
Heat flows from the hot plate to the beaker and water
causing the temperature to go up.
8. Why do the tiles on a floor feel differently than a wooden floor; how does this concept relate
to heat transfer and conduction?
Metal tiles will heat up much faster because they
conduct heat much better than wood.
9. In which direction does energy flow when you touch an ice cube?
Hand to ice cube
10. Compare and contrast an insulator and a conductor.
Insulator does not easily transfer heat, conductor does.
Insulators have tightly held electrons and conductors
have loosely held electrons.
11. How could you find the specific heat of an unknown metal, and what unit(s) would be used to
describe that content?
Calorimeter, J/godegrees Celsius, Calories/godegrees
Celsius
Acids and Bases: (9 questions)
1. Compare acids and bases by filling in the following table
Protons in a
pH range
Phenolphthalein
Red Litmus
chemical
reaction
Acids
Bases
Donate Less
No
than 7 change
Accept Greater Pink
than 7
Blue Litmus
No
Red
change
Blue
No
change
2. What is an acid? What are two properties of acids? Name three common acids. What do the
formulas of most acids have in common?
An acid is one that donates a proton to a base. Acids
are low pH (<7) and taste sour. HCl, H2SO4, Acetic
Acid. Acids have an H+ in them.
3. What is a base? What are two properties of bases? Name three common bases. What do the
formulas of most bases have in common?
A base is one that accepts a proton from an acid.
Bases have high pH (>7) and taste bitter. NaOH, LiOH,
KOH. Bases have OH- in them.
4. When an acid and a base react, what are the two products?
Water and a salt
5. What is the definition of a salt in chemistry?
An ionic compound that is the result of a neutralization
reaction.
6. What is the formula for a neutralization reaction?
Acid + Base  Salt + Water or YOH +HX  XY + H2O
7. What is the pH scale? What range are acids and bases on the pH scale?
<7 = acid 7 = neutral >7 = base
8. Explain why bodies of water with granite beds suffer more from effects of acid rain than
bodies of water with limestone beds.
Limestone acts to neutralize the acid limiting its effects
9. What is an indicator?
A substance used to identify whether something is an
acid or a base
Carbon Chemistry (7 questions)
1. Define:
a. hydrocarbon
b. monomer
c. polymer
d. isomer
2. Give 3 examples of polymers that can be found in your body.
Carbs, proteins, DNA, lipids
3. How are hydrocarbons named?
Based on number of carbons and types of bonds (1meth 2-eth 3-prop 4-but 5-pent 6-hex 7-hept 8-oct 9-non
10-dec)
4. How do isomers differ?
Same chemical formula, different structural formula
5. What is the general formula for:
 alkanes- Cn H 2n+2
 alkenes-Cn H
2n
 alkynes-Cn H
2n-2
6. What is the difference between a normal molecule of butane and its isomer?
The structure
7. Draw the structure of an isomer of butane.
8. Draw the structure of a carboxylic acid.
.
Chapter 19: Radioactivity
1. Define:
a. alpha particle
b. beta particle
c. gamma radiation
d. half-life
e. radioactive
f. strong nuclear force
g. transmutation
2. How does the length of the half-life of the element correspond to the radioactivity of the
element?
Shorter the half life the more radioactive it is
3. Describe alpha and beta decay. What happens to the atomic number and atomic masses of
the elements as they undergo the decay?
Alpha: lose 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Mass number
goes down 4, atomic number goes down 2
Beta: neutron becomes a proton. Mass number stays
the same. Atomic number goes up 1
4. What stops alpha radiation? Beta? Gamma?
Alpha: paper Beta: aluminum Gamma: thick lead
Nuclear Energy (9 questions)
1. Define:
a. chain reaction
b. critical mass
c. nuclear fusion
d. nuclear fission
e. thermonuclear fusion
2. Describe the process of nuclear fission. Why does it happen?
Nucleus of a Uranium atom splits into two smaller parts
3. Describe the process of nuclear fusion. Why does it happen?
2 smaller radioactive nuclei come together to form one
larger one
4. What is a nuclear chain reaction? When will it occur?
Neutrons of a fission reaction go on to activate fission of
other atoms. Occurs in fission
5. Carbon has a half life of 5730 years. If you start with a 10g sample, how much will be left
after 22920 years?
0.625 g
6.
How do nuclear power plants generate electricity?
fission
7.
What uses nuclear fusion for power? Nuclear fission?
Sun, power plants
8.
What can exposure to radiation cause?
Cancer, mutations etc.
9. What problems are associated with nuclear energy for power plants? What are the benefits?
Waste, cost, meltdowns. Positive: lots of energy and no
greenhouse gas emissions
9.
Can we make fusion happen on Earth? Why or why not?
Yes, but need extremely high temps and the costs
outweigh the benefits
Balancing Equations
1. Why do we balance equations?
Law of conservation of matter
2. How do we balance equations?
Make sure the number of atoms of each element are the
same in the product and the reactants
3. What are reactants? Products? Identify them in one of the reactions below.
Reactants on left side of arrow, products on right side
4. Balance the following equations.
a. N2
+
3H2
 2NH3
b. 2Na
+
2HCl

c. 2C2H6
+
7O2 
4CO2
H2
+
2 NaCl
+
6H2O