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Course Syllabus: Pharmacology Date Created/Revised: 07/26/13 Author(s): Michael Hesse Course Description: The objective of the Pharmacy Technician Program is to provide students with the skills and knowledge to prepare them for the national Pharmacy Technician Certification Board exam and enable students to qualify for entry-level positions in retail and hospital pharmacies. This integrated occupational course will provide an overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prescription and nonprescription medications. Course content will emphasize drug classifications, drug action, drug administration, ethical and legal issues, and safety. Students will develop an understanding of pharmaceuticals and its impact on the health care industry. Career and post secondary options in pharmacy will also be explored. PERIOD OBJECTIVES Through an introduction to pharmacy practice, students will be able to: a) Describe the origins of Pharmacy b) Describe the four stages of development of the pharmacy profession in the twentieth century c) Enumerate the functions of the pharmacist d) Discuss the educational curriculum for today’s pharmacy student e) Identify the duties and work environments of the pharmacy technician f) 1st Six Weeks Differentiate among the various kinds of pharmacies g) Know the components of the prescriptions, including the commonly used abbreviations h) Understand the “rights” of correct drug administration, and the immunization process i) Recognize common dosage forms, and know the routes of administration j) Recognize factors that influence the effects of drugs, particularly in the elderly and pediatric populations k) Know the effects natural chemicals have on drug action and response l) Define the term drug and distinguish between over-the-counter and legend drugs m) Explain the parts of the National Drug UNITS OF INSTRUCTION 1. Pharmacy Technician 2. Pharmacy Law and Ethics 3. Administration of Pharmacologic Agents 4. Introduction to Pharmacology 5. Drugs, Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems 6. Routes of Drug Administration 7. Dispensing, Billing and Inventory Management 8. Hospital and Institutional Pharmacy Code Number n) Categorize drugs by source as natural, synthetic, synthesized, or semisynthestic o) Explain the uses of drugs as therapeutic, pharmacodynamic, diagnostic, prophylactic, and destructive agents. p) Define and differentiate between the terms dose form and delivery system. q) Enumerate and explain the properties and identify advantages and disadvantages of major dose forms and delivery systems for drugs. r) Identify the function of various commonly used pharmaceutical reference texts. s) Define the phrase “route of administration” t) Identify the factors that can influence the route of administration u) Define the terms local use and systemic use, and explain how these uses are considered when a prescriber selects a drug for a particular patient. v) List the major routes of administration of oral, topical, and parenteral dose forms including IV, IM, ID and subcutaneous. w) Enumerate typical duties of pharmacy technicians with regard to dispensing of over-the-counter and prescriptions drugs. x) Explain the typical procedures for receiving and reviewing prescriptions. y) Explain the use of computers in the pharmacy. z) Discuss drug coverage for Medicaid, Medicare, and Work Comp patients. aa) Identify procedures for inventory management, including the purchasing, receiving, and storage of prescription drugs. bb) Identify procedures for the purchasing, receiving, storage, and inventory control of controlled-drug substances. Through discussing pharmacy and technician law, students will be able to: a) Explain the licensing requirements for pharmacists b) Distinguish among common law, statutory law, regulatory or administrative law, ethics, and professional standards. c) Explain the potential for tort actions under common law related to, negligence, and other forms of malpractice. d) List and describe the major effects on the pharmacy of the major pieces of statutory federal drug law in the 20th century. e) Discuss the role of the Food and Drug Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration, the United States Pharmacopeia convention, and the state boards of pharmacy. f) Enumerate the duties that may legally be performed by pharmacy technicians in most states. Pharmacology Theory I a) Understand the differences between fungi and viruses; and why the drugs used to treat them must have very different mechanisms of action b) Differentiate antifungals, antiviral, and antiretrovirals by their indications, therapeutic effects, side effects, dosages, and administration c) Use antifungal, antiviral, and antiretroviral terminology correctly in written and oral communication. d) Understand brand name, generic name, classification, and indication for use of the assigned 50 drugs from the Top 200 prescriptions drugs. e) Define common prefixes related to medicine and pharmacy. 2nd Six Weeks f) Complete a drug product information form. g) Alert pharmacist regarding drug interactions or allergy warnings. h) Generate the proper prescription label and auxiliary label(s). i) Advise the patient or caregiver regarding the appropriate techniques for administering and disposing of Fentanyl patches. j) Identify the major types of antibiotics by drug class. k) Know which auxiliary labels to use when dispensing major types of antibiotics. l) Define therapeutic effects, side effects, and administration routes of major antibiotics. m) Use antibiotic and general drug 1. Characteristics of fungi and viruses and infection therapy. 2. Extermporaneous compounding lab. 3. Understanding subdivisions of numbers, number systems, estimating and accuracy. 4. Antibiotics. 5. Using ratios, percents, and proportions. 6. Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives and expectorants. 7. Developing literacy skills. 8. Anesthetics, analgesics and narcotics. 9. Applying metric measurements and calculating doses. 10. Antidepressants, antipsychotics and antianxiety agents. terminology correctly in written and oral communication. n) Identify the elements of a complete prescription order. o) Recognize the elements of a medication label p) Know what information is required on a patient profile q) Identify errors on patient profile form. r) Outline smoking cessation plans and supportive therapy. s) Define common prefixes in preparation for the PTCE t) Demonstrate knowledge of sterile technique. u) Make suppositories with the fusion technique. v) Develop an understanding of the physiologic processes that occur in Epilepsy. w) Classify seizures and the goals of their therapy. x) Understand that specific drugs are used in different types of seizures y) Be familiar with Parkinson’s disease and in its treatment. z) Know symptoms and treatments of Myasthenia Gravis, the Attention-Deficit Disorders, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacy Calculations I a) Understand fractions and be able to compare them, express them as decimals, and find common denominators. b) Manipulate fractions by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing them. c) Interpret Roman and Arabic numbers and convert values between the two systems. d) Read scientific notation and convert large and smaller numbers to them. e) Determine the value of a decimal and accurately round off decimal values f) Estimate drug doses in order to check accuracy of final calculations g) Perform calculations while retaining accuracy and the correct number of significant figures. h) Understand the use of ratios and proportions in the pharmacy i) Solve pharmacy calculations by using ratios and proportions. j) Calculate percentage of error and evaluate measurements using percentage of error. k) Apply calculation operations in handling prescription orders. l) Apply calculation operations to information on medication labels. m) Identify the basic units and prefixes of the metric system n) Convert units within the metric system by moving the decimal, using ratioproportion method, and using the dimensional analysis method. o) Calculate drug doses using the ratioproportion and dimensional analysis methods. p) Calculate doses based on weight and body surface area (BSA) q) Calculate a pediatric dose using the patient’s weight or age and the appropriate adult dose. r) Solve medication problems by using household measures and the metric system. s) Convert body weight between kilograms and pounds t) Determine pediatric doses using dosing tables. u) Calculate the amount of medication to be dispensed v) Calculate temperature conversions between Celsius and Fahrenheit. w) Calculate the volume to be measured when given a specific dose. x) Calculate the amount of drug in a given volume. y) Identify drugs that use units as a dose designation. z) Calculate the volume of a substance that has an electrolyte as its primary ingredient. aa) Calculate the quantity of units in a given concentration and dose bb) Calculate the volume of insulin to be administered. Pharmacy Externship a) Complete the fingerprinting, drug screening and criminal background check. Pharmacology Theory II a) Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce medical terminology and its word part of the respiratory and gastrointestinal system. b) List and discuss the generalized functions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. c) Define and indentify medications used for the treatment of pulmonary disease. d) Learn the pathophysiology and treatment of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. e) Be aware of the reemergence of tuberculosis and of treatment for this disease. f) Describe gastrointestinal physiology and how it affects GI disease g) Understand the measures to prevent and treat hepatitis. 3rd Six Weeks h) Understand the renal system, its importance and how it works. i) Differentiate the parts of the renal system. j) Understand the classes of diuretics and how they work. k) Define muscle relaxants. l) Identify the muscle relaxants and their various mechanisms of action. m) Identify the non-narcotic analgesics, and describe their uses and mechanisms of action. n) Given the generic and trade name of respiratory system drug, identify what drug category it belongs to or what disease it is used to treat. o) Given a gastrointestinal drug category, identify several generic and trade name drugs within that category. p) State the dosage forms of prescription and nonprescription medications commonly used to treat diseases of the 1. Anticonvulsants and drugs to treat other CNS disorders. 2. Using household measures in pharmacy calculations. 3. Respiratory drugs. 4. Preparing injectable medication. 5. Gastrointestinal drugs 6. Preparing intravenous medications 7. Urinary system 8. Using special calculations in compounding. 9. Muscle relaxants, non-narcotic analgesics, and drugs for arthritis. urinary system. q) State the route of administration of prescription and nonprescription medications commonly used to treat diseases of muscle/skeletal system. r) Describe the adverse effects of prescription medications, nonprescription medication, and alternative therapies commonly used to treat disease. s) Demonstrate how to interpret prescriptions and medication orders Pharmacy Calculations II a) Calculate a medication dosage using the correct dosage equation Pharmacy Externship a) Complete required externship hours at assigned pharmacy. Pharmacology and the Human Body a) Explain the concept of hormones and how they regulate the body. b) Discuss thyroid replacement therapy. c) Discuss adrenal sex hormones and male dysfunction. d) Understand the concept of hormone replacement therapy. e) Understand the formulation of oral contraceptives. f) Recognize the urgent need for drugs used at delivery. g) Discuss corticosteroids. 4th Six Weeks h) Understand diabetes and the proper treatment and care of patients. i) Know the application for growth hormone. j) Understand the cardiovascular system. k) Know the drugs and treatment for each type of heart disease. l) Recognize anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs and know their functions. m) Discuss stroke and the drugs used to treat it. n) Identify drugs to treat hyperlipidemia and understand its role in heart disease and stroke treatment. o) Describe the skin as an organ. p) Understand the physiology of the skin. 1. Hormones, bone disease and sexually transmitted diseases. 2. Using business math in the pharmacy. 3. Corticosteroids, diabetes and growth hormones. 4. The circulatory system and cardiovascular drugs. 5. Topical ophthalmics and otics. 6. Recombinant DNA. 7. Vitamins and nutritional supplements. q) Know the topical drugs and the conditions they treat. r) Explain the action of the topical corticosteroids and their application. s) Recognize the classes of antiseptics and disinfectants. t) Recognize the ophthalmic and otic agents and their uses. u) Understand recombinant DNA and the process for producing medication in this manner. v) Identify colony-stimulating factors and their uses. w) Understand the immune system and how it works. x) Identify drugs used to treat specific disease states and the classification of drugs used in treatments. y) Understand how the body uses vitamins and electrolytes. z) Understand enteral and parenteral nutrition, including purposes, ingredients, satiability and complications. aa) Recognize herbs, their value, uses, and dangers. bb) Become familiar with the supportive therapy and antidotes used to treat occurrences of poisoning. cc) Understand the importance of the Blue Alert cart, its supplies, and its maintenance. dd) Be aware of the role of the pharmacy technician in the event of a bioterrorist attack. Pharmacy Externship a) Complete required externship hours at assigned pharmacy. 5th Six Weeks Sterile Process (IV prep) Validation a) List the types of compounding essential to full pharmacy services b) Lit the activities that assure safe and effective compounding. c) List the advantages and disadvantages of IV therapy. d) List four general conditions requiring IV therapy. e) Name drugs, fluids, and hardware components used in compounding and IV therapy. f) Site rules for proper IV mixing. g) Calculate appropriate and accurate quantities of drugs and additives for compounding and IV mixtures. h) Explain the primary function of a 1. Discussion of USP/NF 797 primer. 2. Aseptic procedures for preparation of sterile pharmaceuticals. 3. Infection control and contamination. 4. Sterilization methods. 5. Types of drugs and storage recommendations. 6. Pharmacy calculations review. 7. Process validation instruction and practice i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y) z) aa) bb) cc) dd) ee) hospital. List five functions related to patient processing activities. Name four treatments modalities available in a hospital for patient care. Identify whom the pharmacy technician reports to in the institutional pharmacy. Explain when patient drug profiles are generated and for what length of time are they dispensed. Describe what the drug order is written on in the hospital pharmacy. Describe how nurses track and record a patients’ medication treatment in the hospital. Explain what each department in the hospital is required to maintain for regulating agencies. List the items that are required on the floor cart and who verifies this inventory daily. Describe the process for management and control of controlled substances and narcotic disposal. Define and differentiate a policy and a procedure. List five reasons to justify the need for a policy and procedure manual. List five basic format requirements for a policy and a procedure manual. Explain the steps involved in the manual approval process. List five topics that could be included in each of the following pharmacy areas: administrative, distributional, and clinical. Indicate three problems that may be encountered in the interpretation and implementation of departmental policies and procedures. State the components of a complete prescription / medication order including orders for controlled substances. Explain when given the abbreviated instruction for medication; use the full wording of the instructions. Explain methods for securing missing pieces of information in a prescription / medication order. State the schedule for controlled substances and commonly used medications that fall into each category. Explain the procedure to verify the validity of a prescriber’s DEA number. Explain techniques for detecting forged or altered prescriptions. Explain the importance of alerting the pharmacists, if a prescription / medication order appears to be illegitimate. Explain common situations when screening refills, renewals, and when the technician should notify the pharmacists of potential inappropriateness. ff) Organize all written or oral communication in a logical manner. gg) Address all communication on the level appropriate for the audience. hh) Demonstrate correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, style, and formatting conventions in preparing written communications. ii) Demonstrate skill in the use of the Internet, e-mail services, and computerized medication information databases. Pharmacy Externship jj) Complete required externship hours at assigned pharmacy. PTCE Preparation a) Describe the origins and purpose of the hospital formulary. b) Describe the type of materials stored in a drug information center. c) List common universal precautions to avoid contamination. d) Explain the germ theory of disease, the role of pathogenic organisms in causing disease. e) Distinguish among viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. f) 6th Six Weeks Describe proper aseptic technique, including the use of laminar, horizontal, and vertical airflow hoods. g) Describe the equipment and procedures used in preparing parenteral preparations. h) Explain the proper procedures for repacking of medications. i) Identify the techniques for handling and disposing of hazardous agents. j) Discuss intravenous preparations as a special pharmacy sterile-compounding skill. k) List references available to meet the needs of special pharmacy skills. l) Define TPN. m) Define a Class A prescription balance, a counter balance, and a solution balance. n) Describe what extemporaneous compounding means. o) Outline the steps required to accurately weigh a pharmaceutical ingredient. p) Register and seat for the PTCB exam 1. Online PTCE Review – Category 1, 2 and 3. 2. Top 200 drug list review and assessment. 3. Online PTCE practice 4. Writing a resume, creating a list of references, cover letters, interviewing and job hunting. Career Development a) Create or update student resume to include recent externship experience. b) Search for open pharmacy technician jobs that coincide with future plans. c) Investigate application process and educational requirements to enter pharmacy school at Univ. of North Texas.