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Calc 2 Lecture Notes Section 6.4 Page 1 of 4 Section 6.4: Integration of Rational Functions Using Partial Fractions Big idea: In this section, we’ll examine a technique called partial fraction decomposition that is used for evaluating the integral of a rational function (i.e., the ratio of two polynomials). Big skill:. You should be able to decompose various types of rational functions into simpler fractions that can be easily integrated using known formulas. I. Warm-up: Adding rational functions. 2 3 1. Combine 2x 5 x 9 2 x 9 3 2 x 5 2 3 2x 5 x 9 2 x 5 x 9 2 x 18 6 x 15 2 x 5 x 9 8x 3 2 x 13x 14 2. Our goal in this section is to figure out how to start with an integrand looking 8x 3 2 3 like 2 and convert it to : 2 x 13 x 14 2x 5 x 9 8x 3 2 3 2 x 2 13x 14 dx 2 x 5 dx x 9 dx ln 2 x 5 3ln x 9 c 2 II. Basic example: Linear polynomial in the numerator and a factorizable quadratic a x b1 a1 x b1 polynomial in the denominator: 21 . ax bx c a2 x b2 a3 x b3 1. A rational function of this form can always be written as: a1 x b1 A B . a2 x b2 a3 x b3 a2 x b2 a3 x b3 i. ii. iii. iv. v. Multiply both sides by a2 x b2 a3 x b3 . Expand the right-hand side. Equate like terms to get a system of linear equations in A and B. Solve the system for A and B. Shortcut: a1 x b1 A a3 x b3 B a2 x b2 ; plug in the zeros of each factor to get A and B. Calc 2 Lecture Notes 2. Practice: x Section 6.4 Page 2 of 4 3x 2 dx x6 2 III. Partial Fraction Decomposition for rational functions with distinct linear factors: If a rational function has n distinct linear factors (i.e., each factor is different) in the denominator and a numerator polynomial P(x) that is of degree less than n, then that function can be decomposed as: P x cn c1 c2 an x bn a1 x b1 a2 x b2 an x bn a1 x b1 a2 x b2 for constants c1, c2, …, cn. 2 x2 1 1. Practice: 3 dx 3x x 2 2 x 2. To check your work using a graphing calculator (with no CAS), or Winplot: Graph the integrand and the derivative of the antiderivative on the same screen… Y1 = (2X2+1)/(3X3+X2-2X) Y2=nDeriv(-0.5ln(X)+0.6ln(X+1)+1.7/3*ln(3X-2),X,X) … or use the derive button on the inventory box in winplot… 3. Caveat: The degree of the numerator must be less than the degree of the denominator for this technique to work Do long division of the polynomials before integrating if this is not the case. Calc 2 Lecture Notes 4. Practice: Section 6.4 Page 3 of 4 x3 10 x 1 x2 5x 6 dx IV. Partial Fraction Decomposition for rational functions with repeated linear factors: If a rational function has a denominator with a single linear factor of multiplicity n > 1 and a numerator polynomial P(x) that is of degree less than n, then that function can be decomposed as: P x cn c c2 1 n 2 n ax b ax b ax b ax b for constants c1, c2, …, cn. x 3 dx 1. Practice: 2 x 2x 1 x2 1 dx 2. Practice: 3 x 2 x2 x Calc 2 Lecture Notes Section 6.4 Page 4 of 4 V. Partial Fraction Decomposition for rational functions with distinct irreducible quadratic factors: If a rational function has n distinct irreducible quadratic factors in the denominator and a numerator polynomial P(x) that is of degree less than 2n, then that function can be decomposed as: P x a x 1 2 b1 x c1 a2 x 2 b2 x c2 a x n 2 bn x cn An x Bn A1 x B1 A2 x B2 2 2 a1 x b1 x c1 a2 x b2 x c2 an x 2 bn x cn for constants A1, A2, …, An, B1, B2, …, Bn., 2 x2 5x 2 1. Practice: dx x3 x VI. What do you think happens for a rational function with repeated irreducible quadratic factors? x5 x 4 x3 x 2 x 1 1. Practice: dx 2 2 x 1 x 2 x 1