Download 9th Grade Semester Test Study Guide—2nd 9 weeks

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9th Grade Semester Test Study Guide—2nd Semester 2016
1. absolutism—A system of power in which a single ruler holds total power
2. John Locke and his influence on the American Declaration of Independence—His
ideas on natural laws and governments role to protect them is found in the
Declaration and Constitution
3. Two Treatises of Government—book written by John Locke that states
government should protect natural laws of people or be overthrown
4. Jean Jacques-Rousseau/Social contract—An entire society agrees to be governed
by its general will (natural law)
5. laissez-faire—idea developed by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations
in 1715, means “hands off”, that the government should not regulate the economy
6. Montesquieu—he proposed that a government should have a system of checks
and balances, sometimes called separation of power, influenced the Constitution
7. Two main reasons Napoleon’s Grand Empire collapsed—The survival of Great
Britain, the growing force of nationalism
8. Thomas Hobbes—wrote Leviathan in which he explained that people were
naturally cruel to each other and that absolute power by a dictator was necessary
to maintain order in society
9. James Watt—during the Industrial Revolution he developed a steam engine that
could drive machinery
10. The biggest threat to American unity in the 19th century—Slavery (Civil War)
11. socialism—A system in which society or government owns and controls the
means of production
12. Robert Fulton—invented the paddle-wheel steamboat called the “Clermont,”
greatly lowered transportation costs of goods
13. Guglielmo Marconi—He was the first to send radio waves across the Atlantic
Ocean in 1901 (1700 miles)
14. Territories gained by the U.S. from the Mexican War of 1848—Texas, Arizona,
New Mexico, and California
15. What role did labor unions play in the Industrial Revolution—they bettered both
the living and working conditions of the working classes
16. In what way did colonial powers harm their colonies?—Kept wages low and taxes
high
17. Commodore Matthew Perry—an American sailor who forced Japan to sign the
Treaty of Kanagawa opening up trade relations with the U.S. in the 1850s
18. What role did air warfare play in World War I?—mainly to help spot enemy
positions from the air
19. Isolationism—was the U.S. policy during beginning of World War I and World
War II; U.S. wanted to remain neutral, we considered it a European War.
20. What eventually brought the U.S. into World War I?—the German’s unrestricted
use of submarine warfare, specifically the sinking of the Lusitania Cruise ship
21. What major event started World War I?—the assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo. He was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a
member of the Black Hand Serbian terrorist group.
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22. What treaty ended World War I and why was it a failure?—Treaty of Versailles,
Germans thought it was harsh and forced them to pay war reparations
23. What are the two main causes of the Great Depression—the economic downturn
in economies and the U.S. stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (also called
Black Tuesday
24. The three main reasons the League of Nations failed—the U.S. never joined, the
U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, League members could not agree to
use force against aggression
25. fascism—form of government where the state is always put above the individual
with a strong central government led by a dictator
26. The Nuremberg Laws—were laws passed in Nazi Germany against the Jews,
included excluding Jews from becoming German citizens, and forbade marriages
between Germans and Jews, Jews had to carry ID cards and wear the Star of
David on their clothing.
27. Ethnic cleansing—means the deliberate murder or movement of particular racial,
political, or cultural groups
28. What event started World War II?—Hitler’s German invasion of Poland on
September 1, 1939. France and Great Britain declare war on Germany
29. Battle of Midway Island—was a major turning point in the Pacific War for the
Allies, U.S. sank four Japanese aircraft carriers in summer of 1942
30. Cold War—the period of political tension following World War II between U.S.
and Soviet Union
31. Holocaust—the slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews, by
the Nazis during World War II
32. Policy of Containment—a policy designed to prevent the spread of communism,
developed by U.S. diplomat George Kennan just after World War II.
33. The Marshall Plan—official name was the European Recovery Plan, it was an
economic recovery plan funded by the allies to help rebuild the economies of war
torn Europe after World War II to keep them from turning to the Soviets.
34. 1949: 2 major events that brought fear to the US—China becomes a Communist
nation and Russia explodes its first atomic bomb
35. Bay of Pigs—a failed attempt by the United States and President John F. Kennedy
to overthrow the Castro led Communist government in Cuba.
36. Truman Doctrine—stated the U.S. would provide funds to any nation threatened
by Communist expansion
37. Berlin Wall—was built in 1961 by Khrushchev to prevent East Germans from
defecting to the more prosperous West Germany.
38. Détente—A period of relaxed tensions between the US and Soviets during the
1970’s, destroyed by the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
39. What is the significance of the 38th parallel—it marked the boundary between
Communist North Korea and democratic South Korea.
40. Name the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—U.S.,
France, Great Britain, China, Russia
41. The New Deal—program of President Franklin Roosevelt that included
government intervention/creation of public works jobs to stimulate the U.S.
economy during the Great Depression
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42. Internment Camps—Japanese Americans on the West coast were moved to these
camps because of mistrust by the U.S. government.
43. Bioethics—is a new field of study that deals with moral choices in medical
research, such as cloning of animals, humans, and plants
44. Rachael Carson—wrote an important book entitled Silent Spring that began the
modern environmental movement by stating the danger and harm with the use of
pesticides and their effect on the environment.
45. Atomic Bomb—developed by the United States under the direction of J. Robert
Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project, used to end World War II with bombs
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945.
46. D-Day—Operation Overlord, the largest amphibious landing of troops/machines
in the history of warfare by the Allies on June 6, 1944, Normandy France
47. Battle of Coral Sea—first victory for the U.S. against Japan in the Pacific, U.S.
prevented Japanese invasion of Australia.
48. Pearl Harbor—December 7, 1941; attack by the Japanese on the U.S. Pacific fleet
brining the U.S. into World War II.
49. Manhattan Project—code name for the government program that developed the
atomic bomb used by the U.S. to end the war with Japan in 1945.
50. Cuban Missile Crisis—1962, U.S. President Kennedy demanded that Soviet
missiles be removed from Cuba under threat of war. Soviet leader Khrushchev
complies after the U.S. places an embargo on Cuba, the closest the world has ever
come to nuclear war.
51. 9/11—terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001; carried
out by Al Qaeda, masterminded and funded by Osama Bin Laden, part of his
Jihad (Holy War) launched against the United States as punishment for the U.S.
occupation of Muslim holy lands in Saudi Arabia since the Gulf War of 1991.
Bin Laden was killed in 2011 by the Navy Seals during a raid in Pakistan.
52. Clara Barton—a nurse during the American Civil War, made nursing a profession
of “women in white,” founded the American Red Cross.
53. Anti-Semitism—hatred and discrimination toward Jews.
54. Territories gained by the U.S. during Spanish-American War—Cuba, Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
55. Imperialism—the extension of a nations power over other lands
56. Commodore George Dewey—U.S. Naval commander who defeated the Spanish
in the Battle of Manila Bay to gain control of the Philippines for the U.S.
57. William Gorgas—Alabama military doctor who helped to alleviate yellow fever
during the building of the Panama Canal by teaching workers to drain swamps
and alleviate standing water.
58. Monroe Doctrine—issued by President James Monroe in 1821, warned against
European involvement in North America and guaranteed the independence of
Latin American countries
59. Zimmerman Telegram—sent by Germany to Mexico to convince them to join the
war against the Allies. Germany promised Mexico territory lost during the
Mexican War of 1848 (Texas, NM, AZ, and S. Cal.); helped bring U.S. into WWI
60. Militarism—aggressive preparation for war
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61. Deficit spending—when a government spends more than it collects in taxes,
usually involves the borrowing of money from other countries
62. Kellogg-Briand Pact—signed by 63 nations after World War I denouncing war as
part of public policy; is considered a failure because there were no punishments
for breaking the pact
63. Appeasement—policy of giving in to the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
nations to prevent war; adopted by Great Britain (and British PM Neville
Chamberlain) that actually helps lead the world into World War II.
64. General Douglas MacArthur—Allied commander in the Pacific, helped defend
the Philippines, accepted the Japanese surrender on August 14th aboard the U.S.S.
Missouri
65. John F. Kennedy—assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963, in
Dallas, Texas.
66. Warsaw Pact—Soviet response to NATO, was a defensive alliance of Eastern
European Communist countries
67. deterrence—the act of building up a huge arsenal of nuclear weapons in hopes of
convincing your enemies to attack you
68. ISIS or IS—Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or the Islamic State, the Muslim
terrorist organization carrying out the majority of attacks against Western
European nations and the U.S.
69. Boko Haram—the Muslim terrorist group carrying out murders and kidnappings
on the African continent.