Download chapter 10-musculoskeletal system

CHAPTER 10-THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
I. The musculoskeletal system forms the framework that holds the body together, enables it to
move, and protects and supports all the internal organs. This system is composed of bones,
joints and muscles.
II. MUSCLES-contract (shorten) to produce movements.
A. Three Types of Muscle Tissue:
1. Skeletal Muscle-attaches to and moves bone. These muscles are classified as
being striated and voluntary.
2. Cardiac Muscle-produces heart contractions. It is striated and involuntary.
3. Smooth Muscle-lines organs and blood vessels. It is nonstriated and involuntary.
B. Tendons-attach muscles to bone. Tendons pull on bones to create a movement.
C. Ligaments-attach bone to bone.
D. Body movements produced by muscles-pages 300-301.
E. Major skeletal Muscles-page 302.
F. Muscular Injection Sites:injections should be given away from major nerves and vessels.
1. Deltoid
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Gluteus mediius
III. BONES
A. Are composed of osseous tissue and they contain an extensive blood and nerve supply.
B. Types of Bone Cells:
1. Osteoblasts-bone-forming cells.
2. Osteocytes-mature bone cells.
3. Osteoclasts-breakdown old bone tissue.
C. Ossification-the development of new bone tissue. This process requires calcium,
phosphorous and vitamin D to occur.
D. The human skeleton is made up 206 named bones. The skeleton is organized into two
sections: The Axial Skeleton which runs along the central axis or core of the body and
The Appendicular Skeleton which includes the bones of the arms and legs.
E. Types of Bone Tissue:
1. Compact Bone-forms the outer covering around all bones. Is thick and calcified.
2. Spongy Bone-is found internally in some bones. This type of bone stores red bone
marrow which is involved in the production of blood cells (hemopoiesis).
F. Types of Bones:
1. Long Bones-longer than wide. The femur is an example. Are slightly curved for
strength. Parts of a Long Bone:
a. Articular Cartilage-covers the end of the bone, pads the bone.
b. Diaphysis-shaft of the bone.
c. Epiphyses-the ends of the bone.
d. Metaphysis-space between the diaphysis and epiphyses. This region
contains the Epiphyseal Plate which is involved in length growth of bone.
e. Medullary Cavity-space in the diaphysis that stores yellow bone marrow.
f. Periosteum-membrane that surrounds the outside of the bone.
2. Short Bones-are cube-shaped. Are composed of an outer compact bone layer that
covers an inner spongy bone layer. Examples include the carpals and tarsals.
3. Flat Bones-are thin, composed of 2 inner layers of spongy bone covered by
compact bone. Serve as sites for attachment for ligaments, tendons and they offer
a great deal of protection. Examples include the ribs and skull bones.
4. Irregular Bones-typically have unusual shapes. The vertebrae are examples.
5. Sesamoid Bones-are rounded and often covered by thick tendons. The patella is an
example.
G. Most bones in the body are covered by or contain a number of depressions, grooves,
Holes and ridges that serve as attachment sites or spaces where nerves and blood vessels
can pass through. A few of these markings are described on page 305.
H. Major Skull Bones
1. Cranial Bones-page 307.
2. Facial Bones-page 308.
I. Bones of the Chest
1. Sternum
2. Ribs-true vs. false. What are floating ribs?
J. Bones of the Spinal Column
1. Vertebrae
a. Regions of the vertebral column
K. What are the major bones of the shoulder, arm and hand?
L. What are the major bones of the hip, leg and foot?
IV. JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS)-points where bones meet.
A. Types of Joints:
1. Diarthroses-fully movable joints. The elbow and knee are examples. These joints
often contain synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
2. Synarthroses-are not movable. Sutures are examples.
3. Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints.
V. COMBINING FORMS/SUFFIXES/PREFIXES-pages 315-320.
VI. BONE DISORDERS-page 321.
A. Fractures-any break in a bone. Closed vs. Open.
B. Osteomyelitis
C. Paget’s Disease
D. Spinal curvatures-scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis
E. Arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout
VII. MUSCLE DISORDERS
A. Muscular dystrophy
B. Myasthenia gravis
VIII. DISEASES, CONDITIONS, PROCEDURES-pages 326-334.
IX. PHARMACOLOGY-page 335