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1 9th Grade Semester Test Study Guide—2nd Semester 2016 1. absolutism—A system of power in which a single ruler holds total power 2. John Locke and his influence on the American Declaration of Independence—His ideas on natural laws and governments role to protect them is found in the Declaration and Constitution 3. Two Treatises of Government—book written by John Locke that states government should protect natural laws of people or be overthrown 4. Jean Jacques-Rousseau/Social contract—An entire society agrees to be governed by its general will (natural law) 5. laissez-faire—idea developed by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations in 1715, means “hands off”, that the government should not regulate the economy 6. Montesquieu—he proposed that a government should have a system of checks and balances, sometimes called separation of power, influenced the Constitution 7. Two main reasons Napoleon’s Grand Empire collapsed—The survival of Great Britain, the growing force of nationalism 8. Thomas Hobbes—wrote Leviathan in which he explained that people were naturally cruel to each other and that absolute power by a dictator was necessary to maintain order in society 9. James Watt—during the Industrial Revolution he developed a steam engine that could drive machinery 10. The biggest threat to American unity in the 19th century—Slavery (Civil War) 11. socialism—A system in which society or government owns and controls the means of production 12. Robert Fulton—invented the paddle-wheel steamboat called the “Clermont,” greatly lowered transportation costs of goods 13. Guglielmo Marconi—He was the first to send radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901 (1700 miles) 14. Territories gained by the U.S. from the Mexican War of 1848—Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California 15. What role did labor unions play in the Industrial Revolution—they bettered both the living and working conditions of the working classes 16. In what way did colonial powers harm their colonies?—Kept wages low and taxes high 17. Commodore Matthew Perry—an American sailor who forced Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa opening up trade relations with the U.S. in the 1850s 18. What role did air warfare play in World War I?—mainly to help spot enemy positions from the air 19. Isolationism—was the U.S. policy during beginning of World War I and World War II; U.S. wanted to remain neutral, we considered it a European War. 20. What eventually brought the U.S. into World War I?—the German’s unrestricted use of submarine warfare, specifically the sinking of the Lusitania Cruise ship 21. What major event started World War I?—the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo. He was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand Serbian terrorist group. 2 22. What treaty ended World War I and why was it a failure?—Treaty of Versailles, Germans thought it was harsh and forced them to pay war reparations 23. What are the two main causes of the Great Depression—the economic downturn in economies and the U.S. stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (also called Black Tuesday 24. The three main reasons the League of Nations failed—the U.S. never joined, the U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, League members could not agree to use force against aggression 25. fascism—form of government where the state is always put above the individual with a strong central government led by a dictator 26. The Nuremberg Laws—were laws passed in Nazi Germany against the Jews, included excluding Jews from becoming German citizens, and forbade marriages between Germans and Jews, Jews had to carry ID cards and wear the Star of David on their clothing. 27. Ethnic cleansing—means the deliberate murder or movement of particular racial, political, or cultural groups 28. What event started World War II?—Hitler’s German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. France and Great Britain declare war on Germany 29. Battle of Midway Island—was a major turning point in the Pacific War for the Allies, U.S. sank four Japanese aircraft carriers in summer of 1942 30. Cold War—the period of political tension following World War II between U.S. and Soviet Union 31. Holocaust—the slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews, by the Nazis during World War II 32. Policy of Containment—a policy designed to prevent the spread of communism, developed by U.S. diplomat George Kennan just after World War II. 33. The Marshall Plan—official name was the European Recovery Plan, it was an economic recovery plan funded by the allies to help rebuild the economies of war torn Europe after World War II to keep them from turning to the Soviets. 34. 1949: 2 major events that brought fear to the US—China becomes a Communist nation and Russia explodes its first atomic bomb 35. Bay of Pigs—a failed attempt by the United States and President John F. Kennedy to overthrow the Castro led Communist government in Cuba. 36. Truman Doctrine—stated the U.S. would provide funds to any nation threatened by Communist expansion 37. Berlin Wall—was built in 1961 by Khrushchev to prevent East Germans from defecting to the more prosperous West Germany. 38. Détente—A period of relaxed tensions between the US and Soviets during the 1970’s, destroyed by the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 39. What is the significance of the 38th parallel—it marked the boundary between Communist North Korea and democratic South Korea. 40. Name the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—U.S., France, Great Britain, China, Russia 41. The New Deal—program of President Franklin Roosevelt that included government intervention/creation of public works jobs to stimulate the U.S. economy during the Great Depression 3 42. Internment Camps—Japanese Americans on the West coast were moved to these camps because of mistrust by the U.S. government. 43. Bioethics—is a new field of study that deals with moral choices in medical research, such as cloning of animals, humans, and plants 44. Rachael Carson—wrote an important book entitled Silent Spring that began the modern environmental movement by stating the danger and harm with the use of pesticides and their effect on the environment. 45. Atomic Bomb—developed by the United States under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project, used to end World War II with bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. 46. D-Day—Operation Overlord, the largest amphibious landing of troops/machines in the history of warfare by the Allies on June 6, 1944, Normandy France 47. Battle of Coral Sea—first victory for the U.S. against Japan in the Pacific, U.S. prevented Japanese invasion of Australia. 48. Pearl Harbor—December 7, 1941; attack by the Japanese on the U.S. Pacific fleet brining the U.S. into World War II. 49. Manhattan Project—code name for the government program that developed the atomic bomb used by the U.S. to end the war with Japan in 1945. 50. Cuban Missile Crisis—1962, U.S. President Kennedy demanded that Soviet missiles be removed from Cuba under threat of war. Soviet leader Khrushchev complies after the U.S. places an embargo on Cuba, the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war. 51. 9/11—terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001; carried out by Al Qaeda, masterminded and funded by Osama Bin Laden, part of his Jihad (Holy War) launched against the United States as punishment for the U.S. occupation of Muslim holy lands in Saudi Arabia since the Gulf War of 1991. Bin Laden was killed in 2011 by the Navy Seals during a raid in Pakistan. 52. Clara Barton—a nurse during the American Civil War, made nursing a profession of “women in white,” founded the American Red Cross. 53. Anti-Semitism—hatred and discrimination toward Jews. 54. Territories gained by the U.S. during Spanish-American War—Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines 55. Imperialism—the extension of a nations power over other lands 56. Commodore George Dewey—U.S. Naval commander who defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay to gain control of the Philippines for the U.S. 57. William Gorgas—Alabama military doctor who helped to alleviate yellow fever during the building of the Panama Canal by teaching workers to drain swamps and alleviate standing water. 58. Monroe Doctrine—issued by President James Monroe in 1821, warned against European involvement in North America and guaranteed the independence of Latin American countries 59. Zimmerman Telegram—sent by Germany to Mexico to convince them to join the war against the Allies. Germany promised Mexico territory lost during the Mexican War of 1848 (Texas, NM, AZ, and S. Cal.); helped bring U.S. into WWI 60. Militarism—aggressive preparation for war 4 61. Deficit spending—when a government spends more than it collects in taxes, usually involves the borrowing of money from other countries 62. Kellogg-Briand Pact—signed by 63 nations after World War I denouncing war as part of public policy; is considered a failure because there were no punishments for breaking the pact 63. Appeasement—policy of giving in to the reasonable demands of dissatisfied nations to prevent war; adopted by Great Britain (and British PM Neville Chamberlain) that actually helps lead the world into World War II. 64. General Douglas MacArthur—Allied commander in the Pacific, helped defend the Philippines, accepted the Japanese surrender on August 14th aboard the U.S.S. Missouri 65. John F. Kennedy—assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. 66. Warsaw Pact—Soviet response to NATO, was a defensive alliance of Eastern European Communist countries 67. deterrence—the act of building up a huge arsenal of nuclear weapons in hopes of convincing your enemies to attack you 68. ISIS or IS—Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or the Islamic State, the Muslim terrorist organization carrying out the majority of attacks against Western European nations and the U.S. 69. Boko Haram—the Muslim terrorist group carrying out murders and kidnappings on the African continent.