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CHAPTER 1: “THE COLD WAR” (pp. 8—45)
NUCLEAR AGE: TIMEFRAME AD 1950—1990
1—5. Name five countries within the Soviet bloc by the time the Russians exploded their
first atomic bomb in 1949. ___________________; _______________________;
_____________________; ______________________; _____________________.
6—7. This Western military alliance was formed under American control in 1949.
____________________________________ In 1955, the nations of the Soviet bloc
formed this opposing alliance. ___________________________
8. This peninsula had been divided along the 38th parallel between a Communist North
and a non-Communist South. ____________________
9—11. American involvement in the Korean War was at least formally under the control
of this organization. _______________________ The forces were initially commanded
by this American.
__________________________
In November 1950, this nation
entered the Korean War. _________________
12—14. This thermonuclear device was based on fusion rather than fission, that is the
combining rather than the splitting of atomic nuclei. _______________________ When
was it first tested? _______________ Where was it tested? ______________________
15—16. This Republican senator is the man most associated with the anticommunist Red
Scare of the early 1950s. _________________________ He used his position on this
committee to hound suspected subversives. ____________________________________
17. When did Joseph Stalin die? _____________________
18. What was the name given to the American atomic bomber force? ____________
____________________
19. Chinese Communist forces invaded this nation in October 1950. ______________
20—21. The French pulled out of their former colony of Vietnam in 1954 after suffering
a major defeat at this garrison. ________________________ This conference used
Korea as the model in dividing Vietnam at the 19th parallel. _________________
7. He had emerged by 1955 as the leader of the Soviet Union. ____________________
8. These Americans were executed in 1953 for selling atomic secrets to the Soviet
Union. ___________________________
9. In 1956, the Soviet Union sent Red Army tanks into Budapest, the capital of this
nation, to crush an incipient rebellion – 2,000 were killed and some 200,000 fled into
exile. ___________________
25—26.
In 1959, rebel forces led by this revolutionary seized power in Cuba,
overthrowing the American-backed Fulgencio Batista.
_______________________
This CIA-orchestrated 1961 invasion of Cuba turned into a fiasco. __________________
27. The continual drain of East Germans escaping to the West led to the construction of
this Cold War edifice in 1961. _____________________
28. What does ICBM stand for? __________________________________
29. By the 1970s, they had replaced single warheads, complicating the task of any
missile defense. ___________________
30. In October 1962, the world seemed on the brink of nuclear war when the United
States blockaded this island in an attempt to prevent the installation of Soviet
missiles. _____________________
31. This acronym, devised by American Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, came
to be associated with the strategies of nuclear deterrence. ______________________
32. In November 1963, the United States backed a coup in which this South Vietnamese
leader was assassinated. _________________________
33. In 1970, this Soviet dissident won the Nobel Prize for literature. ______________
____________________
34—35. These two leaders met in Beijing in 1972, signaling improved relations between
China and the United States. __________________; ___________________
36. This European nation withdrew from NATO in 1966. __________________
37. The name given to Alexander Dubcek’s movement to introduce socialism “with a
human face” to Czechoslovakia in 1968, it was crushed by Soviet tanks.
___________ ___________________
38. The full name of the 1972 SALT treaty between Moscow and Washington, it did not
lead to disarmament but to a slowing of the arms race. _______________________
________________________
39. This Communist group came to power in Cambodia in 1975. __________________
40. In 1979, Marxist Sandinista forces overthrew the regime of President Anastasio
Somoza in this Central American nation. _________________________
41. In 1979, Russia invaded this neighboring nation and became embroiled in a guerrilla
war that some came to describe as the “Soviet Vietnam.” _____________________
42—43.
The United States boycotted the 1980 Olympics, hosted by this city.
______________
The Soviets boycotted the 1984 Olympics, hosted by this city.
_______________________
44—45. This Polish trade union became a force for social and political change in the
early 1980s. ____________________ The Gdansk ship worker who headed the
union and later became president of a post-Communist Poland. ________________
46. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan proposed this space-based anti-missile defense
system. _____________________
47—49. He became leader of the Soviet Union following the death of Konstantin
Chernenko in March 1985. ___________________________ His policy of cultural and
political openness and public accountability. _____________________ His program of
“restructuring,” it emphasized replacing bureaucratic centralization with economic
freedom. ________________________
48. Meeting in Washington in 1987, Gorbachev and Reagan signed this treaty, cutting
their
countries’
medium—and
short-range
missile
arsenals.
______________________ ________________________
49. After the government of this nation abdicated in 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn
down. _____________________
50. In this former East Bloc nation, the dictator Nicolae Ceasescu was executed in
December 1989. _____________________
51. The hero of Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution was this dissident playwright, who
had become president by the end of 1989. ___________________________
52. Who was the first living creature in space? _______________________
53. In April 1961, he became the first man in space. _____________________
54. The name of the American program to put a man on the Moon. _______________
55. This Soviet space station went into orbit in 1986. ________________
56. On January 28, 1986, a faulty seal led to the explosion of this American space
shuttle. ________________________
TRUE OR FALSE
59. The Korean War started when South Korea invaded the North.
_____
60. The Soviets were the first to put an artificial satellite into orbit.
_____
CHAPTER 2: “EUROPE RISES FROM THE ASHES”
(pp. 47—65)
NUCLEAR AGE: TIMEFRAME AD 1950—1990
1. Approximately what percentage of German buildings had been destroyed by Allied
bombing during World War II? ______________
2. This Communist nation, led by World War II resistance hero Marshal Josip Broz
Tito, successfully carved out a post-war path not dominated by Soviet control.
______________________
3—4. The official names of the two nations created out of the former Germany in 1949,
known more popularly as West and East Germany respectively. _________________
_________________; ____________________________________.
5—6.
This Western alliance brought together the nations of Western Europe,
Scandinavia, and Canada under American leadership in 1949. _____________________
The Soviet Union formed this, its own military alliance, immediately after West Germany
joined the Western alliance. ______________________
7. This Christian Democrat became West Germany’s first postwar chancellor and
remained in office until 1963. ________________________________
8. Hero of the war-time resistance movement, he became president of France’s Fifth
Republic in 1958 after the previous government had been discredited by its Algerian
War policies. _____________________________
9. Between 1947 and 1952, $23 billion flowed from the United States to Europe as a
result of this major economic aid program. _______________________
10. His has been described as the Father of Europe for his vigorous espousal of policies
that would promote European economic unity. _________________________
11. By 1957, the early 1950s uniting of the European coal and steel industries had
expanded into this more broad-based economic union. ________________________
12—13.
Portugal granted independence to these two African nations in 1975.
_________________; _______________________
14. The French pulled out of this former colony in 1954 after the fall of its garrison at
Dien Bien Phu. ____________________
15. The suppression of Basque culture by General Franco in this nation led to the
formation of a paramilitary organization, the ETA, whose terrorist actions have cost
several hundred lives between 1959 and the present. ___________________
16—18. This party historically has been the political voice of the republican movement
in Northern Ireland. ____________________ What has been the goal of the republican
movement?
_______________________
What religious denomination is the Irish
Republican Army (IRA) associated with? _____________________
19. The dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975. ________________________
20. With six million members and the support of the Catholic Church, this independent
Polish trade union pushed for political and economic reform in 1980.
_______________
21—22. In 1956, the Soviets crushed a revolution in this East European satellite, sending
in the tanks and killing some 25,000 citizens. _____________________ Although not as
bloody an uprising as the one of 1956, the Soviets again sent in tanks to stifle dissent in
1968, this time into this country. ______________________
23. The revolutions of this year replaced the communist governments of Eastern Europe.
___________________
24. In 1978, Karol Wojtyla, cardinal of Krakow, was elected to this position. _________
CHAPTER 3: “MAO AND AFTER” (pp. 67—89)
NUCLEAR AGE: TIMEFRAME AD 1950—1990
1. This Soviet leader visited China in May 1989 to mark formal reconciliation between
the
Communist
powers
after
three
decades
of
often-tense
relations.
________________
2—3. During the Chinese land reforms of 1950—52, peasants were encouraged to attend
these meetings at which they denounced their landlords. _________________________
The number of people estimated to have been killed during the era of land reform.
________________________
4—5. The remnants of the Guomindang Party had retreated to this island in 1949.
____________________ The number of miles this is off the Chinese coast. __________
6—7. This 1958—1960 effort to bring about a nation-wide economic revolution replaced
the Soviet model of five-year plans with an emphasis upon decentralization and selfmonitoring communes.
__________________________
Approximately how many
people died in the famine that followed? ________________________
8. Relations between China and the Soviet Union were formally severed in what year?
___________________
9. This booklet contained the sayings of Mao and was distributed to all members of the
People’s Liberation Army. ________________________
10—15. In 1966, Mao launched this movement, speaking directly to the youth of China
in an attempt to push his own radical line as opposed to the more pragmatic approach of
his most vocal critics. ____________________________ Who were the young shock
troops of this movement? _________________ What were the “Four Olds” that Mao
insisted must be eliminated? ___________________; _________________________;
____________________; ________________________
16—17. Claiming it as an integral part of the nation, China occupied this country in
1950. _____________________ In 1959, this traditional spiritual leader sought refuge
outside his occupied land. ________________________
18. The People’s Republic gained entry into this international organization in 1971.
_______________________
19. Mao in the last years of his life suffered from this disease. ____________________
20. After his death in 1976, Mao’s body was moved to a mausoleum in this square.
_________________________
21. The name given to the small circle of radicals who coalesced around Jiang Qing,
Mao’s wife, its members were arrested following the death of Mao in 1976.
______________________
22. By 1978, he had emerged as the paramount leader of China. __________________
23. Designed to stabilize the population of China at 1.2 billion by the year 2000, this
agency was established in 1981 to promoted the new “one-child policy.”
_____________________________________
24—26. A peaceful protest in this square in Beijing in the Spring of 1989 was ultimately
dispersed by the PLA at a cost of several hundred lives. _________________________
The day of the army assault. _____________________ The name of the statue students
erected in front of the giant portrait of Mao. _________________________________
18. This British colony was handed back to the Chinese in 1997. _________________
TRUE OR FALSE
28. The Hundred Flowers Movement introduced by Mao in 1956 sought to stifle all
criticism of the Chinese government.
_____
29. One of the formal charges leveled against Jiang Qing was that she had watched
imported videos of The Sound of Music.
_____
CHAPTER 4: “AFRICA’S WINDS OF CHANGE”
(pp. 91—117)
NUCLEAR AGE: TIMEFRAME AD 1950—1990
A. FROM COLONIES TO NATIONS
Use the maps on page 92 to identify the European power that held each of the following
as a colony and the year in which independence was attained.
1—12.
European Nation
Year of Independence
Morocco
_______________
________
Algeria
_______________
________
Chad
_______________
________
Somalia
_______________
________
Nigeria
_______________
________
Cameroon
_______________
________
Zaire
_______________
________
Uganda
_______________
________
Kenya
_______________
________
Angola
_______________
________
Mozambique
______________
________
Madagascar
______________
________
B. FACT QUESTIONS
13—14. This former British colony became in 1957 the first newly independent nation
south of the Sahara, taking the name of a medieval West African kingdom.
________________
A prominent pan-Africanist and leader of the independence
movement, he became the new nation’s first prime minister. ______________________
15. In his famous 1960 “wind of change” speech, this British prime minister overtly
acknowledged that a European-dominated Africa was no longer an appropriate model.
_______________________________
16—17. On coming to power in 1958, the French President Charles deGaulle offered
France’s twelve colonies south of the Sahara the choice between independence and this.
____________________________________________________________________
Guinea, under the leadership of this man, was the first to opt for full independence.
________________________________
18. The number of sub-Saharan nations to gain their independence in 1960 alone.
______________
19. In 1963, 30 African nations met in Ethiopia to form this organization, committed to
resolving pan-African issues. ______________________________
20—22. In the early 1950s, this violent uprising in Kenya sought an end to colonial rule.
__________________________ The heartland of the rebellion was in territory by this
tribe. ___________________ Imprisoned by the British for five years, this leader of the
independence struggle would give his name to the new country, and serve as its president
from 1964 to 1978. ________________________
23. The British East African territories of Tanganyika and Zanzibar joined together to
form the new nation of Tanzania, with this socialist and former school teacher as its
president. _____________________________
24—26. White Africans of Dutch origin, they increasingly had come to dominate South
African politics. ___________________ The political party that represented this group,
it had first come to power in 1948. ________________________ The platform overtly
supported this policy, the formal and enforced segregation of the races. ______________
27. What was the most important black South African protest organization? _________
____________________________
28. The 1959 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act granted the black community
autonomy in these designated areas of the country, but the land involved contained
less than 13% of the geographical area of South Africa and included much of the
poorest land. ________________________________
29. A 1960 demonstration in this village against the pass laws led to a confrontation with
police in which 69 people were killed and another 178 wounded, the majority of them
shot in the back. _____________________
30. This ANC leader was arrested in 1962 – he would spend the next three decades
imprisoned on Robben Island. ____________________
31. Northern Rhodesia, led by Kenneth Kaunda, became this independent nation in 1964.
______________________
32—34. In 1965, the white settlers of Southern Rhodesia refused to accept the British
stipulation that the move from colony to nation must include the acceptance of majority
rule and instead, under the leadership of Prime Minister Ian Smith, unilaterally declared
themselves this new country. ______________________ In 1980, whites finally agreed
to surrender their monopoly on power, and full independence was attained under this new
name. __________________
31. In 1989, the colony of South-West Africa, previously dominated by South Africa,
gained independence under this name. __________________
36—37. Several hundred South African protestors were killed in this Johannesburg
township in 1976.
__________________
The following year, this young black
nationalist leader was killed while in police custody. ____________________
38—42. Granted independence by Belgium in 1960, ethnic rivalries in this new nation
immediately erupted into civil war. _________________ Recognized by the UN as the
legitimate ruler and regarded by many Africans as a liberation hero, he was assassinated
during the factional struggles. _______________________________ The secretarygeneral of the United Nations, he was killed in a mysterious plane crash while attempting
to negotiate a resolution to the crisis. ____________________________ What was the
new name given to this nation. _______________________ In 1965, this Congolese
army colonel staged a military coup and declared himself president, a position he would
hole for many years. _____________________________
43—44. These two tribal groups were based in the south of the country in newlyindependent Nigeria. ______________; ____________________
45. In 1967, this breakaway “nation” was declared, thus pushing Nigeria into civil war.
__________________
46—47. In 1971, this Ugandan general used the president’s absence at an international
conference as an opportunity to proclaim himself head of state. ___________________
The estimate of the number of people murdered during his dictatorial rule.
________________
48. The number of military coups in sub-Saharan Africa between 1969 and 1975. _____
49. The political murders carried out by eleventh-century Persians gave rise to this word,
a corruption of “hashishin” or “hashish-eaters,” because it was believed that the
killers were given the drug as a foretaste of the pleasures they would enjoy in
heavenly gardens after they had completed their missions. _____________________
50. This Indian prime minister was assassinated by her own bodyguards in 1984.
_______________________
51. This Egyptian president was assassinated by members of his own military in 1981.
______________________
52—53. Eleven Israelis were killed by terrorists at this international event in Munich in
1972.
___________________
What was the terrorist group responsible for the
hijacking? ___________________________________
54. He had emerged by 1959 as the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization
(PLO). _____________________________
55. Literally the “party of God,” this Iran-backed terrorist group was responsible for the
bombing of the U.S. military barracks in Lebanon. ___________________
TRUE OR FALSE
56.
Rhodesia’s 220,000 whites received 25 times more per capita in educational
spending in the late colonial era than the 11 million blacks.
_____
57. In Nigeria, the north of the country is predominantly Muslim while the south is
largely Christian.
_____
58. The new Uganda was so diverse that at one point the state radio service was
broadcasting in twenty-four different languages.
_____
CHAPTER 5: “THE MIDDLE EASTERN POWDER
KEG” (pp. 119—143)
NUCLEAR AGE: TIMEFRAME AD 1950—1990
1—2. This Egyptian monarch was overthrown in a 1952 coup. ____________________
The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 had confirmed the British right to station troops in
this area, but one of the most prominent examples of continuing English dominance in
Egypt despite formal independence. _____________________
3—5. Name three other countries in which revolutions toppled monarchies in the Middle
East. _______________; _________________; ___________________
6. The mastermind of the 1952 coup in Egypt, he assumed overt control in 1954.
_________________________
7. After the British and Americans, influenced by Egypt’s increasing drift towards the
Soviet Union, withdrew their earlier offer of helping to fund the giant Aswan Dam on
the Nile River, Nasser responded by doing this. _____________________________
8—10. What three nations participated in the 1956 invasion of Egypt? ___________;
_____________________; ___________________
11. Most of the Middle East had been part of this empire until after World War I.
____________________
12—15. In the wake of World War I, the League of Nations had granted Britain the right
to temporarily rule these two territories. ___________________; _________________
France had been given the responsibility of ruling these two territories. _____________:
______________________
16—17. In 1958, Nasser proclaimed this union between Egypt and Syria, billed at the
time as the first step toward eventual complete Arab unity. _____________________
Syria by the time was dominated by this left-wing party, one which remains in power to
today. __________________
18. Founded in 1948 as a new nation, it became a lightning rod for Arab resentments.
_________________
19—23. What five areas did Israeli forces gain as a result of the 1967 war? ________;
_____________; __________________; __________________; ___________________
24. The Camp David Accords of 1979 resulted in the return of this region to Egypt.
___________________________
25—26. How many major wars have there been in the Middle East since World War II
that invaded Israel?
_____________
What is the name of the Israeli military?
_____________________________
27. In December 1987, after years of mounting unrest, Palestinians launched this violent
protest,
literally
the
“uprising,”
against
the
Israeli
occupying
forces.
_______________
28—29.
homeland.
It was established in 1964 to campaign for an independent Palestinian
______________________________
This former engineering student
became the organization’s leader. ______________________
26. Nasser died in this year. ______________
31—35. This Middle Eastern city, capital of Lebanon, was promoted in the decades
immediately following World War II as the playground of the Mediterranean.
____________ Tensions between these two groups in Lebanon exploded in 1975 into
civil war. __________________; _______________________ The name that came to
be given to the ravaged wasteland that separated the two groups in the capital city.
_________________________ It is estimated that the Lebanese war left this many
people dead. _________________
36—39. In 1973, these two Arab nations attacked Israel. _____________; ___________
The Jewish holy day on which the invasion occurred, it became the common name for the
war. _______________________ This oil cartel placed an embargo on all nations that
supported Israel in the war. ____________________________________________
39. In 1977, he became the first Arab leader in Israel’s 29-year history to visit that
nation. _________________________
41—43. What three world leaders gathered at Camp David in 1978 and brokered an
Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty? _________________________; ____________________;
_____________________________
44. This Egyptian opposition group founded in 1928 pushed for a society based upon
strict adherence to the Koran and Islamic law. ___________________________
45—46. Who became shah of Iran in 1941? ______________________________ What
was the name of his throne? _______________________
47. This Iranian leader was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup in 1953 after
nationalizing
the
British-owned
_____________________________
Anglo-Iranian
Oil
Company.
48—49. The name given to the shah’s ambitious modernization program. ___________
______________________ The Iranian secret police force, its tactics alienated many
within the populace. _________________
50. He returned from exile in France to become the dominant figure in the new Islamic
Republic
of
Iran,
which
he
proclaimed
on
April
1,
1979.
_________________________
51—52. Large numbers of followers of this religion, founded in 19th-century Iran and
stressing the spiritual unity of mankind, were killed during the revolution. __________
The branch of Islam, historically itself the frequent victim of persecution, to which the
majority of Iranians belong. _______________
53—54. The term used by the ayatollah to refer to the United States. _______________
________________
This American building was seized in November 1979 by
revolutionaries – 52 of its inhabitants would be held hostage for a year. ____________
___________________
55—56. In 1980, this nation invaded Iran, setting off a bloody eight-year war that left
more than a million people dead. ___________ He was leader of the invading nation.
________________________
57. This Indian-born novelist went into hiding after Islamic fundamentalists branded his
book The Satanic Verses as blasphemous and condemned him to death. __________
___________________
58. The name given to the Islamic guerrilla fighters who successfully resisted the Soviets
in Afghanistan. _____________________
59. The Israelis invaded this nation in June 1982 in an effort to eliminate PLO resistance.
______________________
60. Unlike the PLO, which in 1988 committed itself to the principle of two states in
Palestine, this more extremist organization, formally known as the Islamic Resistance
Movement, has continued to call for a single Palestinian state and the destruction of
Israel. ______________
61. Seizing power in Libya at the age of 27 in a 1969 army coup, he used oil money not
only to fund social programs in his own country but to fund terrorist activities abroad.
______________________________
TRUE OR FALSE
62. The Americans steadfastly supported the European colonial powers during the 1956
Suez Crisis.
_____
63. Compulsory military service for men and women alike begins at 18 in Israel. _____
64. The Israelis were badly defeated in the 1967 Six Day War.
_____
65. Most of the Arab world responded positively to the Egyptian-Israeli agreement of
1979.
_____
52. Despite international concern about the Iranian Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini
remained convinced that his ideas could not be carried into the international arena.
____
CHAPTER 6: “JAPAN’S EMPIRE OF COMMERCE”
(pp. 145—169)
NUCLEAR AGE: TIMEFRAME AD 1950—1990
1.
This New York landmark was purchased by the Japanese in the 1980s.
_____________________________
2.
This island, occupied by the United States after World War II, was returned to
Japan in 1972. __________________
3.
This general supervised the American occupation of Japan after World War II.
____________________________
4.
This two-chamber parliamentary body was set up after the war. ____________
5.
These family-run industrial conglomerates were broken up during the post-war
Occupation. _________________
6.
This war provided a major economic boost for the post-World War II recovery of
the Japanese economy. ____________________
7.
This government agency had an enormous role in planning the development of
Japanese industry and commerce. _______________________________________
8.
It made its first transistorized radio in 1955, the company’s first product to succeed
on an international scale. _______________
9.
Between 1960 and the early 1980s, the manufacturers of Japanese cars and trucks
increased their share of the world market from 1% to this proportion. __________
10. The name given to President Nixon’s 1971 decision to introduce floating exchange
rates, a decision that led to a highly valued yen with disastrous implications for
Japanese exports. ___________________
11. Literally “salaryman,” these dedicated middle managers have been saluted as one
key to Japan’s recent economic success. _________________
12. In 1972, inhabitants of this village died of mercury poisoning caused by eating fish
contaminated by the nearby chemical plant, helping to spur a developing Japanese
environmental movement. _________________
13—16. Name the “Four Dragons.” ____________________; ___________________;
_____________________; _____________________
17. This small Asian island, with a population of 2.5 million, experienced its own
economic boom between the 1960s and the 1980s, first through its shipbuilding and oilrefining activities, later in electronics and computer software. __________________
18—19.
In 1986, Corazon Aquino became president of this Asian island nation,
signaling the promise of the replacement of autocratic rule with democracy.
____________________ She toppled the regime of this man, who had ruled the country
for 21 years. ________________________
20. Between 1970 and 1990, the world’s urban population grew by this percentage.
________
TRUE OR FALSE
21. The position of emperor of Japan was completely abolished after World War II. ___
22. Japan remained safe from the impact of OPEC’s deliberate escalations in the price of
petroleum in the 1970s, while the U.S. reeled from the consequences of the cartel’s
actions.
_____