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[email protected] – Joyce’s fonts 1000 Fading of Maya power in N Mexico, Bantu speaking people set up kingdoms in S Africa, Kingdoms of Takrur and Gao flourish in W Africa due to gold trade, Chinese perfect gunpowder and begin to use it in warfare, Italian towns become city-states, Rule of Stephen, first of Arpad dynasty of Hungary – accepts Christianity, Farmers in Peru grow sweet potatoes and corn, Leif Ericson reaches N America, Maori people settle in New Zealand, Polynesians begin to build stone temples, death of Roswitha the German nun and playwright, Bohemia and Moracia united, King Olaf I of Norway killen in Battle of Svolder and Norway becomes Danish, Piasts rule in Poland, Venice rules over Dalmatian coast and Adriatic Sea, King Rajaraja of the Chola dynasty conquers Ceylon, Ethelred II ravages Cumberland and Anglesey, King Stephen of Hungary receives from the pope title of Apostolic Majesty, Sancho III the Great of Navarre, Emperor Otto III makes Tome his permanent residence, Roswitha of Gandersheim dies, “Diary of a May-Fly” written by anonymous Japanese lady, “Beowulf” written in Old English, Japanese woman writes “The Pillow Book” about Japanese court, Archbishop of Gniezno established, King Stephen of Hungary founds the monastery of Gran, Christianity reaches Iceland and Greenland, Spiritual center of Judaism switches from Mesopotamia to Spain, Tishuanaco civilization extends all over Peru, Artistic revival in Italy with fresco and mosaic paintings, culture flourishes in Ghazni, Abbey of St. Hilaire in Poitiers, S. Pietro made in Perugia, Shiwa temple in Java, “Bridge of Ten Thousand Ages” in China, Climax of Yucatan peninsula, musical notation improved, Approximate date of Leif Ericsen in Nova Scotia, Indian mathematician Sridhara recognizes the importance of the zero, several attempts to fly or float aborted, Arabs and Jews become court physicians in Germany, Widespread fear of the end of the world and judgment day, the Danegeld creates – English tax, potatoes and corn planted in Peru, Frisians build dykes against floods, Chinese perfect inventions of gunpowder, Saxons settle at Bristol, Indian mathematician Sridhara discovers the number “0”, Vikings sight land in North America, Arabs spread decimal system to Spain, Spinning wheels used in China, Start of period of architecture known as Romanesque until about 1100, first moveable type created in China, Viking Biarni Heriulfsson blown off course and sights coast of North America, Battle of Svolder – Sweyn kills Olaf of Norway and annexes Norway to Denmark, Ethelred II ravages Cumberland, Move toward towns in Europe. End of Feudal System, Buddhism extinct in India, Established civilization back in Europe, Stephen, the Hungarian (Magyar) accepts Christianity, Mayan revival, Serfdom in Europe because slavery banned by Christians, Norse Greenlanders found short lived settlement in Newfoundland, Thule Eskimos begin to migrate into eastern Arctic, Collapse of Tiahuanaco and Huari empires in the Americas, Byzantine and HRE empires peak, Tibetan Tangut peoples found the Xixia state, European population reaches 42 million, Tiahuanaco and Huari abandoned in S America 1001 Chola king Rajaraja I conquers Sri Lanka, Hakin mosque built in Cairo, Leif Ericssen in Vinland, 1002 Death of Almanzor (Mohammed ibn abi-Amir al-Mansur) the chief minister of Omayyad caliphate at Cordoba – beginning of fall of caliphate, Death of 19 year old HRE Otto III – cousin Henry II the Saint rules, Birth of Edward the confessor, Massacre of St. Brice’s Day as Danishe settlers in England are murdered on order of Ethelred II, Basil II defeats Bulgarians at Vidin, start of Muzaffar as caliph of Cordoba, Leif Ericsson explores North American coast possibly as far south as Maryland, Ethelred marries Emma sister of Duke Richard of Normandy, Death of Otto III, Duke Henry of Bavaria becomes King Henry II of Germany (St. Henry), 1003 Death of Pope Sylvester II – first French pope – Pope John XVII, War between Germany and Poland, Sweyn lands with army in England, Founding of Bamberg Cathedral under Henry II, Sweyn and army or Norsemen land in England and pillage, Sveyn Forkbeard invades again in Britain, Pope Sylvester II dies 12 May, Pope John XVII (Siccone) appointed June, Dies Dec, Pope John XVIII (Giovannis Gasano) appointed 25 Dec (Pietro Bucca Porci - Peter Pig's Snout) 1004 Death of Pope John XVII – Pope John XVIII, King Henry’s first Italian campaign – defeats Ardoin and crowned King of Lombards at Pavia, Henry’s war against Boleslav, Arabs sack Pisa, China becomes tributary to the Tungusic Khitans 1005 Malcolm II rules Scotland as Kenneth III dies, Brian Boru of Munster recognizes in Ireland as “ard ri” (high king), Malcolm II King of Scotland, Malcolm II rules Scotland and by 1034 gains Strathclyde which unites SCO – becomes first King of Scotland 1006 Rudolph III of Burgundy appoints Henry II his heir, Mohammedans settle in northwestern India, Robert II of France allies himself with Henry II against Baldwin of Flanders, Ghaznavid Dynasty of Afghanistan extends through E Persia and NW India 1007 Ethelred II pays 30,000 pounds to the Danes to gain two years freedom from attacks, Chinese poet Ou Yang Hsiu born, Ethelred buys two years’ peace from Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver 1008 Japanese court lady Murasaki Shikibu begins to write <i>Tale of Genji</i>, Death of Muzaffar the caliph of Cordoba, Mahmud of Ghanzi defeats Hindus at Peshawar, Berno Abbot of Teichenau writes books on musical theory 1009 Death of Pope John XVIII – Pope Sergius IV, Mohammedans sack Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, First Imperial Diet at Goslar, Bruno of Querfurt martyred by Prussians, Thietmar Bishop of Merseburg writes “Chronicle”, death of Ibn Junis the Arab astronomer, Norse settle in N America 1010 Robert II of France proclaims the Peace of God, Richer of St. Remy writes “Historia Remensis ecclesiae”, <i>The Tale of Genji</i> by Lady Murasaki Shikibu of Japan, Under Haken, persecution and desecration of Christian shrines in Turkey 1011 Ethelred invades South Wales and the Danes take Canterbury, Handkerchief of St. Veronica kept in altar at Rome, “Handkerchief of Veronica” stored in Rome, 1012 Death of Pope Sergius IV – Pope Benedict VIII, Ethelred pays assitional 48,000 pounds to the Danes for peace, first persecution of heretics in Germany, the “Decretum” written by Bishop Buchard of Worms, Hakim Mosque in Cairo, Heinrich Cathedral in Bamberg, Danes sack Canterbury and are bought off for 48,000 pounds of silver, Danes sack Canterbury 1013 Danes become masters of England as Ethelred flees to Normandy, Danes conquer England, Sweyn lands in England and is proclaimed king – Ethelred flees to Normandy, Dane Sweyn Forkbeard seizes England, new king, Aethelred flees to Normandy 1014 Basil II of Byzantine empire defeats Bulgarians, Rajendra I becomes ruler of Cholas who dominate India, Brian Boru, high king of all Ireland defeats Vikings, but is killed after victory, Brian Boru of Ireland defeats Vikings at Clontarf, but is slain, death of Samuel Czar of Bulgaria, death of Sweyn of Denmark and Sweden – succeeded by Canute – Ethelred returns to England, on Henry’s second Italian campaign he is crowned emperor in Rome, end of Norse rule in Ireland at battle at Clontarf, Western Bulgaria ceded to Byzantium, Basil II has Bulgarian army blinded, Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu dies, End of Sweyn Forkbeard King of Denmark – English recall Ethelred II as king and Canute retreats to Denmark, Sveyn Forkbeard dies, Canute (son)king of Denmark. Aethelred restored to the throne, Danes under Svein Forkbeard conquer England 1015 Death of St. Vladimir prince of Kiev, Wessex submits to Canute the Dane, Atabs conquer Sardinia, Jaroslav becomes prince of Kiev, King Olaf II the Saint restores Norwegian independence and Christianity, Strasbourg Cathedral started, Pomposa Monastery introduces sight singing, first mention of Leipzig, , first “Communitas” or self government in Benevento, Canute again invades England – war between Danes and Saxons, Canute invades again, war between Danes and Saxons 1016 Death of Aethelred II, Reign of Canute, Viking king of England, begins, Norman knights in southern Italy, St. Paul’s at Worms, Japanese baroness Shikibu Murasake publishes “The Take of Genji”, Danes rule England to 1042, end of Ethelred II the Redeless – Edmund Ironside son of Ethelred II and Canute divide kingdom – Edmund assassinated and Canute rules as King of England and Olaf II as King of Norway, Aethelred dies, Son Edmund Ironside fights with Canute Saxons vs Danes, Battle of Ashingdon - Canute wins, they divide kingdom, Edmund assassinated, Eadulf I becomes king of Bamburgh, Cnut reigns in England, Denmark and Norway 1017 Canute (Knut) divides England into four earldoms, Eshin the Japanese Buddhist priest dies, Canute divides England into four earldoms, Canute, a Dane, recognized king of England, 1018 End of King Henry’s War against Boleslav (Germany and Poland), Union of southern and northern Scotland, Byzantium regains Macedonia, Bulgarians submit, Council of Oxford – Canute confirms laws of Edfar, Sacred Indian city of Muttra pillaged by Mahmud of Ghanzi, Brihadisva Rasvamin Temple in Tangore India, Mahmud of Ghazni pillages sacred city of Muttra in India 1019 Yaroslav the Wise, ruler of Kiev begins to rule, unifies Russian areas, Jaroslav the Wize unifies and rules Russia, Canute marries Emma of Normandy the widow of Ethelred II, Ealdred II King of Bamburgh, Canute marries Emma of Normandy, widow of Aethelred II 1020 Japanese court lady Murasaki Shikibu finishes writing <i>Take of Genji</i>, Boleslav I of Poland creates unified state, death of Firdausi the Persian poet, death of Aelfric the English Benedictine abbot and author, Jaroslav the Wise of Kiev codifies Russian law and builds cities, schools and churches, Pisa annexes Corsica, 1021 1022 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys recognize Olaf Haraldsson as king, Rebellion of Bernard II Duke of Saxony, death of Firdausi the Persian poet, Bamberg Cathedral consecrated by pope, death of Aelfric the English author and historian, crypt of Chartres Cathedral created, Persian poet Firdasi dies, Rise of Italian citystates, ibn Sina (Avicenna) compiles Canon of Medicine and also writes work on erosion Reign of Fatmid caliph al-Zahir begins, Henry’s third Italian campaign, Basil’s campaign against Armenia, St. Vitus dance epidemics in Europe, Caliph al-Hakim founds Druse sect after proclaiming self divine Emperor Henry II defeats Greeks in southern Italy, death of Eric the Saint – King of Sweden, Synod of Pavia insists on celibacy of higher clergy, Notker Teutonicus – monk of St. Gallen and translator of Boethius, Atistotle and the Psalter dies, Pope Benedict VIII institutes laws on celibacy Death of HRE Henry the Saint – succeeded as German king by Conrad II the Salic – first of Franconian line, Death of Pope Benedict VIII – Pope John XIX, Mahmud storms Somnath in Gujarat, India, End of Ghaznavid Empire expansion, Death of Swedish king Olaf Skutkonung, Conrad II becomes German King and HRE to 1039, Death of Henry II of Germany Conrad II rules, 9 Apr Pope Benedict VIII dies, Pope John XIX (Ioannes Undevicesimus, Conti di Tusculum) appointed Apr/May Death of Basil II of Byzantine empire, Boleslav I accepts title of King of Poland death of Boleslav I the duke of Poland, beginning decline of Byzantine power, Indecisive battle between Canute and Olaf at Holy River, Sweden, Takayoshi founds Tosa school of painting, Tosa School of painting founded in Japan, Boleslaw the Brave King of Poland dies Death of Chinese poet Lin Pu, death of Richard II the Good, duke of Normandy, Canute goes on pilgrimage to Rome, death of Lin Pu the Chinese poet, Guido d’Arezzo introduces solmization in music (do, re, mi…) Death of Japenese emperor Michinaga, Robert the Devil becomes Duke of Normandy, Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, Robert le Diable becomes Duke of Normandy to 1035, Arrival of Norman mercenaries in S Italy, Turkish empire Omar Khayyam born Persian scientist and Poet Canute conquers Norway, Romanus III becomes Byzantine emperor, Sancho of Navarre takes Castile , Death of Olaf II K of Norway, Zoe becomes Empress of Byzantine Empire to 1050, Canute conquers Norway and son Sweyn becomes King of Norway Death of William V duke of Aquitaine Mohammed of Ghanzi’s rule of Afghan empire ends after 33 years and 17 Indian invasions – death, Battle of Stiklestad – Canute defeats and kills the former Norwegian king – Olaf Haraldsson, Jaroslav of Kiev founds Dorpat, Vienna mentioned for the first time in documents, Arab physician Ibn Sina publishes Canon of Medicine, end of Mahmud as ruler in India, Olaf tries to regain throne of Norway and is killes at battle of Stiklestad End of Caliphate of Cordoba, death of Robert II of France, Henry I becomes king of France, Poland and Hungary create frontier treaty, Caliphate of Cordoba established, Henry I becomes King of France to 1060, Robert Capet (II) dies in France, son Henry reigns 1032 Death of Pope John XIX – Pope Benedict IX (Theophylactus III), Rudolph III of Burgundy dies, and Conrad unites Burgundy with the empire, Canute completes restoration of Bury St. Edmunds 1033 Germans and Russians defeat Mieczyslav II of Poland – it becomes fief of Empire, Castile becomes a separate kingdom, St. Anselm - scholastic philosopher born, Burgundy added to German throne (HRE), Burgundy added to German realm under Henry II 1034 Scotland becomes united under Malcolm II – end of his reign, end of Romanus III as Byzantine Emperor, Malcolm II of Scotland dies, grandson Duncan rules, Bratislav becomes duke Bohemia, Michael IV the Paphlagonian becomes Byzantine Emperor, start of Wurzburg Cathedral, Death of Malcolm II of SCO, reign of grandson Duncan I to 1040, Duncan I becomes king of Scotland, 1035 End of reign of Fatmid caliph al Zahir ends – decline of Fatmid power, death of Canute, Viking king of England – kingdom divided among sons Harold gets England, Swyen gets Norway and Hardicanute gets Denmark, Normandy in N France grows powerful, end of Sancho as king of Navarre, end of Robert the Devil Duke of Normandy, Ferdinand I of Castile reigns, End of Canute (Danish) King of England – possessions divided – Harold I Harefoot rules England to 1040, Hardicanute rules Denmark to 1042, end of Robert le Diable Duke of Normandy – William an illegitimate son becomes Duke to 1087, Canute the Dane rule of England ends, Robert the Devil, father of William the Conqueror dies on way home from pilgrimage, Dane Canute dies, Harold Harefoot usurps throne from Harthacanute, the heir, Canute the Dane who ruled England dies, Robert the Devil, father of William the Conqueror dies on way home from Jerusalem, 1036 Shanxi China quake kills 23000, Guido d’ Arezzo develops Modern musical notation 1037 Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Leon unite, Avicenna (Ibn Sina) the Arab physician and philosopher author of "Canon of Medicine" died, Conrad II makes small fiefs hereditary, Seljuk Turks rebel against the Ghaznavid emirate 1038 Death of Stephen I of Hungary, Chinese earthquake, death of Alhazen the Arab poet, After the death of Stephen of Hungary Abo usurps the throne and Peter the legal heir flees to Germany, founding of Order of Vallombrosa, death of Alhazen the Arab physicist, Buddhism flourishes in Tibet, Death of Stephen I of Hungary, Eadulf II King of Bamburgh, Seljuks conquer Khoradan in Turkish Empire 1039 Death of German king Conrad II the Salic – first of Franconian line, succeeded by Henry III, Prince Gruffydd of Gwynedd and Powya defeats the English, End of Conrad II the HRE and German King, Henry III the Black becomes HRE to 1056 1040 Earthquake in Persia, death of Duncan of Scotland at the hand of Macbeth who becomes king, Harold dies and is succeeded by Hardicanute, “Truce of God” proclaimed in Aquitaine, Petrocellus writes “Practica” an important medical work, ride of “Lady Godiva” to protest tax (disputed), Guido d’Arezzo introduces names for musical pitches, Murder of Duncan I of SCO by Macbeth Mormaer of Moray at Battle at Elgin – Macbeth rules as King of Scots, end of Harold I Harefoot King 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 of England – Hardicanute last Danish king of England to 1042, Dane Harold dies, Harthacanute king, Duncan I dies in Scotland, cousin Macbeth becomes king Death of Michael IV the Byzantine Emperor, Siward murders Eardwulf and becomes sole ruler of Northumbria, Battle of Montemaggiore – Lombards and Normans defeat Greeks, Casmir I becomes duke of Poland, Magister Franco writes on music, Chinese begin printing with moveable type Edward the Confessor begins to rule as king of England as Hardicanute dies, Magnus becomes king of Denmark, Constantine IX Monomachus becomes Byzantine emperor, Rise of Seljuk Turks, Syria quake kills 50000, End of Danish rule in England, Death of Hardicanute King of Denmark, Hardicanute King of England dies of drink – Saxon Edward the Confessor rules and power is in hands of Earl Godwin and his sons to 1066, Magnus the Good – son of Olaf II King of Denmark rules to 1047, Canute's sons (England) die Edward the Confessor becomes king, Harthacanute dies of drink, Edward the Confessor (Son of Aethelred II) king, Death of Canute's sons in England, crown passes to last of Ethelred's descendants - Edward the Confessor Edward the Confessor crowned Anawrata takes power in Burma, end of Pope Benedict IX – Pope Gregory VI – papacy sold by deposed Pope Benedict IX, Copenhagen first mentioned, Pope Benedict IX abdicates for financial reward, King Anawrahta creates a unified Burmese state based at Pagan El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) the Spanish national hero born, King Peter returns to Hungary and does homage to Henry III, Pope Sylvester III appointed (John Bishop of Sabinia) validity questioned, considered Anti-Pope, deposed at council of Sutri, Pope Benedict IX reappointed, Apr/May Pope Gregory VI appointed (Johannes Gratinus) deposed at Council of Sutri End of Pope Gregory VI – both popes dethroned, Synod of Rome elects Pope Clement II – a Saxon, Henry III crowned emperor of Rome , Harald Haardraada King of Norway to 1066, Synod of Pavia reforms church - Simony (buying church offices) suppressed, Pope Benedict IX deposed at Council of Sutri, Pope Clement II (Suidger Saxony) appointed Pope 24 Dec, Pope Gregory VI deposed at Council of Sutri Death of Magnus, King of Denmark, end of third pope – Pope Clement II the Saxon – Pope Benedict IX reigns, William of Normandy defeats rebellious nobles at Valdes-Dunes, Swyen Estrithson becomes king of Denmark, Harald Hardrada becomes king of Norway, Henry III reestablishes the duchies of Carinthia, Bavaria and Swabia, Andrew I becomes King of Hungary, End of Magnus the Good King of Denmark, Sweyn II Canute’s nephew named King of Denmark to 1076, Pope Clement II dies 9 Oct, Pope Benedict IX reappointed Nov, Normans conquer S Italy and Sicily Death of Pope Benedict IX – Pope Damascus II, Ou Yang Hsiu the Chinese poet writes stories of T’and dynasty, Death of Beruni, Arab historian, Pope Benedict IX deposed and excommunicated, 17 Jul Pope Damasus II (Poppo Tirol) appointed, dies Aug 9 1049 Death of Pope Damascus II – Pope Leo IX a German (later canonized), death of Elias bar Shinaya the Syrian historian, Pope Leo IX (Bruno, Count of Dagsbourg) appointed 12 Feb, 1050 End of Igbo-Ukwu culture in E Nigeria, Culture of Yoruba people if Ife flourishes in Nigeria until 1400, Almoravids – Berber Muslims from W Sahara start to take over Morocco, Algeria and part of Spain, death of Guido d’ Arezzo the Italian musical theorist and teacher, Egypt collapses under military dictatorship, Northmen penetrate into England, French biography “Vie de St. Alexis” written, collection of Welsh tales “The Mabinogion” written, Ssu-ma-Kuang writes “History of China from 500 BC to AD 1000”, oldest Russian monasteries in Kiev, Japanese sculptor Jocho sets up school, Building of Exeter cathedral and Winchester Cathedral, Jain temples in Mount Abu India, Palazzo Reale in Palermo, St. Sophia Cathedroal in Novgorod, German imperial crown made, Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chants, First German Christmas carol – “Sys Willekomen heirre kersts”, harp first arrives in Europe, time values given to musical notes, Geographer Adam of Bremen believes Baltic Sea to be an ocean open to the east, Important astronomic instruments (astrolabes) arrive in Europe, earliest references to Nuremburg, Oslo, Delhi and Timbuktu, English monks excel in embroidery, Chinese use ceramics to create moveable type, polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chant, Perisan poet Omar Kayyam born, End of golden age of Ghana, death of Guido of Arezzo the inventor of modern musical notation, Decline of the Empire of Ghana, Empire of Ghana declines as Moslem stronghold, Growth of towns and ceremonial centers in Mississippi basin 1051 Earl Godwin exiled until 1052 of England, Edward expels Godwine family, promises throne to William, Duke of Normandy 1052 Pisa takes Sardinia from the Arabs, Rebellion of Conrad, Duke of Bavaria, Return of Earl Godwin, Edward the Confessor begins building Westminster Abbey, Westminster Abbey built in England, Earl Godwin of England returns from exile with a fleet and wins back power, Edward the Confessor founds Westminster Abbey, Godwine, ear of Wessex, returns, Edward the Confessor founds Westminster Abbey 1053 Harold, son of Earl of Wessex serves as King Edward’s chief advisor, death of Earl Godwin, Norman Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy and founds Norman empire there, Danegeld (tax) abolished, Henry IV son of Henry III elected and crowned HRE, Harold succeeds his father Godwin as Earl of Wessex, Adalbert of Bremen appointed papal vicar of northern Europe, Hoodo pavilion created in Japan, Henry IV crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Byodo temple built in Japan, Death of Godwin and son Harold succeeds him as Earl of Wessex, Godwine's son, Harold, advisor to king and earl of Wessex 1054 Death of Yaroslav (Jaroslav) the Wise of Kiev, Split of Rome and E Christian Byzantium, Death of Constantine IX Monomachus the Byzantine Emperor, death of Pope Leo IX, papal chair remains empty for one year, cleavage between Roman and Eastern churches remains permanent, expansion of commercial relations between Italy and Egypt, Macbeth defeated by Malcolm and Siward of Northumbria at Dunsinane, Kiev empire starts to decline, Poland recaptures Silesia from Bohemia, Henry I of France invades Normandy and is defeated at 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 Mortemer, Death of Jeroslav the Wise of Russia, Schism divides Roman and Eastern Churches, Eastern Church becomes separate from Rome, Abdallah ben Yassim begins Muslim conquest of West Africa, E and W schism of the Church, Roman pope and Byzantine pope excommunicate each other, Russia splits from Papacy, 19 Apr Pope Leo IX dies, Religious schism between East and West Christianity End of Buyides rule over Baghdad, End of Bratislav, Duke of Bohemia, Siward of Northumbria dies, succeeded by Tostig son of Godwin, Spitigniev II of Bohemia rules, Pope Victor II elected – a Bavarian, Seljuk Turks take Baghdad and solidify conquest of Persia, Harold’s brother Tostig becomes Earl of Northumbria, Seljuk Turks take Muslim powerand Baghdad, Harold's brother Tostig becomes earl of Northumbria, 13 Apr Pope Victor II (Gebhard, Count of Calw, etc.) Appointed Death of Henry III, Henry IV rules under guardianship of Empress Agnes, Gruffydd does homage to Harold of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, Michael VI serves as Eastern Emperor, Beginning of democratic Pataria movement in Milan, Pagoda created at Shansi China, End of Henry III the Black as HRE – Henry IV named HRE to 1106 with mother Agnes as regent until 1065, Basil's dynasty in Byzantium ends, Henry III of Germany HRE dies, Henry IV becomes king, Death of Henry III of Germany (HRE) Henry IV becomes king Malcolm III rules Scotland as Macbeth is murdered, Death of Pope Victor II – Pope Stephen X rules, end of Michael VI as Eastern Emperor, death of Leofric of Mercia - succeeded by Alfgar, Isaac Comnenus serves as Eastern Emperor, Ostronomic Gospel written in Novgorod, China quake kills 25000, Battle of Lumphanah – Malcolm canmore “Big Head” son of Duncan defeats and kills Macbeth. Lulach Macbeth stepson of Macbeth rules SCO after Macbeth to 1058, Isaac I founds Comnenian dynasty of Byzantium, Scotland - Macbeth slain in battle by Malcolm, son of Duncan I and takes throne as Malcom III, 28 Jul Pope Victor II dies, 2 Aug Pope Stephen X (Frederic de Lorraine) appointed, Comnenian Dynasty of East Europe formed under Isaac Death of Casmir I duke of Poland, death of Pope Stephen X, Pope Benedict X rules, Malcolm slays Lulach and becomes King of Scotland, Battle of Varaville – William of Normandy defeats Geoffrey of Anjou, Boleslav II becomes duke of Poland, Parma Cathedral begun, Malcolm III Canmore takes Scottish crown to 1093 after Lulach assassinated – Married to daughter of William I of ENG and has allegiance to ENG, Boleslav II K of POL rules and conquers upper Slovakia, Boleslav II the Bold rules Poland to 1079 – conqueror of upper Slovakia, 29 Mar Pope Stephen X dies, Pope Nicholas II (Gérard de Bourgogne) appointed Dec 6 Death of Eastern Emperor Isaac Comnenus, Death of Pope Benedict X, Pope Nicholas II, Philip I becomes coregent in France, Treaty of Melfi - \Robert Guiscard and Richard of Aversa Prince of Capua become papal vassals, Constantine X becomes Eastern Emperor, papal decree establishes papal elections by cardinals only, work begins on Bonn Cathedral, Death of Isaac I of Byzantium, Papal reforms issued, Gregory elected contrary to reforms, excommunicates all married priests, Pope Nicholas II declares all electors must be Cardinals, Death of Isaac I of Constantinople, Gregory (later Pope) helps make new canons 1060 Death of Henry I king of France – now solely ruled by Philip I, Death of Andrew I the king of Hungary – replaced by Bela I, “Christ as Ruler of the World” the Byzantine mosaic created in Greece, order of the Hashashin (Assassins) formed among Muslim radicals – probably in Turkey, Almoravid Muslims build Dynasty in N Africa, Death of Henry I King of France, Philip I rules France to 1108, King Henry of France dies, Philip I becomes French King, King Henry of France dies, Philip I reigns - (Name is from Byzantine source due to Russian mother 1061 Death of Spitigniev II of Bohemia, Death of Pope Nicholas II Pope Alexander II rules, Malcolm of Scotland invades Northumbria, Normans conquer Messina, Muslim Almoravid Dynasty in North Africa, Malcolm Canmore invades Northumbria, 27 Jul Pope Nicholas II dies, Pope Alexander II (Anselmo de Baggio) appointed 30 Sep 1062 Almoravids from W Sahara found capital at Marrakech, Coup of Kaiserswerth – Archbishop Anno II of Cologne seizes Henry IV, Berengar of Tours opposes doctrine of transubstantiation, Marrakesh founded, Yusuf ben Tashfin founds Marrakesh in Morocco 1063 End of Bela I king of Hungary as Germans conquer, Harold and Tostig subdue Wales, Alp Arslan rules the Seljuks, Pisa cathedral started, King Bela of Hungary dies when canopy collapses on him, Harold and Tostig subdue Wales 1064 Harold promises to support the claim of William of Normandy when Edward dies, Drought and famine begins in Egypt, Seljuks conquer Armenia, Hungarians seize Belgrade from Byzantium, “Ezzolied” written by German crusaders, Harold shipwrecked in Normandy and swears oath to support William of Normandy’s claim to England, Great German Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Harold promises to support the claim of William of Normandy when Edward dies, Drought and famine begins in Egypt 1065 Muslim Seljuk Turks invade Asia Minor, Sancho II becomes king of Castille, Henry IV comes of age to rule on his own, Consecration of Westminster Abbey, Monk Wilhelm von Hirsau writes treatise on music theory, <i>Song of Roland</i> began to be written, End of Agnes as regent in HRE – Henry IV rules independently, Northumbria rebels against Tostig who is exiled, Nizamayeh academy founded at Baghdad, Muslim Seljuk Turks invade Asia Minor 1066 Battle of Hastings where William of Normandy defeats Harold the Confessor of England, end of Edward the Confessor, Death of Harald Hardrada king of Norway, Norman invasion leads to loss of prestige of English language, Beginning of Norman (Romanesque) architecture, Work begins at Fotheringay Castle in England, Halley’s Comet mentioned, William the Conqueror is first Norman King of England, first sighting of Halley's Comet, Romanesque architecture (Norman) flourishes, Edward the Confessor of ENG dies childless and the Witan (council) makes Harold II King who fights broth who attacks with Norse at Stamford Bridge, meanwhile William the Conqueror lands in Sussex – Battle of Hastings, Tostig and Harold Haardraada of Norway invade England – Harold defeats them at battle of Stamford Bridge killing both, Edward the confessor dies and Harold, son of Godwin competes for throne of England, Edward dies, Harold Godwineson successor, William of Normandy declares throne was promised to him, Battle of Hastings, conquered Oct 14 (William I the Conqueror) defeats Anglo-Saxon 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 England, Deathof Norwegian king Harald Hardradaat Stamford Bridge, England ending England's Viking era, Edward the Confessor dies, Harold, son of Godwin (Earl of Essex) claims crown of England along with William of Normandy, Pope supports William, Norway attacks Britain, Harold wounded, William rules on Christmas End of Constantine X as Eastern Emperor, Boleslav II of Poland takes Kiev, Romanus IV becomes Eastern Emperor, work begins on Bayeux tapestry, Rebuilding of Monte Cassino monastery, William I founds Battle Abbey in Hastings, Work starts on building Tower of London, Rebuilding of Monte Cassino monastery in Italy, William represses Saxon revolt, tower of London built, Feudalism introduced to England First invasion of South Wales by Normans, She-tsung the Emperor of China starts nationalization of agricultural production and distribution, Nationalist risings in N and W of England crushed by William I, “Shotoku Taishi Eden” becomes the oldest Yamatoe style painting still in existence, Sung dynasty prime minister Wang An-shih tries to reform China but leaves it vulnerable to Mongol takeover by Genghis Khan, Shen Tsung rules China to 1085, Normans subdue north of England, William puts down revolt by Edwin and Morcar, William subdues North Drought in Durham England, End of Norman Conquest of England, Famine begins in Egypt until 1072 Death of Gabriol or Solomon ben Yehuda ibn the Jewish-Spanish philosopher, Rising in Ely under Hereward, Bavaria bestowed upon Welf IV by Henry IV, death of Gabriol – first Jewish philosopher in Europe, Amalfi merchants in Jerusalem found Order of St. John, York Cathedral started, Chinese scientist Shen Kua develops natural sciences, production of illuminated manuscripts in Europe, Abelard - Christian theologian - revives teachings of Aaristotle born, Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England, Hereward the Wake begins Saxon revolt, Lanfrank becomes Archbishop, doesn't enforce celibacy of priests, Islam spreads in sub- Saharan Africa Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert, William the Conqueror defeats rebel Anglo-Saxon Hereward the Wake, William the Conqueror invades Scotland, Turks take Jerusalem, end of Romanus IV as Eastern Emperor (see first in list), Philip I defeated near Cassel by Robert of Flanders, Normans conquer last Byzantine possessions in Italy, Michael VII becomes Eastern Emperor, Constantine the African brings Greek medicine to Western world, Turkish leader Alp Arslan the “Lion Hero” fights Byzantine empire under Romanus IV Diogenes and Turks win battle of Manzikert, Seljuks conquer most of Asia Minor, Seljuk Turks invade and capture Jerusalem, close Jerusalem to Christians, defeat Byzantines at Manzikert, Wm defeats revolt by Hereward the Wake in E Anglia, Turk Muslims close Jerusalem to Christians, Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem, false rumors about Christian persecution spread, Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert, William the Conqueror defeats rebel Anglo-Saxon Hereward the Wake, William the Conqueror invades Scotland, Turks take Jerusalem Beginning of Norman conquest of Sicily, William the Conqueror recognized as overlord of Scotland by Malcolm III, End of 8 years of famine in Egypt, death of Alp Arslan the ruler of the Seljuks, death of Sancho II king of Castille, Normans 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 under Robert Guiscard conquer Palermo, death of Petrus Damiani Cardinal of Ostia, St. Etienne and La Trinite built in Caen, Chinese poet Ou Yang Hsiu dies, End of famine in Egypt, William invades Scotland and receives submission of Hereward the Wake, Norman conquest of Sicily until 1091, Alfonso VI King of Castile until 1109, Wm invades Scotland, compels Malcom III to pay homage, Beginning of Norman conquest of Sicily, William the Conqueror recognized as overlord of Scotland by Malcolm III, End of 8 years of famine in Egypt Dictus Papae puts Roman Bishop above all others – only Pope, death of Pope Alexander II, Pope Gregory VII elected, Reorganization of English Church – York subordinated by Canterbury, Pueblos built at Mesa Verde in SW Colorado, Alrava tesh vara Temple in India started, Gregory VII (Hildebrand of Soana) named Pope to 1085, Michael VII E Roman Emperor requests help from Pope Gregory VII, 21 Apr Pope Alexander II dies, Pope Gregory VII appointed next day, (Hildebrand Soana), Michael VII - East Roman Emperor, requests that Pope Gregory VII help stop invasion of Turks Peace of Gerstyungen between Henry IV and the Saxons, Robert Guiscard excommunicated by Gregory VII, Geza I becomes King of Hungary, married priests excommunicated Syria and Palestine subdued by Seljuk leader Malik Shah, Dictus papae on papal world dominance, Richmond castle in Yorkshire, St. James Cathedral at Santiago de Compostela, Seljuk Turks conquer Syria and Palestine, Conflict in Holy Roman Emipre between Pope Gregory VIII and King Henry IV, Omar Kayyam uses geometry to solve cubic equations, allegorical plays in India, Pope Gregory VII forbids HRE Henry IV from electing bishops, so Henry deposes Pope and Henry excommunicated. He is shunned and seeks penance, Dispute over appointment of bishops in Europe to 1122, Seljuk leader Malik Shah conquers Syria and Palestine, Pope forbids lay investiture - challenging authority of HRE, Henry IV HRE defeats Saxons, Halley's Comet, Investiture Controversy begins, Pope Gregory VII forbids lay investure and threatened excommunication to opposers - puts more power in church hands, Henry IV of Germany defeats Saxons, Henry HRE and Pope Gregory argue W Saharan Muslims invade Ghana, Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem, death of Sweyn Estrithson king of Denmark, Gregory VII challenged by German bishops at Synod of Worms dethrones and excommunicates Henry IV, Godfrey Duke of Lower Lorraine assassinated, Decline of Ghana empire, Ghana Kingdom collapses as Berbers and Muslims take over, Mali kingdom arises, end of Sweyn II as King of Denmark, Synod of Worms – bishops declare Pope Gregory deposed – Gregory excommunicated Henry IV, Nobles decide to give Henry IV of Germany one year to make peace with Pope, Henry does so for political reasons, forces Pope to grant him penance, W Saharan Muslims invade Ghana, Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem Pope Gregory expels HRE Henry IV from church – conflict for 100 years, Henry IV goes as penitent to Canossa and is absolved by Pope, First English Cluniac monastery at Lewes, St. Albans Abbey built, Almoravid Dynasty in Ghana to 1087, Henry HRE does penance to Gregory at Canossa, Civil warin HRE to 1080 1078 Death of Michael VII the Byzantine Emperor, death of Geza I king of Hungary, Nicephorus III becomes Eastern Emperor, death of Michael Psellos the Byzantine Platonist philosopher, Tower of London started 1079 Frederick of Staufen marries daughter of Henry IV and is made Duke of Swabia, founding of Newcastle, Death of Boleslav II of POL, William begins constructing Winchester Cathedral, son Robert rebels in Normandy, but is defeated, Peter Abelard theologian and philosopher born, Abelard (educator) father of the idea that reason precedes faith is born 1080 Canute IV the Saint becomes King of Denmark, death of Rudolf of Swabia, Henry IV again deposed and excommunicated, Armenian state established in Cilicia, Consecration of Otranto Cathedral, creation of Toledan table of positions of stars, Constantine the African compiles medical work disguised as a monk and helps the public have medical information, Toledan Tables in Spain chart position of stars, Gregory again excommunicated Henry and Henry IV finally deposes Pope Gregory VII, Order of the Hospital of St. John (Knights Hospital) in ITA founded, Canute IV King of Denmark to 1086, Pope excommunicates Henry HRE- Henry sets up anti-pope, Wm refuses homage to Pope, Construction of the Friday Mosquein Isfahan 1081 Death of Boleslav II of Poland, death of Nicephorus III as Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor, Henry IV marches into Italy, Robert Guiscard incades the Balkans, rebuilding of Mainz Cathedral, commercial treaty between Venice and Byzantium, Alexius I Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor to 1118, Venetians negotiate trade privileges in Constantinople 1083 Henry IV storms Rome, 1084 Robert Guiscard frees Gregory VII who was imprisoned by Henry IV at Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, Robert Guiscard Duke of Paulia forces Henry HRE to retreat to Germany, Henry HRE defeats Rudolph (substiture HRE), Henry IV of Germany defeats antiking and sets up antipope, is excommunicated by Gregory VII, but few care - 2 popes, 2 kings 1085 Death of Norman Robert Guiscard the conqueror of southern Italy, Death of Pope Gregory VII Hildebrand of Soana, Henry IV extends “Peace of God” over whole empire, Toledo taken from the Arabs by Alfonso VI, Vratislav Duke of Bohemia crowned king, End of Shen Tsung as Emperor of China, Death of Pope Gregory VII, Alfonso VI captures Toledo from the Moors, Pope Gregory dies, Domesday Book (Census) taken, Pope Gregory VII dies 29 May, Death of Pope Gregory VII, one of two popes 1086 William I orders Domesday survey of England which includes slaves as property, death of Wang-Anshi the Chinese poet, death of She-tsung the Emperor of China, Death of Canute IV the Saint – King of Denmark, Almoravid dynasty revives Mohammedan rule in Spain, Pope Victor III elected, Bruno of Cologne founds Carthusian Order, Shen Kuo of China develops magnetic compass, William the Conqueror initiates Domesday survey, Canute IV of Denmark assassinated and Danish threat to England lifted, Domesday Book (Census) completed, Pope Victor III appointed 28 May (Desiderio), William I orders Domesday survey of England 1087 Death of William I of England, Son William II “Rufus” rules in England and Robert in Normandy, death of Pope Victor III, Conrad the eldest son of Henry IV crowned king of Germany, St. Pauls in London burns and is rebuilt, End of Almoravid Dynasty in Ghana, End of William of Normandy – William II Rufus named King of England to 1100 and brother Robert Duke of Normandy, William Rufus (The Red) rules England, Wm dies of injuries, Wm II (Rufus) king, older brother Robert is Duke of Normandy, 16 Sep Pope Victor III dies, Son of William the Conqueror - William Rufus (the Red) rules, Death of William I of England, Son William II rules 1088 Patzinak Turks settle between Danube and Balkans, Pope Urban II elected, French theologian Berengar of Tours dies, Chung-Jen in China paints with ink on silk, Urban II named Pope to 1099, WmII crushes rebellion, Pope Urban II appointed 12 Mar (Odo of Lagery) 1089 Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury dies and post vacant four years, Beginning of 3rd Crusade 1090 Mechanical water clock invented in Kaifeng China, death of Kuo His the Chinese painter, Ingo I becomes king of Sweden, first water-driven mechanical clock created in China, Hasan ibn al-Sabbah first “Old Man of the Mountain” founds Assassin sect in Persia, Wm II Invades Normandy to subdue brother, Mechanical water clock invented in Kaifeng China 1091 Norman armies finally conquer Sicily, Tornado in London England, Treaty of Caen between William II and Robert of Normandy (brothers), eclipse of the moon noted in Italy by Walcher of Malvern, End of Norman conquest of Sicily, Wm II stops invasion from Malcom III Scots, Norman armies finally conquer Sicily, Tornado in London England 1092 William II conquers Cumberland, death of Vratislav II of Bohemia, Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah dies and capital moved from Iconium to Smyrna, Building of Carlisle Castle begins, Death of Malik Shah the Seljuk Turk – Seljuk empire at zenith, Cistercian monks founded, Carlisle and Cumberland captured from Scots, Death of Malik Shah of Turkish empire - Seljuk sultanate disintegrates, Cistercian monks - outgrowth of Benedictines - organized, end of 3rd Crusade 1093 End of rule of Malcolm III of Scotland – dies during invasion of England – brother Donald Bane rules, Hugh le Gros founds Benedictine monastery in Chester, End of Malcolm Canmore as King of Scots dies in battle with English, Donald Bane rules to 1097, Malcolm III captured and killed at Alnwick, Malcolm III succeeded by brother Donald II (Donald Bane), End of rule of Malcolm III of Scotland 1094 El Cid takes Valencia from the Moors, St. Marks in Venice completed, first record of gondolas in Venice, Flooding and pestilence in France and Rhineland, Scotland- Donald Bane driven out by Duncan, son of Malcolm III, becomes Duncan II, killed and Donald Bane back, St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice started 1095 Eric I becomes King of Denmark, Hungarians conquer Croatia and Dalmatia, Pope Urban II consecrates rebuilt abbey church of Cluny, Council of Clermont where Pope Urban II pronounces first crusade, Start of Crusades with Papal call, Pope Urban II holds Council of Clermont to work out details of crusade, later the Pope's speech seemed the impetus, but the Council was really, Peter the Hermit 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 preaches "Crusade", Drought and famine in Europe, Emperor Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine) appeals to Pope for help against Turks Nov - first crusade started with Pope speech, Wm II stops revolt, Pope preaches first Crusade, "Song of Roland" chanson de geste celebrates chivalric ideals, Council of Clermont under Pope Urban II helps influence Crusade fever First Crusade to 1099 – participants include Godfrey of Bouillon and Tancred the nephew of Robert Guiscard, Nave of Norwich cathedral started, Japanese quake and tsunami, French Jews begin to be killed in Crusade, First Crusade begins French and Normans take Constantinople and Palestine, defeating Turks and Muslims, First Crusade underway – first lasts three years, Count Werner I dies (First Hapsburg), First crusade begins Aug, Jews massacred in German cities, Pope Urban II offers privileges to Crusaders fighting Spanish Muslims, First great crusade Edgar, son of Malcolm becomes king of Scotland (Donald Bane no longer rules), Crusaders defeat Turks at Dorylaeum and conquer Nicaea, Henry IV returns from Italy to Germany, End of first Crusade, Edgar second son of Malcolm Canmore made King of Scotland to 1107 defeating Donald Bane with help of William II of England, Jun 7 Crusaders arrive at Jerusalem, Jul 15 slaughter of Moslems, Godfrey of Boullion named "Defender of Holy Sepulcher" (King) of Jerusalem, Scotland Donald Bane out by half-brother of Duncan II Edgar Monastery founded at Citeaux France – Cistercian monks, Wales invaded by William II of England, Battle of Jerusalem, Louis VI made coregent with Philip I of France, Orkneys, Hebrides and Isle of Man taken by Magnus III of Norway, Crusaders defeat Turks at Antioch, Monastery of Citeaux (Cistercian) founded by St. Robert, Rajarani Temple at Orissa, Nicholas Prevost of Tours publishes “Antidotarum” a collection of 2650 medical prescriptions from Salerno, St. Robert founds first Cistercian monastery at Citeaux France, Wm stops Welsh rebellion, Crusaders take Edessa and Antioch, Monastery founded at Citeaux France â?? Cistercian monks, Wales invaded by William II of England, Battle of Jerusalem Floods in ENG and Netherlands, Crusaders capture Jerusalem killing 40k (true?)– appoint Defender of the Holy Sepulcher – defeat Egyptians at Ascalon, death of El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) the Spanish national hero, death of Pope Urban II – election of Pope Paschal II, end of first crusade, Japanese quake and tsunami, Crusaders take Jerusalem, End of 1st Crusade, death of Pope Urban II, Crusaders capture Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon elected King of Jerusalem, Crusade of Princes captures Jerusalem, Sultans of Rum, Godfrey of Boullion new King of Jerusalem, Pope Urban II dies 29 July, Pope Paschal II appointed 13 Aug (Raniero Romagna), Defeat of Egyptian relief army at Ascalon, Jerusalem captured by Crusaders, Godfrey titled "Defender of the Holy Sepulche", Floods in ENG and Netherlands, Crusaders capture Jerusalem Pueblos build circular rooms in N America, decline of Ghana empire in W Africa, probable founding of Katanga in Zaire, Height of Chimu civilization at Chan Chan, Peru, Anasazi build cliff dwellings, Rise of Incas in Peru, Hohokam people build religious platforms in AZ, first statues erected on Easter Island, Beginning of Hawaiian societies, Earliest Polynesian settlements on Pitcairn islands, Death 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 of William II Rufus of England killed accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrel in the New Forest – succeeded by Henry I, Baldwin becomes King of Jerusalem, Baldin I becomes King of Jerusalem, Indian love poem “Gitagocinda”, “Chanson de Roland” the French heroic poem written, “Play of the Wise and Silly Virgins”, Indian allegorical play written, Ile-de-France becomes prevailing dialect, Old English gives way to Middle English, Gothic architecture, Castle Chillon in Switzerland, baptistery created in Florence, beginnings of secular music school in polyphonic style, start of decline of Islamic science, Sinchi ROca civilization in Peru, Third Pueblo Period in SW US, Munich and Stettin mentioned in records, probable colonization of Polynesia from S. America, Chinese invent magnifying glass, Shona people construct stone walls in Great Zimbabwe, Chinese publish illustrated texts in Botany, <i>Song of Roland</i> completed, Gothic architecture peaks, Old English replaced by Middle English, Start of period of architecture known as Gothic until 1500s, Hanseatic League (guilds) forms and starts to dominate trade, Polynesian islands colonized, end of William II Rufus of England – Henry I rules following his brother’s assassination to 1135, Baldwin of Bouillon Count of Edessa, Raymond of Toulouse named Count of Tripoli, Bohemund of Otranto Prince of Antioch, Colonization of Polynesian islands continues, Building of Great Zimbabwe, Godfrey of Jerusalem dies, brother Baldwin rules, Death of William Rufus (unliked son ofWilliam the Conqueror) of England - buried in Winchester Cathedral, brother Henry I becomes king of England, Robert I (brother) returns from crusades, Wm II killed by arrow... "accident?" Brother Henry I becomes king, issues charter of liberties, promising good government, Marries Edith, dau Malcolm III of Scotland, End of the Toltec civilization, rise of the Incan civilization, Khmer kingdom built, Begin Gothic style, The Numic peoples (Utes, Goshutes, Piutes) move into Utah, artesian and graftsmen's guilds developin European towns, Godfrey, crusader and leader of Jerusalem dies, brother Baldwin rules and accepts title of King, accidental death of William Rufus of England, younger brother Henry (the First) rules Treaty of Alton – Robert of Normandy bought off after invading England, King Conrad dies, Roger II becomes count of Sicily, Minsk becomes new capital, Accession of Emperor Hai-tsung, Su Tung-p’o Chinese poet dies, Robert of England confronts Henry, Robert pushed back to Normandy, Robert of Normandy (Brother) invades, is unsuccessful, Robert, son of William the Conqueror and brother of England's Henry invades England, but settled peacefully Boleslav III Duke of Poland rules Death of Eric I as king of Denmark, Magnus III of Norway invades Ireland and is killed, Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire, “Method of Architecture” published in China Acre taken by Crusaders Henry IV captured by son and abdicates, colonization of Eastern Germany begins, Angouleme Cathedral built Li Lung-mien the Chinese painter dies, Henry IV dies and Henry V the last Salic emperor reigns, End of Henry IV as HRE – Henry V rules to 1125, Henry I of ENG defeats brother Robert Duke of Normandy at battle of Tinchebrai – Robert captive for life, Abdication of Henry IV HRE of Germany, Henry V becomes 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1118 HRE, Henry I of England invades Normandy and captures Brother Robert Robert imprisoned, War between Henry and Robert, Henry takes control of Normandy, Robert remains captive, Death of Henry IV of Germany, Henry V rules; Henry I of england invades Normandy and takes brother Robert prisoner End of Edgar son of Malcolm in Scotland – brother Alexander rules, end of Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire, Death of Edgar ruler of Scotland, Alexander I his younger brother rules to 1124 Death of Henry I of France Death of Philip I of France – succeded by Louis VI, Louis Vi begins expansion of Capetian Dynasty, Death of Philip I King of France – Louis VI rules to 1137 Death of Anslem of Canterbury the philosopher – see is vacant for five years, Anglo-French war begins, Death of Alfonso Vi King of Castile, War between England and France until 1113, Anselm founder of Scholasticism dies, Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, Anselm died (father of Scholasticism - faith precedes reason) Earliest record of miracle play in Dunstable England Death of Al Gazali the Arab theologian, Henry V crowned emperor in Rome, Emperor Henry V forces Pope Paschal II t acknowledge power of Emperor, Partial collapse in Winchester Cathedral - blamed on both watery foundation and curse Death of Ingo I King of Sweden, Henry V excommunicated by Synod of Vienne, Pope excommunicates Henry V of Germany Reign of Suryavarman II of Cambodia – starts building temple complex at Angkor Wat, end of Anglo-French war, Balearic Islands conquered by Pisa, Vladimir Il Monomakh becomes Grand Duke of Kiev, “Lefes Henrici” codified, order of Knights Hospitalers of St. John created at Jerusalem, St. Bernard joins Cistercian Order, founding of St. Nicholas Novgorod – early onion-domes church, Knights Hospital approved by Pope, End of war between England and France, Founding of Order of St. John formally acknowledged by papacy, Knights of St. John established in Jerusalem (Order of the Hospital of St. John), Reign of Suryavarman II of Cambodia -?? starts building temple complex at Angkor Wat Founding of Chichester Cathedral, Matilda (Maud) daughter of Henry I of England marries Emperor Henry V, French teacher Peter Abelard begins teaching, Bernard of Clairvaux makes his abbey most important monastery in Europe, completion of St. Albans Abbey, Stephen II becomes king of Hungary, State of Chin established in Northern China, Florence becomes free republic, founding of Clairvaux with St. Bernard as first abbot, Stephen III King of Hungary to 1131, St. Bernard founds Abbey of Clairvaux FRA and becomes first abbot, French teacher Peter Abelard begins teaching, Bernard of Clairvaux makes his abbey most important monastery in Europe Completion of Pisa Cathedral, death of Pope Paschal II – Pope Gelasius elected, John II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor, End Alexius I Comnenus as Byzantine emperor, John II COmnenus rules to 1143, Mother Matilda dies, Knights Templar founded, Pope Paschal II dies 21 Jan, Pope Gelasius II appointed 24 Jan (Giovanni Coniulo Gaeta) 1119 Bologna U founded in Italy, Death of Pope Gelasius II, Pope Calixtus II a Burgundian noble, Charles the Good becomes Count of Flanders, Knights Templar founded by Hugues de Payens, 28 Jan Pope Gelasius II dies, Pope Calixtus II (Guido, Comte de Bourgogne) appointed 2 Feb, Bologna U founded in Italy 1120 Chinese invent and play with painted playing cards, Heir to English throne William is drowned – disaster of the “White Ship”, peace between Henry I of England and Louis VI of France, scholastic philosophy developed, latitude and longitude developed by Welcher of Malvern, First troubadour poetry, William heir of Henry I of England drowned in wreck of the “White Ship”, King's Son, William is drowned. Daughter, Matilda, heir, Knight's Templar organized, Chinese invent and play with painted playing cards, Heir to English throne William is drowned 1121 German princes meet at Wurzburg to work out compromise between pope and Emperor Henry V, Synod of Soissons condemns Abelard’s teachings on the trinity – Abelard castrated for teachings, Henry md Adela of Louvain 1122 Byzantines exterminate Patzinak Turks, Henry I created earldom of Gloucester for his illegitimate son Robert of Caen, birth of Frederick I Barbarossa, Concordat of Worms settles investiture question, Piacenza cathedral created, End of dispute over appointment of bishops in Europe, Concordat of Worms – conference of German princes ends the dispute between pope and emperor, Conflict between HRE and Pope ends with Concordat of Worms, End of Investiture Controversy weakend HRE, Concordat of Worms settles whom whould appoint bishops and popes - Church, not German kings as in the past 1123 Death of Omar Khayyam the Persian poet and scientist, Byzantine emperor John II defeats Serbs, First Lateran Council suppresses simony and marriage of priests, founding of St. Bartholomew’s hospital in London, Japan’s ex-emperor Shirikawa imposes Buddhist prohibition against killing, Completion of Mongol capture of Mongolia and inner China, death of Omar Khayyam the Persian poet, Pope Calixtus II opens first Council of the Lateran 1124 David I rules in Scotland as Alexander dies, Death of Pope Calixtus II – Pope Honorius II, Emperor John II defeats Hungarians, William of Malmesbury writes “On the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury”, Rochester Cathedral completed, first Scottish coinage struck, End of Alexander I of Scotland – David I his younger brother rules to 1153, Scotland: Alexander I dies and is succeeded by David I, Pope Calixtus II dies 13 Dec, Pope Honorius II (Lamberto Scannabecchi Imola) appointed 15 Dec, David I rules in Scotland 1125 Death of Henry V the last Salic emperor – Lothar of Saxony rules as king, death of Vladimir Il Monomakh Grand Duke of Kiev, Almohades conquer Morocco, Japanese history “O-Kagami” written, Cosmas of Prague the author of Chronica Bohemorum, dies, beginning of troubadour and trouvere music in France, earliest mariner’s account of a compass, Height of Khmer Dynasty in Cambodia, Philippe de Thaun produces first French bestiary based on Latin <i>Physiologus</i> from second-century Egyptian texts, End of Henry V HRE, Lothair of Saxony elected HRE to 1137, Henry V dies (HRE), Lothair II becomes king of Italy/HRE, Death of Henry V of Germany, Lothair II reigns, 1126 English barons accept Matilda the widow of Emperor Henry B and daughter of Henry I of England as successor to Henry I, Lothar III makes son-in-law Henry the Proud (Welf) Duke of Bavaria and later Duke of Saxony, Venetian commercial privileges renewed in Byzantine empire, Alfonso VII King of Castile rules Spain to 1157, Henry persuades barons to accept Matilda as heir 1127 Death of Charles the Good – Count of Flanders, Death of Guillaume de Poitou – one of first troubadours, Song Dynasty loses control of Northern China, Zangi, emir of Mosul, unifies Turkish emirates of Syria, Song dynasty loses control of N China to the Jin 1128 Matilds of England marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, Knights Templar organized, Empress Matilda marries Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou, Alfonso I becomes king of Portugal, Order of the Templars recognized by pope, Abbey of Holyrood founded by David I of Scotland, Cistercian monks introduce agricultural improvements in England, Alfonso Henriques Count of Portugal makes Portugal independent of Spain by 1143, Matilda of England md Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, Portugal becomes independent of León, Knights Templar organized 1129 Empress Matilda marries Geoffrey the Handsome, count of Anjou, nicknamed "Plantagenet" 1129 Geoffrey of Monmouth writes Arthur “myth” in “History of the Kings of Britain” which promoted Cornish Celts over Angles, Empress Matilda widow of Henry V marries Geoffrey the Handsome Count of Anjou “Plantagenet” 1130 Pueblo peoples at Pueblo Bonito, NM, death of Pope Honorius II, Pope Innocent II elected – Anacletus II becomes the antipope – fails to get secular backing because he is son of a Jew, Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, Church of Sant’ Ambrogio in Milan, Almohad Dynasty in Morocco to 1169 founded by preacher ibn Tumart, Pope Honorius II dies 13 Feb, Pope Innocent II appointed Feb 14 (Lorenzo Papareschi, Pueblo peoples at Pueblo Bonito, NM 1131 Welsh Tintern Abbey founded for Cistercian Order, 1132 St. Denis Abbey – first gothic church – built by Abbot Suger in Paris, Henry I of France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry, Persian poet Omar Kayyam dies 1133 Lothat III crowned emperor by Pope Innocent II, Diocese of Carlisle founded, St. Bartholomew’s Fair at Smithfield London (722 years) 1134 Emperor Lothar III invests Albert the Bear with the Nordmark, Western façade of Chartres Cathedral built, Robert I of Normandy dies in English prison, Robert, Duke of Normandy dies in England's prison 1135 Death of Henry I of England, nephew Stephen of Boulogne assumes throne, invoking civil war between Stephen and Plantagenets, death of Emperor Haitsung, death of Boleslav III Duke of Poland, King Conrad, Frederick of Swabia, the King of Denmark and the Duke of Poland submit to Lothar III, Foundation of Italian line of the House of Este (until 1803), Henry I of England dies from food poisoning (Lampreys) Daughter Matilda willed to rule but nephew Stephen of Blois (Boulogne) takes Crown – civil war ensues, Henry I's daughter Mathilda to rule, Husband Geoffrey d' Anjou not popular, so son Stephen takes control, Henry I dies - food poisoning, Stephen of Flanders usurps throne, Henry I of England 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 dies wanting daughter Mathilda to rule, husband Geoffrey of Anjou who was unpopular, her son Stephen claimed crown, Matilda asserts her right to English throne, Lothar invades southern Italy and conquers Apulia, Abelard writes his description of his lobe aggair with Heloise “Historia calamitatum mearum”, Rose window introduced by abbe Suger, Earl of Norfolk rebels against Stephen, Geoffrey of Monmouth's <i>History of the Kings of Britain</i> popularizes Arthurian romances Death of Louis VI of France – son Louis VII rules, Henry the Proud (Duke of Bavaria) also becomes Duke of Saxony, Gruffydd Prince of North Wales dies and is succeeded by Owain the Great, Emperor Lothar III dies, Antioch becomes vassal to Byzantium, start of performances by Provencal troubadour Marcabrun, creation of bishopric of Aberdeen, Mainz cathedral completed, Rochester cathedral burns and is rebuilt, End of the reign of Louis VI of France, Adelard of Bath writes about seeking natural causes for natural phenomena, Death of Louis VI King of France, Death of Lothair of Saxony HRE, Louis VII King of France to 1180 Earthquake in Syria kills 230,000 and estimated at 8.5 – amounts disputed, death of antipope Anacletus II, pretended messiah appears in France and Persia, Conrad III elected king – first of Hohendtaufen line,, Boleslav III of Poland dies – kingdom divided between five sons, David I of Scotland invades England on behalf of Matilda and is defeated at Battle of the Standards, Conrad III HRE to 1152 in Battle of the Standard defeat of David I of Scotland – fighting on behalf of Matilda in English civil war, Rebellion in favor of Mathilda of England. Hohenstaufens rules HRE, David I of Scotland invades England but is defeated, English rebellion in favor of Mathilda, Alphonso I becomes first king of Portugal, Matilda lands at Arundel – civil war in England, Bavaria falls to Austria, Second Lateran Council ends schism “Decretum Gratiani” summary of English ecclesiastical law, Matilda lands in England, Second Lateran Council ends schism in Church following illegal election of Anacletus II as rival to Innocent II, Matilda leaves France for England, Pope Innocent II convenes second Council of the Lateran, Death of Jehuda Halevy the Jewish poet and philosopher in Spain, Vladislav II of Bohemia rules, Council of Sens condemns heresies of Abelard, Women of Weinsberg save men from slaughter by carrying them from the fortress, Sefer haKusari of Spanish rabbi Judan ben Samuel ha-Levi argues that religious thought is superior to reason, Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris becomes first Gothic building Matilda proclaimed queen at Winchester, Geza II rules Hungary, Matilda captures Stephen at battle of Lincoln and reigns disastrously as queen – driven out by popular uprising and Stephen restored, Matilda's forces take Stephen prisoner, she's named queen, it goes badly, Earl Robert is captured and exchanged for Stephen's freedom controversial French teacher Peter Abelard makes Paris center of religious learning (dies this year), Abelard, Christian proponent of Aristotle, dies Death of Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, death of pope Innocent II – Pope Celestine II rules, Manuel I Byzantine Emperor rules, founding of Lubeck, 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela travels via Constantinople to India and returns via Egypt, End of John II Comnenus Byzantine Emperor, complete independence of Portugal from Spain – Alfonso becomes king to 1185, Pope Innocent II dies, 26 Sep Pope Celestine II (Guido Città di Castello) appointed Completion of St. Denis Abbey in Paris, death of Pope Celestine II – Pope Lucius II rules, Geoffrey of Anjou made Duke of Normandy, the Seljuks take Edessa, Republican regime established in Rome under Arnold of Brescia, Robert of Chester writes “Liber de Compositione Alchemiae”, Edessa falls back into Moslem control , Crusaders lose Edessa, 8 Mar, Pope Celestine II dies and 12 Mar Pope Lucius II (Gerardo Caccianemici dal Orso) appointed, Zangi, governor of Mosul takes Edessa, Edessa falls into the hands of Moslems, Death of Pope Lucius II – Pope Eugene II rules – proclaims second crusade, bridge over Danube at Ratisbon completed, Almohades begin conquest of Moorish Spain until 1150, Chartres Cathedral begun, Arnoldists formed religious movement against wicked popes, Stephen's forces defeat Matilda's, Pope Lucius II dies 15 Mar, Pope Eugene III appointed 15 Feb 1445, (Bernardo Pignatelli Pisa), Arnold of Brescia forms Arnoldist sect advocating simplicity and preaching against evil popes - killed by Frederick Barbarossa to gain papal favor Almoravids from W Sahara have taken over Morocco, Algeria and Spain, New Crusade preached against Turks, Nureddin Sultan of Syria rules, the “Antidotarium Niclai” a treatise on drugs written Almohads, opposed group to Almoravids seize Marrakech and go on to capture Spain, Algeria and Tripoli, Christian Crusaders engage Turks in Palestine, Matilda leaves England, Crusaders perish in Asia Minor – failure of Second Crusade, Geoffrey of Monmouth – “Historia regum Britanniae”, Lisbon cathedral built, first mention of Moscow, Almohad Muslims conquer Morocco, beginning of second Crusade, start of Second Crusade following appeal by St. Barnard of Clairvaux to 1149, French and Germans begin second crusade, Second Crusade begins, Crusaders against the pagan Wends (Slavs) in the Baltic. Cursaders take Lisbon, Second Crusade begins, but most followers desert, Louis VII and Conrad meet on Crusade in Jerusalem, Crusaders fail to take Damascus, Matilda leaves England for last time, Louis VII and Conrad meet on Crusade in Jerusalem Christian armies defeated by Turks, abandon siege of Damascus, End of 2nd Crusade, End of Second Crusade Continuation of Hohokam culture in NM and AZ, End of reign of Suryavarman II of Cambodia, Paris U is founded, Zagwe dynasty rules in Ethiopian highlands, End of Hopewell culture in N America, Maoris begin to settle in river mouth areas in New Zealand, Albert the Bear inherits Brandenburg, Eric the Saint becomes King of Sweden, Alauddin Husain the Sultan of Ghor destroys the empire of Ghazni, founding of Paris University, Black Book of Carmarthen – oldest Welsh manuscript, troubadour music in southern France becomes organized, Medical faculty instated at Bologna U, Arabs in Spain manufacture paper, Chinese travelers use magnetic compass, U of Paric begins, Troubadors begin playing in S France, University founded in Paris, William of Conches publishes work on natural world, Abbess and polymath Hildegard of Bingen 1151 1152 1153 1154 authors work on the unicorn stating that it is attracted to high-born women and not peasants, end of conquest of Almohades in Spain, S.E. Asian temple of Angkor Wot completed, Rise of Universities, Scholasticism in Europe Geoffrey Plantangenet of Anjou dies – Henry (son by Matilda) rules, end of Toltec empire in Mexico, Simon Darschan writes Jalkut – Jewish commentaries to the Old Testament, Golden Age of Buddhist art in Burma, Imperial castle at Nuremberg, Leoninus of France composes in the “Ars antique” style, new dances form in Europe, “Civitas Hippocratica” founded by 20 Salerno physicians, first fire and plague insurance – in Iceland, chess arrives in England, Chinese use explosives in warfare, End of Toltec Empire in Mexico, Death of Geoffrey of Anjou, Halley's Comet, Matilda's son, Henry Plantagenet, becomes count of Anjou on father's death Reign of Frederick I HRE begins (Barbarossa), Archbishop of Armagh Ireland links Irish to Roman church, death of Conrad II German king (nephew Barbarossa rules), Louis VII divorces queen Eleanor who marries Henry of Anjoy – afterwards King of England, “Ladies’strophes” earliest German “Minnelieder”, John of Salisbury publishes political science treatise “Policratus”, Frederick I (Barbarossa) Becomes Holy Roman Emperor, Henry II (Plantagenet) marries Eleanor of Aquitaine after her marriage to Louis VII of France annulled on grounds of blood relationship, Frederick I becomes the HRE to 1190, death of Conrad III HRE, Conrad II of HRE/Italy dies, Frederick Barbarossa rules, Marriage of Vouis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled - blood relatives. Eleanor marries Henry of Anjoy Plantagenet - Anjou and Normandy unite, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa begins reign (German areas), Death of Conrad III of Germany, Frederick Barbarossa rules Death of Bernard of Clairvaux, monastery man, death of David I of Scotland and Malcolm IV rules, Treaty of Wallingford ensures English throne will pass to cousin Matilda’s son Henry Plantagenet, death of Pope Eugene III – Pope Anastasius IV rules, death of Bernard of Clarivaux, Death of David I of Scotland, Matilda’s son Henry II invades England and forces Stephen to make him heir, Malcolm IV “The Maiden” grandson of David I of Scotland rules to 1165, End of English conflict between followers of Mathilda and Stephen, Henry and forces war against Stephen. Agreement to end civil war - Stephen king until death, then Henry, 8 Jul Pope Eugene III dies, 12 July Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado) appointed, End of English conflict where Stephen allowed to rule, but Mathilda's son Henry would succeed him End of Stephen as king of England, Reign of Henry II Plantagenet of Anjou as king of England begins, end of “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”, Roger II count of Sicily dies, Death of Pope Anastasius IV – Pope Hadrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear the only English pope), Mohammed al-Idrisi publishes “Geography” at Palermo, Stephen of ENG dies ending House of Normandy and Henry II rules England to 1189 (Plantagenet) plus Normandy, Anjou, Tour/laine and Maine – given nickname Plantagenet, Pope Adrian IV formerly Nicholas Breakspear the only English Pope to 1159, Stephen of England dies, Mathilda's son, Henry, becomes king, Stephen dies - Plantagenet line Henry II king (first Angevin king), also of half of France, Scotland - David I dies and succeeded by Malcolm IV, 15 Feb 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 Pope Anastasius IV dies, 4 Dec, Pope Adrian IV appointed (Nicholas Breakspear, first English Pope), Pope grants Ireland to England, Stephen of England dies, Henry II reigns in England Carmelite order founded, Pope Hadrian bestows Ireland on Henry II, Arnold of Brescia hanged (see 1144), Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms and restores royal demesne, Genghis Khan born, Henry II chooses Tomas a Becket as chancellor, Adrian IV grants Henry II right to rule Ireland, Appoints Thomas a Becket Chancellor, gets papal approval to invade Ireland, Charter of Lorris (France) spells out freedoms, Earliest record of fire insurance in Iceland War of Japanese clans Taira and Minamoto, Austria made a duchy with special privileges, Frederick Barbarossa marries Beatrice, heiress of Upper Burgundy, possible quake in Syria, Japan - Heian period ends in civil war, Civil wars ravage Japan until 1185, Japanese Hogen and Heiji insurrections - Taira samurai clan dominates at court Eric of Sweden conquers Finland and imposes Christianity, Kurenberg becomes the first German famous minnesinger, possible quake in Syria, Title of “Holy Roman Emperor” formally adopted by Frederick Barbarossa, Death of Alfonso VII King of Castile Spain Frederick Barbarossa makes Vladislav II King of Bohemia, Construction of cathedral in Oxford, Munich becomes center of salt trade, Alfonso VIII King of Castile to 1214, First European university founded at Bologna, Italy, University of Bologna founded Death of Pope Hadrian IV – great Pope Alexander III elected, Alexander III becomes Pope to 1181 as English pope Adrian IV dies, Henry II Levies scutage – payment in cash instead of military service, Henry II levies big tax in lieu of military service, 1 Sep, Pope Adrian IV dies, 7 Sep Pope Alexander III appointed (Rolando Bandinelli) death of Eric the Saint of Sweden, Normans expelled from North Africa, “Tristan et Iseult” written by Beroul and Thomas, “Jeu de St. Nicholas” written by Jean Bodel and performed on St. Nicholas Day, “Ludus de Antichristo” written in Bavaria, time of Anglo-Latin poet Walter Map, Laon Cathedral begun death of Geza II of Hungary, Edward the Confessor canonized, Explosives used in battle in China at Battle of Ts’ai-shih Frederick Barbarossa destroys Milan, Thomas a Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury, Ghengis Khan born, Henry II chooses Chancellor Thomas a Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury – starts quarrel with Henry II right away, Archbishop Theobald dies, Thomas a Becket archbishop of Canterbury, Capture of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany Birth of Genghis Khan, start of quarrel between Henry II and Thomas a Becket, Cathedral Notre Dame built, Cathedral at Notre Dane cornerstone laid, Birth of Genghis Khan Constitutions of Clarendon in England limit power of Church, Becket flees to France, Gautier d’Arras French court poet writes “Eracle”, Constitutions of Clarendon – testament of laws governing trial of ecclesiastics in England – Becket forced to flee to France, Council of Clarendon - Church law vs. National in England, Constitutions of Clarendon place limits on Church's jurisdiction, conflict 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 leads to Becket's exile in France, Council of Clarendon in England produces rules the clergy must follow in England spawned by argument with Thomas a Becket Death of Malcolm IV of Scotland, William the Lion rules, Byzantium allies with Venice against Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Canonization of Charlemagne – later reduced to “blessed”, death of Malcolm IV King of Scotland, William the Lion his younger brother King to 1214, Scotland Malcolm IV dies and succeeded bu brother William the Lyon, Death of Malcolm IV of Scotland, William the Lion rules “Song of Canute” written by English monk of Ely, Assize of Clarendon orders jails for all English shires and boroughs, Saladin builds Cairo citadel, First trial by jury - Clarendon, Dermot McMurrough of Leinster in Ireland asks for English help to settle squabbles in Ireland(rival kings). English start to settle Ireland Death of Ibn Ezra the Jewish Bible commentator, Oxford U founded, Frederick Barbarossa crowned emperor, Almalric king of Jerusalem captures Cairo, Genghis Kahn (Temujin) born, Oxford U Milan rebuilt, Bogolubsky sacks Kiev and assumes title of Grand Prince, Arabs recapture Cairo, English scholars exiled from Paris, settle in Oxford, found university, Toltec state in Mesoamerica falls after its capital Tula is sacked, Mexican Toltec state collapses Eruption and earthquake at Mt. Etna Sicily, End of Almohad Dynasty in Morocco, Saladin becomes vizier of Egypt to 1193 and later sultan, Saladin conquers Egypt for the Zangid emirate, Eruption and earthquake at Mt. Etna Sicily Mexican Toltec’s capital at Tula overthrown by Chichimec nomads, Thomas a Becket archbishop murdered, end of Fatimid style in Syrian-Egyptian architecture, death of Thomas a Becket of Canterbury, Although Henry II and Becket formally reconciled, Becket returns to Canterbury and is murdered by four Norman knights, death of Albert the Bear, Saladin of Damascus subdues Egypt, Chretien de Troyes writes “Lancelot” about love, Pope Alezander III establishes rules for canonization of saints, Inquest of Sheriffs results in strengthening the Exchequer, Syria quake kills 15000, Maimonides's Mishneh Torah, Thomas a Becket murdered by four knights loyal to Henry II, Based on what Henry II of England said, 4 knights hunt down and kill Thomas à Becket, Pope Alexander III forces England o receive Becket. Becket publishes papal letters voiding Constitutions of Clarendon. Becket is killed at Canterbury Cathedral 29 Dec by four knights, University of Paris founded, Four knights slay Thomas a Becket in his cathedral, Mexican Toltecâ??s capital at Tula overthrown by Chichimec nomads, Thomas a Becket archbishop murdered Saladin overthrows Fatimid dynasty, Henry II of England invades Ireland and starts 750 years of English reign over Irish, River bank collapses in Essex revealing giant fossilized bones attributed to a 40-foot man, Henry II annexes Ireland formally, Henry invades Ireland, receives homage form King of Leinster and is accepted Lord of Ireland, Makes Irish clergy submit to Rome Henry II is accepted as lord of Ireland, Queen Eleanor raises Aquitaine against Henry II, Henry II reconciles to pope, Venice Grend Council restricts powers of the doges, Chronicle of Norman dukes written, 1173 Saladin declares self Sultan of Egypt, Saladin overcomes Palestine and Syria – start, William the Lion from Scotland invade England but is captured, death of Vladislav II of Bohemia, Queen Eleanor imprisoned, Bela III king of Hungary, canonization of Thomas a Becket, Waldensian movement begins at Lyons, first authenticated influenza epidemics, Thomas a Becket canonized after murdered in Canterbury, Rebellion of Henry’s eldest sons supported by mother Eleanor of Awuitaine – Henry Richard and Geoffrey, Thomas a Becket cannonized, Henry's sons Henry, Richard and Geoffrey rebel against father unsuccessfully Scotland: William the Lyon invades England but is captured by Henry II, forced to surrender independence 1174 Death of Nureddin Sultan of Syria, Emperor Frederick I buys Tuscany, Spoleto, Sardinia and Corsica from Welf VI, Henry II does penance at Canterbury for murder of Becket, Campanile of Pisa (Leaning Tower) built, earliest horse races in England, Leaning Tower of Pisa built, Saladin conquers Syria, Scottish dependence secured 1175 Chrétien de Troyes writes stories of King Arthur, Canterbury Cathedral begun 1176 Emperor Frederick I defeated by Lombard League at Legnano, Saladin conquers Syria, First eisteddfod held hat Cardigan Castle, Reynard the Fox fables written in French, Walter Map organizes Arthurian legends in their present form, Assize of Northampton extends use of Grand Jury, Welsh Eisteddfod festival of music and poetry begins, Battle of Legnano where Frederick Barbarossa was defeated (Italy), Battle of Legnano between Frederick Barbarossa HRE and Lombard lords 1177 Treaty of Ibry between Henry II and Louis VII, Peace of Venice between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Alexander III, founding of Belfast, Baldwin IV of Jerusalem defeats Saladin at Montgisard, Frederick Barbarossa (HRE) truce with Lombards, Truce between Lombards and Frederick Barbarossa 1178 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy, Bridge of Abignon built, Richart Fitznigel writes about financial administration of England 1179 Grand Assize of Windsor increasing power of royal courts in England, Saladin besieges Tyre, Mayan capital destroyed, Philip II Augustus of France begins reign, Pope convenes third Council of Laertan - Papal Lateran Council (third) declares all cardinal votes counted equally and 2/3 majority rules (this is a result of the three anti-popes plaguing Alexander III) 1180 Decline of Chola kingdom, Philip II Augustus rules France, Toltecs driven out of Chichen Itza, death of John of Salisbury the English historian, death of Manuel I the Byzantine emperor, Louis VII of France dies – succeeded by son Philip II Augustus, Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor, Ranulf de Glancille reforms English judicial system, Benedetto Antelami the Italian sculptor flourishes, glass windows appear in private English homes, first windmills with vertical sails in Europe, Zhu Xi compiles Confucian Classics in China, End of Louis VII King of France as Philip II rules to 1223, Truce between Baldwin IV and Saladin, Alexius II Comnenus named Byzantine Emperor to 1183, Philip II ruled France (Philip Augustus), Wimdmills in common use in Europe, King Philip II of France begins to rule, Decline of Chola kingdom, Philip II Augustus rules France, Toltecs driven out of Chichen Itza 1181 death of great pope Alexander III, Pope Lucius III, first Varthusian monastery in England at Witham, Death of Pope Alexander III, Pope Alexander III dies, 1 Sep Pope Lucius III (Ubaldo Allucingoli) 1182 Canute VI becomes King of Denmark, St. Francis of Assissi born, Jews banished from France, Philip II banishes Jews from France, St. Francis of Assisi born 1183 death of Wace, the Anglo-Norman poet, death of Alexius II Comnenus the Byzantine Emperor, Preace of Constance – Lombard League recognized under imperial overlordship, Emperor Alexius II murdered – succeeded by Andronicus I, Saladin takes Aleppo, Death of Alexius II Comnenus Byzantine Emperor – Andronicus I rules to 1185, Peace of Constance Frederick makes final settlements with the Lombards, Peace of Constance finally settles dispute between Lombards and Frederick Barbarossa 1184 Diet of Mainz – Emperor Frederick I’s power at its height, Cyprus frees self from Byzantium, Tamara becomes Queen of Georgia, Consecration of Modena Cathedral, Fire of Glastonbury destroys Abbey 1185 End of Heian period of Japan, Death of Alphonso I of Portugal, end of imprisonment of Queen Eleanor, death of Pope Lucius III, death of Emperor Andronicus I, Isaac II Angelus becomes Byzantine Emperor, renewal of quarrel between pope and emperor, Second Bulgarian Empire founded by brothers Ivan and Peter Asen, Pope Urban II elected, Knights Templar groups established in London, End of Alfonso King of Portugal Sancho I rules to 1211, end of civil wars in Japan – start of Kamakura period to 1333, end of Andronicus I of Byzantium – Isaac II rules to 1195, End of the Heian period of Japan, begin Kamakura shogunate, Pope Lucius III dies 25 Sep, Pope Urban III appointed 25 Nov (Uberto Crivelli), Japan - destruction of the Taira at battle of Dannoura, End of Heian period of Japan, Death of Alphonso I of Portugal 1186 Last Ghaznavid ruler deposed by Mohammed of Ghur in N India, Henry IV son of Frederick Barbarossa marries Constance, heiress of Sicily and assumes title of Caesar, beginning of Kamakura era in Japan, Last Ghaznavid ruler deposed by Mohammed of Ghur in N India 1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem, Richard I sets out of crusade, death of Pope Urban III – Pope Gregory VIII – Pope Clement III, Saladin defeats Christians at Hittin and takes Jerusalem, Punjab conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, completion of Verona Cathedral, Mexico - fall of the toltecs at Chichén Itzá - second Mayan period begins at Mayapan, Saladin captures Jerusalem, Jerusalem retaken by Moslems under Saladin, Saladin takes Jerusalem, Blanche of Castile born, Delhi sultanate in N India, 19 Oct Pope Urban III dies, Pope Gregory VIII ( Alberto di Morra Benevento) appointed 21 Oct, dies 17 Dec, 19 Dec Pope Clement III (Paulino Scolari) appointed, Saladin and Muslims conquer Jerusalem, third Crusade planned, Richard I sets out of crusade 1189 End of Reign of Henry II in England, Richard I rules England, but leads 3rd crusade, massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I, first silver florins minted at Florence, commercial treaty between Novgorod and German merchants, Henry Fitzailwin first Mayor of London, Third Crusade begins, Third crusade to 1192 with leaders Frederick Barbarossa Philip of France and Richard of England, Last known Norse visit to North America, Richard I Coeur de Lion becomes King of England to 1199, Third crusade - high royalty, death of Henry II of England defeated by sons, son Richard (The Lionheart) rules, Third Crusade begins, Death of Henry II Richard I (The Lionhearted) becomes king, William Longchamp Chancellor, Richard leaves with Philip of France on the 3rd crusade Scotland recognized as independent by Richard I, Henry II defeated by Philip, Geoffrey and Richard (sons) Death of Henry II of England, son Richard rules 1190 End of reign of HRE Frederick Barbarossa as he drowns in River Saleph in Cilicia – son Henry VI rules, Teutonic Order of Knights – military society set up in Germany to defend Christian lands in Palestine and Syria, End of first flat-topped mound culture of Mississippi valleys, Acre besieged by Franks, Richard of GBR and Philip of FRA set out together, Death of Chretien de Troyes the French court poet, Order of German Hospitalers founded – later Teutonic order, Rabbi Maimonides publishes “Fuide of the Perplexed”, This decade Mongol leader Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers China and founds Yuan Dynasty, end of Frederick Barbarossa I the HRE who drowned on way to Palestine – Henry VI named HRE, Mongol Empire grows in east Asia, Lalibela emperor of Ethiopia to 1225, Frederick Barbarossa of Italy dies, Frederick Barbarossa dies on third crusade, Richard I leaves on crusade, Death of Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, End of reign of HRE Frederick Barbarossa, Teutonic Order of Knights â?? military society set up in Germany to defend Christian lands in Palestine and Syria, End of first flat-topped mound culture of Mississippi valleys, Acre besieged by Franks, Richard of GBR and Philip of FRA set out together 1191 Richard I of England arrives in Acre – conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars, end of New Maya empire, death of Pope Clement III, Pope Celestine II rules, Tea arrives in Japan from China, second era of Maya civilization in Central America, Third crusade unable to retake Jerusalem, Richard and crusaders conquer Cyprus, slaughter Muslim prisoners at Acre and march toward Jerusalem. At Arsuf north of Jaffa Christians beat Saladin the second time and secures port of Jaffa. After two retreats by Christians Muslims overrun Jaffa., Christians recapture Acre (Jerusalem), William Longchamp falls frompower and John takes over government, Richard captures Acre, massacres 2700, palestine and defeats Saladin near Jaffa, Teutonic Knights organized, 27 Mar Pope Clement III dies, 30 Mar Pope Celestine III appointed (Giacinto Bobone then Orsini), Zen (Chen) Buddhism introduced into Japan, Christians capture Acre as part of 3rd Crusade, 1192 Truce between Richard I and Saladin ends 3rd Crusade, British crusaders raid Saracen territory, Richard begins return to England, end of Fujiwaras as ruling family in Japan, Richard I returns from the Crusade and is captured by Leopold, Duke of Austria, Dukedom of Styria becomes part of the Babenberg realm of Austria, rebuilding of Bamberg Cathedral, Shogun rule in Japan begins as hereditary positions under Minamoto Yoritomo, Richard the Lionhearted recaptures Jaffa leaves Palestine – end of third crusade, Richard of England enters peace with Saladin providing passage to Christians, Richard gets agreement for Christians to pilgrimage to Jerusalem, is recognized in Austrian inn, captured and given to Henry VI of Germany, 100,000 mark ransom demanded, End of third crusade,Cyprus reclaimed in 3rd crusade, Peace between England's Richard the Lion Hearted and Saladin 1193 End of Saladin’s takeover of middle east as he dies, end of third crusade, Richard is handed over to Henry VI and imprisoned, death of Benedict of Peterborough English historian, Indigo and brazilwood imported from India to Britain for dyeing purposes, first merchant guild in England, End of Saladin as vizier of Egypt, Leopold hands Ruchard over to Emperor Henry VI who demands ransom, Muslims capture Bihar and Bengal, Al-Aziz Imad al-Din succeeds Saladin to 1198, End of Saladinâ??s takeover of middle east as he dies 1194 Llywelybn Faer (The Great) rules Wales, Richard I released and crowned for second time, Henry VI conquers Sicily and is crowned King of Sicily, the “Elder Edda” collection of Scandinavian mythology created, erection of Chartres Cathedral begins, Henry VI conquers Sicily, Richard ransomed and returns to England, Richard ransomed, released, returns home, leaves for France, Henry VI conquers Norman kingdom of Sicily, 1195 Death of Isaac II Angelus the Byzantine Emperor – Alexius III rules, Harald Maddadsson loses earldom of Shetland and islands under control of Norway and Sverre Sigurdsson, end of Isaac II the Byzantine Emperor, Alexius III the Byzantine Emperor to 1203 1196 Bela III King of Hungary dies – Emeric I rules, Peter II King of Aragon, Heidelberg mentioned in records, Marimid Dynasty in Morocco to 1464 founded by Fez, Pedro II named King of Aragon to 1213 1197 Death of Henry VI as Emperor – Otto IV rules, Ottokar I becomes King of Bohemia, Richard I begins Chateau Gaillard on the Seine, Ottakar I King of Bohemia to 1230, Civil war follows death of Henry VI in Germany 1198 Mt. Vesuvius erupts in Italy, German Hospitalers become Teutonic Order, death of Pope Celestine III – Pope Innocent III, William of Newburgh writes “Historia rerum Anglicarum”, Al-Aziz Imad al-din successor to Saladin dies, Otto IV named HRE to 1212, Innocent III Pope to 1216, Pope Celestine III dies, Begin papacy of Innocent III (Lothario dei Conti di Segni Anagni) 8 Jan, Death of Ibn Rushd (Averröes) philosopher, Pope Innocent III rebuilds glory of the papacy 1199 Death of Richard I of England in jousting tourney or siege in France, John (Lackland – son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine) rules in stead, drought and famine in Egypt for three years, new crusade preached, work begins on Siena Cathedral, founding of Liverpool, End of Richard I the Lion Hearted of England – John Lackland son of Henry II rules to 1216, Death of Richard the Lionheart of England, brother John becomes king, Richard mortally wounded in Chalus France, John Lackland becomes king, Death of Richard I of England in jousting tourney, John rules in stead, drought and famine in Egypt for three years, new crusade preached 1200 Italian towns have become city-states, Hohokam of AZ build religious platforms, King Lalibela of Ethiopia cuts churches from rocks, Cahokia in N America (temple mounds) at height of power, Incas in Peru settle around Cuzco, cliff apartments in Colorado, Tui Tonga monarchy builds platforms in Tonga, Maori legend reports meteor and crater, Peace of Le Goulet between England and France, Llywelyn the Great seizes Anglesey, Robert de Borron collects “Roman de Merlin” and “Fabliaux”, Hartmann von Aue writes “Der arme Heinrich” a German epic poem, death of CHu-His the Chinese philosopher, Cambridge U 1201 1202 1203 1204 founded, Development of Jewish cabalistic philosophy in southern Europe, Islam begins to replace Indian religions, Early Gothic architecture in England, Duke Leopold VI of Austria builds Burg (castle) in Vienna, Bard music in Ireland, Cymbals introduced as musical instrument, “Carmina Burana” the German collection of Latin monastic songs gathered (music in 1937), “Faux bourdon” style in English music, Alcohol used for medical purposes, 60,000 Italian merchants live and work in Constantinople, Paris becomes modern capital, engagement rings come into fashion, Inca Empire founded at Cuzco, Peru - first explosive rockets in China, Churches cut from rock in Ethiopia, Sitar invented in India, Japanese Zen Master Dogen born, Aristotle’s writings become available to Latin scholars – writings banned by Papacy until 1250, Jews in Morocco given some privileges, Hunac Ceel revolts against Maya of Chichen Itza and sets up new capital at Mayapan, Jews given special privileges in Morocco, End Khmer civilization in India, University of Paris founded, Empire of Ghana replaced with the Empire of Mali, <i>Greenlander's Saga<?i> written, Inca empire expands, Pueblo empire declines, Empire of Ghana replaced with Empire of Mali, Decline of the Moslems, Great Mali kingdom of Africa established, Gunpowder used defensively as China battles Mongols, University of Paris founded, Reims Cathedral begun, construction of temple mounds at Moundsville, AL, Buddhism dies out in India, Icelandic sagas begin to be written, Peru's Chimú people conquer coastal valleys and begin imperial expansion, Great Enclosure built at Zimbabwe, first Chiefdoms in Polynesia, Aztecs enter valley of Mexico, Manco Capac founds Inca state at Cuzco S America, End of Cambodia's Khmer civilization, University of Paris founded Death of Renaud de Coucy French poet, façade of Notre Dame completed, pass of St. Gotthard Switzerland opened, E Mediterranean quake kills 1.1 million, Fourth crusade begins as commercial enterprise Drought and famine in Egypt, earthquake in Acre, Lebanon, Death of Nisami the Persian poet, Canute VI King of Denmark dies, fourth crusade under Boniface of Montferrat – Venice takes the lead at fighting Constantinople, decretal “Venerabilem” asserts superiority of papacy over empire, first trial of a peer (King John of England as Duke of Normandy) in France, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci introduces Arabic numerals in Europe, first court jesters at European courts, Mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci introduces Arabic numbers to Italy, Fourth Crusade to 1204 – crusaders unable to pay Venice agree to be arms for hire, Famine in Egypt until 1204, Fourth crusade sails from Venice Hojo family rules Japan after Minamoto Yoritomo’s death, Genghis Khan defeats rival Ongkhan, Mohammed of Ghor completes conquest of Upper India, Arthur Duke of Brittany murdered by order of uncle – King John of England, Wolfram von Eschenbach publishes “Parzibal” the German epic poem, Siena U founded, end of Alexius III the Byzantine Emperor, John of England orders murder of nephew Arthur the Duke of Brittany Greeks storm Crusaders, completion of the “Nibelingenlied”, death of Emeric I king of Hungary, end of fourth crusade, Crusaders take Constantinople and establish Latin empire, Emperor Michael sets up independent Greek kingdom of Epirus, Moses Maimonides, the Jewish philosopher dies, Vicenza U founded, 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 founding of Amsterdam Holland, Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, Establishes Latin Empire in the East, End of Fourth Crusade with crusaders capturing Constantinople with pillaging and installing Latin ruler, end of famine in Egypt, Byzantium occupied by Latin people, Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, end of 4th crusade, England loses most of French possessions, Crusaders destroy Constantinople, sets up Latin empire, Temujin (Ghengis K) unites Mongol tribes, named Kahn, French and Venice lords occupy E. Latin empire after diversion from 4th Crusade Loot for Venice Former Turkestan slave Aibak founds sultanate of Delhi in N India, Mongol empire founded by Genghis Khan, Declaration of sultanate of Delhi, Rise of Mongol Empire under Temjin (Ghengis Khan) Comquer Middle East, N India and China (most), Temujin proclaimed Genghis Khan, Dynasty of slave kings in India to 1290, Genghis Khan named leader, John refuses to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop, Delhi Sultanate founded, establishing Muslims in n India, Former Turkestan slave Aibak founds sultanate of Delhi in N India, Mongol empire founded by Genghis Khan death of Reinmar the Old of Hagenau a minnesinger, Persian poet Rumi born, Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury but King John refuses to let him take office Philip of Swabia the German king murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach, Theodore Lascaris founds empire of Nicaea, Pope Innocent III places England under interdict, St. Francis of Assisi founds franciscan Friars, Innocent III lays England under interdict, Crusade against Albigensians – a heretical sect in France until 1213, Pope Innocent III bans all English church services except baptisms and funerals, Calls for crusade against Cathar heretics in S France St. Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan religious order, King John invades Scotland and is excommunicated, Otto IV crowned emperor in Rome, Cambridge University founded, Cambridge University founded in England, Pope Innocent excommunicates King John for attacks on church property, Crusade captured Toulouse for France, Innocent III Excommunicates John for taking church property, St. Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan order, Cambridge University founded, Crusades launched against Cathar (Manichaean) heretics, Mongols attack Xixia and Uighurs, St. Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan religious order Otto IV excommunicated by Pope Innocent III, Gottfried von Strassburg creates “Tristan und Isolde”, St. Francis of Assisi founds religious order, Mongols invade China, Pope Innocent excommunicates Emperor Otto IV, Foundation of the Khwarizm shahdom in Turkish kingdom Alfonso II king of Portugal rules, Genghis Khan invades China, Death of Sancho I of Portugal Alfonsi II becomes King to 1223, First Mongol attacks on China (Jin empire) Almohads defeated by Christians at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Death of Tamara Queen of Georgia, end of Henry Fitzailwin as first Mayor of London, Venice conquers Crete, Frederick II elected German king and makes Bohemia a hereditary kingdom, Children’s Crusade begins, Rheims Cathedral built, Tiles replace thatched and wooden roofs in England, North Sea flood and storm surge 1213 1214 1215 1216 in Netherlands kills 60,000, as Children’s Crusade fails more than 50 k sold into slavery, Christians end Islamic rule of Spain, Children’s Crusade ends with failure and children sold into slavery in Marsaille – possible origin of “Pied Piper” story, death of Otto IV HRE, Frederick II becomes HRE to 1250, Innocent III says John no longer king, Sea fails to part for Crusading children, Emperor Frederick II begins reign (France), Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa breaks Muslimpower in Spain, dismal Children's Crusade results in captured children sold to Turks, Almohads defeated by Christians at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Death of Peter II King of Aragon – James I rules, King John of England submits to the Pope, making England and Ireland papal fiefs, council of St. Albans, precursor of Parliament, limestone grotto of Adelsberg near Trieste discovered, Death of Pedro II King of Aragon, end of crusade against French Albigensians, Pope Innocent declares John deposed and John hurriedly makes peace, James I the Conqueror becomes King of Aragon to 1276, John of England forced to give up his kingdom after a miserably bad reign, but he regained it as a Papal fief where he paid tribute to the Pope. This irritated Barons wh paid tribute, John submits to Pope, Alhambra begun Death of William the Lion of Scotland and Alexander II rules, Frederick II invests the House of Wittelsbach with the Palatinate, Peking captured by Genghis Khan, Battle of Bouvines – Philip II of France defeats Otto IV and English, Death of Alfonso VIII King of Castile, Death of William the Lion King of Scotland Alexander II Rules Scotland to 1249, Genghis Kahn controls most of Yellow River area, Philip Augustus defeats English at Battle of Bouvines Scotland, Alexander II becomes king, Battle of Bouvines establishes France as chief kingdom in Europe, North China falls into Ghengiz Khan's hands, birth of Roger Bacon (scholar), Death of William the Lion of Scotland and Alexander II rules English King John seals Magna Carta giving more power to barons, death of Bertrand de Born the English troubadour, death of Hartmann von der Aue the German poet, end of Genghis Khan in China, Frederick II crowned at Aix-laChapelle, King John seals Magna Carta at Runnymede, Hartman von der Aue the German poet dies, fourth Lateran Council prohibits trial by ordeal, Dominican Friars founded by the future St. Dominic the Spanish priest, Pope Innocent III nullifies Magna Carta, Magna Carta - due process established, Elsa - founder of Zen Buddhism - dies in Japan, Magna Carta, St. Dominic founds Dominican Order at Toulouse, Magna Carta - Rights of Barons - John appealed to Pope Innocent III who annuled it, but John died before response was given, Runnymede Magna Carta signed with Barons, Pope declares that John doesn't need to follow Magna Carta and civil war, Franciscan monks of Friars Minor recognized, Lateran Council reforms Catholic Church, Mongols capture Dadu (Beijing), Magna Carta signed by King John, Franciscans of Friars Minor recognized as monks, Lateran Council passes Church reforms End of reign of English King John - Henry III rules, death of Pope Innocent III – Pope Honorius III, Death of Otto IV, Genghis Khan conquers Persia, Amiens Cathedral burns, Newgate Prison in London, Danneborg, the oldest national flag in the world adopted by Denmark, Jewish man falls into latrine on Saturday but refuses help on Sabbath – Christians refuse to help him the next day and he dies – 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 Gloucestershire, St. Dominic founds religious order, death of Pope Innocent III, death of John Lackland King of England, Henry III rules at age nine to 1271, Honorius III named Pope to 1227, Henry III (Son of John) rules England after reign of King John, Barons petition to France, Prince Louis captures tower of London, John loses war chest full of jewels, dies at Newark, Henry III crowned at age 9, Hubert de Burgh and William the Marshal help rule, End papacy of Innocent III 16 July, Pope Honorius III appointed 18 July, Pope Innocent III dies (height of papacy), John of England dies, John's son Henry III reigns, but papal regency Peace treaty between Scotland and England ensures peace for 20 years, Fifth Crusade against Egypt to 1222 fails, Begin 5th crusade, Scotland, peace treaty with England insures 20 years peace, Crusade attacks Egypt, Peace treaty between Scotland and England ensures peace for 20 years Ayyubid empire breaks up, but Ayyubids remain in power until 1250 in Egypt, Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn and Henry III of England confirms Llywelyn as Prince of Wales, Death of Emperor Otto IV, Newgate Prison for debtors completed in London, Genghis Khan captures Persia, Rudolf I (King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, early Hapsburg) born, Kara-Khitai empire conquered by Mongols, Ayyubid empire breaks up, but Ayyubids remain in power until 1250 in Egypt, Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn and Henry III of England confirms Llywelyn as Prince of Wales North sea flood, Mongols conquer Bokhara, Hojo clan rules Japan to 1333 following end of Minamoto family, Ghengis Khan invades Khwarizm shahdom (SE of Caspian), City-state of Kilwa in Tanzania increases prosperity, death of Wolfram von Eschenbach the German poet, Henry III crowned at Westminster, Frederick II crowned emperor in Rome – son Henry elected German king, death of Saxo Grammaticus the Danish historian, Salisbury Cathedral begun, Brussels Cathedral begun, Boyd’ Choir at the Kreuz-Kirche in Dresden founded, first giraffes shown in Europe, Roger Bacon - philosopher - born or 1214, Ghengis Khan sends force to Russia, City-state of Kilwa in Tanzania increases prosperity marriage of St. Elizabeth the Hungarian princess to Louis IV of Thuringia, French epic “Huon de Bordeaux”, the sonnet form develops in Italian poetry, building of Burgos Cathedral begins, Vienna becomes a city, end 5th crusade, Hunac Ceel founder of Cocom dynasty Mayapán conquers Chichén Itzá Council of Oxford establishes April 23, St. George’s Day, as national holiday in England, Andras II of Hungary exempts clergy from taxation and refuses land to Jews and foreigners, End of Fifth Crusade – failed attempt to recapture Egypt, De Burgh puts down insurrection supporting King Louis VIII of France End of reign of Philip II Augustus of France – Louis VIII rules, death of Alfonso II King of Portugal, Mongols invade Russia – battle at Kalka River, Death of Philip II of France – Louis VIII rules to 1226, death of Alfonso II of Portugal, Mongols invade Russia, Death of Philip II Augustus of France, Louis VIII rules France, Portugal's Afonso II dies of leprosy, King Philip Augustus dies, King Louis VIII, husband of Blanche of Castile new king, Death of Philip II of France. Son Louis VIII reigns, End of reign of Philip II Augustus of France 1224 Anglo-French war begins, Henry VII proclaims Public Peace at Wurzburg, Franciscan friars in England, St. Berthold probable founder of Carmelite Order, founding of Naples U, Abdallah ur-Ruml creates Arab geographical encyclopedia, War between France and England to 1227 1225 Magna Carta reissues for third time in definitive form, Gullaume de Lorris writes “Roman de la Rose”, first English musical round “Sumer is icumen in”, cotton manufactured in Spain, End of Lalibela Emperor of Ethiopia 1226 Death of St. Francis of Assisi, death of Louis VIII of France – Louis IX the Saint rules, End of Louis VIII and Louis IX (St. Louis) rules France to 1270, Louis VIII of France dies and Louis IX has power in France (St. Louis), Louis VIII of France dies, Blance care-giver of Louis IX, St. Francis of Assisi dies, Franciscans and Dominicans established, Mongol conquest of Xixia is complete, Louis VIII of France dies, Louis IX (age 12) reigns but regent queen commands - Later Louis becomes St. Louis 1227 Death of Pope Honorius III – Pope Gregory IX, end of Anglo-French war, death of Genghis Khan – empire divided among three sons, building of Toledo Cathedral begins, Japanese potter Toshiro returns from China and starts porcelain manufacturing, Death of Pope Honorius III, end of war between France and England, Gregory IX pope to 1231, Henry III begins personal rule in England, Death of Genghis Khan and empire divided among sons, Ghengis Khan dies in a fall from a horse, Halley's Comet, Henry takes full governmental control, Pope Honorius III dies 18 Mar, Pope Gregory IX (Ugolino dei Conti di Segni Anagni) appointed 19 Mar, Teutonic Knights begin crusading against pagan Prussians, Death of Chingis Khan on campaign in Jin empire of China 1228 5th Crusade – called for by Frederick II (GER/HRE), Sixth Crusade starts, led by Emperor Frederick II, Francis of Assisi canonized, Sixth crusade led by Emperor Frederick II to 1229 – recapture Jerusalem and Teutonic Knights begin conquering Prussia, Begin 6th crusade, Frederick II bargains for Jerusalem, 5th Crusade - called for by Frederick II (GER/HRE) 1229 Christians regain Jerusalem, Frederick II crowned King of Jerusalem signs treaty with Sultan of Egypt, Aragon conquers Balearic Islands, Inquisition in Toulouse forbids Bible reading by all laymen, founding of Toulouse U, Ogadai son of Genghis elected Khan to 1241, End 6th crusade, Ogedai, son of Chingis, elected the great Khan of Mongolia,Christians regain Jerusalem 1230 Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade, German minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide dies, death of Ottokar I King of Bohemia, Peace of San Germano between emperor and pope – Frederick II being absolved from excommunication, Wenceslas I becomes King of Bohemia, Leprosy imported to Europe by Crusaders, Founding of Berlin on site of former Slav settlements, Death of Ottakar I King of Bohemia, Genghis Kahn's son retires, Union of the kingdoms of Castile and León, Lübeck and Hamburg form alliance, beginning of the Hanseatic league, Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade 1231 death of St. Antony of Padua (Portuguese), death of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, Japanese shogun forbids parents to sell children into slavery, Mongol invasion of Korea 1232 Ezzelino de Romano serves as Lord of Verona, Muhammad I founds Nasrid dynasty in Granada, Antony of Padua (d. 1231) canonized, Earliest known use of rockets in war between Mongols and Chinese, Inquisition founded by Pope Gregory IX, Henry III of England dismisses Papal legate Hubert de Burgh, Hubert de Burgh dismissed as advisor, Church sets up Inquisition to fight heresy 1233 Dominicans serve as Catholic inquisitors under Gregory IX, inquisition born, Rebellion of Earl of Pembroke – aided by Welsh, “Great Halleluyah” penitential movement in N Italy, coal mined for first time in Newcastle England 1234 Mongols annex Chin Empire, Louis IX, French King, marries Margueritte of Provence, Jin capital of Kaifeng falls to Mongols, Earliest use of cast metal moveable type in Korea 1235 Sun Diata founds Mali empire in W Africa, Rebellion of son Henry VII suppressed by Frederick II – Henry imprisoned, Mainz Public Peace – first imperial law in German language, Elizabeth of Hungary (d. 1232) canonized, Frederick II sponsors translation of Aristotle into Latin also allows dissection at Salerno school of medicine, Court jesters become popular, Sundiata Keita becomes King of Mali until 1255, Ogedai Khan establishes Mongol capital at Karakorum, Rise of the kingdom of Mali under Sun Diata Keita, Sun Diata founds Mali empire in W Africa 1236 Alexander Nevski named Grand Duke of Novgorod, Arabs lose Cordoba to Castile, death of Bavarian minnesinger Neidhardt von Reuenthal, Pope Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II, Theodoric of Luca pioneers anesthesias, Alexander Nevski becomes Prince of Novgorod to 1263, Henry marries Eleanor of Provence 1237 Frederick II defeats Lombard League at Cortenuova, Mongols conquer Russia and take Moscow, Death of Jordanus Nemorarius the German scientist, Mongols raid Europe, establish Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia, Mongol warriors under Batu sweep Eastern Europe, Border between Scotland and England agreed upon Treaty of York, Mongols invade Russia and e Europe 1238 Golden Horde of Mongols reach Volga River, Simon de Montfort marries Henry's sister Eleanor 1240 Russian Alexander Nevsky defeats Swedes at great battle on Neva river, Death of Llywelyn Fawr of Wales, End of Mongolian conquest of Russia, Dafydd ap Llywelyn named Prince of Snowdon, Crusade of Richard of Cornwall and Simon de Montfort to Jaffa, border fixrd between England and Scotland, Italian poet Guido Guinizelli establishes school of poetry, Roger Bacon returns to England from Paris, Sundiata founds Mali Empire, Ghana overrun by Mali people ending native Soninke rule – Sundiata Keita is King of Mali and a Mandingo, Battle of the Neva, End of Empire of Ghana, Mongols destroy Kiev, Battle of Neva – Alexander Nevski of Novgorod defeats Swedes, Mongols conquer Russia, Chartres Cathedral rebuilt, Water- powered sawmills cone into use in Europe, Russian Alexander Nevsky defeats Swedes at great battle on Neva river, Death of Llywelyn Fawr of Wales 1241 Lubeck and Hamburg form a Hansa (association) for trade and mutual protection, Snorri Sturluson the Icelandic poet and historian dies, death of Pope Gregory IX – Pope Celestine IV reigns for 17 days and dies, Battle of Leignitz, Silesia – 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 Mongols defeat Germans, invade Poland and Hungary, but death of leader Ughetai forces them to withdraw from Europe, Master of Naumburg sculpts at Meissen, Mainz and Naumburg, German Hanseatic League introduces rudder and bowsprit for sailing, Mongols withdraw from Europe following death of Ogadai Khan, Pope Gregory IX dies, Pope Celestine IV appointed 25 Oct (Goffredo Castiglioni) - dies 10 Nov. Death of Ogedai Khan - the Mongol, Mongols ravage e Europe and annex Russian principalities, Lubeck and Hamburg form a Hansa (association) for trade and mutual protection Batu, grandson of Genghis Khan establishes “Golden Horde” warriors at Sarai on lower Volga, first record of a ship convoy, Kiel established as town, Batu establishes Mongol kingdom of “The Golden Horde” on lower Volga river, Rebels in S of France rebel, put down by Louis IX, Earliest recorded use of convoy system to protect merchant ships from piracy, Nobles of South France rebel, put down by Louis the next year Five year truce between England and France, Pope Innocent IV elected, Innocent IV named Pope to 1254, Egyptians capture Jerusalem from Christians, Pope Innocent IV appointed (Sinibaldo Fieschi), Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (Turkey) becomes Mongol vassal state Christians lose Jerusalem to Egyptian Khwarazmi, Louis IX of France survives sickness and goes on crusade, Turks sweep into Jerusalem – Final Christian loss, first “Dunmow Fitch” competition in England, Christians lose Jerusalem, Louis IX of France survives sickness and goes on crusade, Turks sweep into Jerusalem Final Christian loss Frederick II deposed by Council of Lyons, death of Alexander of hales the English philosopher, choir and cloisters of Westminster Abbey in London built, Innocent IV calls the Synod of Lyon which declares Frederick II deposed Llywelyn Yr Ail (the Last) begins rule of Wales, death of Dafydd ap Llywellyn Prince of Snowden, Frederick II seizes the vacant dukedom of Austria and Styria, earlies German peasant romance written, erection of La Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, Wernher der Gertenaere writes first German peasant romance, Llywelyn Yr Ail (the Last) begins rule of Wales The Hague founded, Robin Hood dies, War in Italy between Frederick and papal allies to 1250 death of Arab scientist Ibn al-Baitar, Lombards defeat Frederick II at Parma, Genoese takes Rhodes, Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX, death of Gonzalo de Berceo the earliest Spanish poet, present Cologne Cathedral begun, work begins on Alhambra in Granada, Start of Seventh Crusade by Louis IX of France to 1270, Begin 7th crusade, Louis IX goes on crusade, wife accompanies, Cologne Cathedral started, Louis IX (St. Louis) leads 7th crusade in Egypt University College (Oxford) founded, Death of Alexander II of Scotlans and reign of Alexander III, Louis IX lands in Egypt, University College in Oxford founded, Roger Bacon records the existence of explosives – argues for science curriculum at Oxford, French Crusades invade N Africa, Death of Alexander II of SCO – Alexander III rules to 1286, Scotland: Alexander starts invasion of Western Isles dies, succeeded by son Alexander III, University of Oxford founded, University 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 College (Oxford) founded, Death of Alexander II of Scotlans and reign of Alexander III Ayyubids out of power in Egypt, Colorado cliff buildings built, Kanem kingdom in Lake Chad region begins to break up, last Ayyubid ruler in Egypt murdered, Mamluks – soldiers from central Asia take power, Chimu people expand in Peru, Maya revival as new capital built at Mayapan, Damietta surrendered to crusaders, death of Fibonacci, Frederick II dies and is succeeded by Conrad IV, Valdeman I becomes King of Sweden, Saracens capture Louis IX, “Easter Play of Muri” starts German drama, establishment of four national colleges at Paris University, start of high Gothic period in German art, building begins on St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, Jaina Temple in Mount Abu, Johannes Church in Thorn (Torun) NW India, Synagogues built at Toledo and Worms, beginnings of choral Passion singers, portable small organ invented, Vincent of Beauvais publishes an encyclopedia, Jordanus Rufus publishes veterinary manual, commercial and industrial boom in northern and central Italian cities, hats come into fashion, Goose quills used for writing, Roger Bacon invents magnifying glass, Yukinaga Shinanozenji writes epic, Mamluks from Central Asia take power in Egypt, Gunpowder introduced to Europe, Death of Frederick II the HRE and end of war between HRE and papal allies, Conrad IV HRE to 1254, Saracens capture Louis IX in Egypt and he is ransomed, Pope Innocent IV gains independence for Papacy, End of Emperor Frederick II (France), Towns and ceremonial centers built in Mississippi basin, Novelette Romance of the Rose written, Ayyubids out of power in Egypt, Colorado cliff buildings built, Kanem kingdom in Lake Chad region begins to break up, last Ayyubid ruler in Egypt murdered, Mamluks - soldiers from central Asia take power, CHimu people expand in Peru, Maya revival as new capital built at Mayapan, Damietta surrendered to crusaders Ottokar Margrave of Moravia son of King Wenceslas I elected Duke of Austria, Portugal seizes Algarve, Kublai Khan becomes Governor of China, farmer and shepherd revolt in France and England Alfonzo X the Wise rules Castille, Founding of Ahom kingdom in Assam, Inquisition begins to use instruments of torture, completion of Church of St. Francis Assisi, Golden florins minted at Florence, Hanseatic merchants establish common rights at Flemish harbor of Bruges, Japanese sculptor Ono Goroemon creates, Louis IX of France expels Jews, Inquisition under Pope Gregory IX begins use of torture, French Queen, Blanche of Castile dies, Mongol conquest of Song empire of China begins Death of Tibaut IC King of Navarre and French poet, death of King Wenceslas I King of Bohemia, Ottokar II becomes king of Bohemia, William of Rubruque travels in central Asia and reports his experiences, Linen first manufactured in England, Sorbonne founded, Zen master Dogen of Japan dies, Japanese priest Nichiren founds Lotus Sutra Buddhism, Ottakar II the Great named King of Bohemia to 1278, Commercial rivalry leads to war between Genoa and Venice, both Florence and Genoa introduce gold coinage Marco Polo born in Venice, death of Pope Innocent IV – Pope Alexander IV elected, Louis IX returns to France from Palestine, Conrad IV dies, court chaplain Robert de Sorbon founds the Paris School of Theology (later the Sorbonne), Great 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 Interregnum in Germany (struggle for crown) to 1273, death of Conrad IV HRE, End of Hohenstaufens rule of HRE, End 7th crusade, Marco Polo born, Pope Innocent IV dies 7 Dec, Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo de Conti di Segni) appointed 12 Dec, Interregnum in Germany inauguratesperiod of political chaos Henry III of England accepts Sicily for his son Edmund, Ulrich von Lichtenstein writes “Frauendienst” a poem about chivalry, death of author Thomas of Celano – author of “Dies irae”, Prague and Stockholm become towns, End of Sundiata Keita King of Mali Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan becomes leader of Persia, “Hundred Years War” between Venice and Genoa, founding of order of Augustine Hermits, Pope Alexander IV founds Augustinian Order from groups of hermits, Prince Llewellyn sweeps the English from Wales, Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan becomes leader of Persia Llywelyn assumes title of Prince of Wales, Richard of Cornwall elected King of Romans and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Saadi the Persian poet (lived 107 years –die 1291) writes “The Fruit Garden” Salisbury Cathedral completed, Manifred, illegitimate son of Frederick II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, Mongols take Baghdad and overthrow caliphate, establishment of House of Commons (Provisions of Oxford), flagellation begins to try and prevent plagues, End of major Mongol Empire, King Henry III forced by Simon de Montfort to agree to <i>Provisions of Oxford</i> which is a rudimentary parliament, King forced to submit to the Provisions of Oxford- nobles not subject to king, but council, Osman I- ancestor of Ottomans, born, Mongols plunder Baghdad destroying Abbasid caliphate, English Barons, de Montfort, rebel. List of grievances limit royal power, Mongols execute last Abbasid caliph at Baghdad, Korea becomes Mongol vassal state, England's Provisions of Oxford provides responsibility to the council of barons and not the king - Simon de Montfort was head baron Death of Ezzelino de Romano the Lord of Verona, Kublai Khan the governor of China also starts ruling Mongolia, Llywelyn Prince of Wales establishes peace between England and Wales, English and French sign Treaty of Paris Mamluk commander Baybars takes over as sultan of Egypt, Khubilai grandson of Genghis becomes Great Khan, Battle of Ain Jalut – Mongols halted by Mamluks in Palestine, Sultan murdered by Baibars, Florentine Ghibellines defeat Guelphs at Montaperti, first flagellant religious movements in southern Germany and N Italy, Chartres cathedral consecrated, Cimabue creates “Madonna” for Trinita church in Florence, first mastersinger school created in Mainz, Mongol Kublai Khan becomes Emperor of China, Polo family sets out for China – 1 generation before Marco, Kublai elected Khan by his army at Shan-tu China, Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China to 1368, End of Abbasid dynasty at Baghdad, Mongols are defeated by the Mamlukes at ‘Ain Jalut, Mamluk commander Baybars takes over as sultan of Egypt, Khubilai grandson of Genghis becomes Great Khan, Battle of Ain Jalut – Mongols halted by Mamluks in Palestine, Sultan murdered by Baibars Death of Pope Alexander IV – Pope Urban IV elected, Ottokar II obtains Styria, Michael VIII Palaeologus regains Constantinople, Thaddeus Florentinus teaches 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 medicine at Bologna University, Greeks end Latin empire in Constantinople, King Henry III violates <i>Provisions of Oxford</i> , Urban IV named Pope to 1264, Latins driven out of Byzantine empire by Michael VIII who establishes Paleologi, Henry repudiates Provisions of Oxford (Grievances), 25 May Pope Alexander IC dies, 29 Aug Pope Urban IV appointed (Jacques Pantaléon Troyes), Byzantines recapture Constantinople, fall of Latin Empire, End of French and Venitian occupation of E. Roman empire as Latins driven out by Michael VIII who founded Paleologi Dynasty Iceland and Greenland come under Norwegian rule, Adam de la Halle writes the first French operette – “Le Jeu de la Feuillee”, ALexandr Nevshy convinces Tartars to reduce tributes and eliminate conscription, Iceland and Greenland come under Norwegian rule Scots defeat Vikings at Battle of Largs, end of Alezander Nevski the Grand Duke of Novgorod, Haakon of Norway defeated by Scots at Largs – cedes Hebrides, death of Alexander Nevshi, Balliol College at Oxford founded, Death of Prince of Novgorod Alexander Nevski, Norway gives up Hebrides to the Scots, Scotland: Alexander III defeats Viking army at Battle of Largs Barons defeat king Henry III, but he continues to reign, Thomas Aquinas writes “Summa contra Gentiles” Roger Bacon writes “De computo naturali” Merton college at Oxford founded, death of Pope Urban, English woman has stay of execution moments after being hung – rope cut and she lived for many years, Civil war in England because king violates agreement, Henry III and Prince Edward captured at Battle of Lwewsand Simon De Montfort takes temporary control, Simon de Montfort (French and English) forces King Henry of England to submit to <i>Mise of Lewes</i>, "Baron's War" de Montfort defeats Henry, Pope Urban IV dies 2 Oct, Simon de Montfort forces King Henry to submit to Council of Nine (with him in charge) in England Simon de Montfort summons first parliament in Britain, Pope Clement IV elected, Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix develop the musical form of the motet, Philosopher Duns Scotus born in England, Albertus Magnus begins to be skeptical about medival animal lore and publishes <i>Book of Minerals</i>, Parliament called with house of Burgesses (honored citizens) summoned – Simon de Montfort becomes known as father of the House of Commons – Simon de Montfort killed at battle of Evesham by Prince Edward, Clement IV named Pope to 1268, Simon de Montfort summons first English Parliament, Some barons rebel against de Montfort and kill him at Battle of Evesham, 5 Feb Pope Clement IC (Gui Faucoi le Gros) (Guy Foulques the Fat) appointed, Duns Scotus, philosopher, born, Manfred defeated and killed by Charles of Anjou at Benevento, Balban the Sultan of Delhi rules, Roger Bacon writes “Opus maius”, Sanjuasangendo Temple at Kyoto Japan built, English bakers begin marking loaves of bread to identify the source of bad bread – thus establishing the trademark, End of Chola dynasty in India, King Saint Louis goes out on crusade, but is warned against it, guilds of goldsmiths and tailors of London firght each other in fierce street battles, Roger Bacon predicts radiology steamship airplane television and discovery of Western hemisphere – also describes magnetic needle reading 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 glasses and camera obscura, Kublai Kahn establishes Beijing, Roger Bacon a Franciscan Monk writes about scientific experimentation – not published until 1700s, End of Chola dynasty in India, King Saint Louis goes out on crusade, but is warned against it Earthquake in Turkey Anatolia kills 60000 , Antioch falls to Baibars, death of Pope Clement IV starts three years vacancy in the papacy, Death of Pope Clement IV – Papacy vacant until 1271, Muslims from Egypt capture Antioch held by Christians, Pope Clement IV dies, no replacement Pope until 1271, Hapsburgs control Austria, Earthquake in Turkey, Antioch falls to Baibars King James I of Antioch diverted from crusade by storm, Amiens Cathedral rebuilt after burning in 1218, Ottokar acquires Carinthia and Carniola from Hungary, first toll roads in England, Louis IX of France orders Jews to wear purple badge, Polo family returns to Venice and then goes back to China with Marco death of Louis IX the Saint of France on Eighth Crusade – succeeded by Philip III, rule of Stephen V of Hungary, death of Tannhauser the German poet and minnesinger, birth of Giovanni da Casica the Italian composer, End of French Crusades in N Africa, first use of firearms in China, End of Crusades (seventh and eighth?), death of St. Louis (IX) King of France of plague while on final Crusade, Philip III the Bold King of France to 1285, Louis IX of France dies besieging Tunis, Philip III in power, Eighth crusade, Official end of the Crusades (1096), Roger Bacon writes, St. Thomas Aquinas writes <i>Summa theological</i>, invention of the mechanical clock, Death of Louis IX of France, reign of Philip III - Champagne region under French rule due to marriage Venetian explorer Marco Polo sets out for China (to 1295), end of three-year vacancy in the papacy as Pope Gregory X elected, Marco Polo visits Kublai Khan and stays to 1295, Pope Gregory X ends gap in Popes, Venetian Marco Polo travels to Asia via land (Age 17)with uncle, 1 Sep, Pope Gregory X appointed (Tebaldo Visconti Piacenza), Marco Polo leaves for China End of King Henry III - Edward I returns from crusade and reigns, death of Muhammad I the founder of Nasrid dynasty in Granada, death of Stephen V of Hungary, death of Richard of Cornwall King of Romans, silk reeling machine invented, Death of King Henry III of England and Edward I named to 1307, Death of Henry III of England, Edward I rules England, Henry III dies, Edward I learns he is king on way back from Crusades, Death of Henry III of England, Edward I becomes king Rudolph I becomes first Habsburg ruler of Austria at Aix-la-Chapelle, Death of Djelaleddin Rumi the Persian poet and founder of the order of Dancing Dervishes, Thomas Aquinas writes “Summa theological (Credo ut intelligam)”, Persian/Turkish poet Rumi dies, First Habsburg Rudolf IV becomes King of GER (basically HRE), Rudolf I becomes HRE to 1291 – end of “Great Interregnum”, Rudolf I (Hapsburg) named Holy Roman Emperor - proceeds to conquer Austria, Bohemia, Germany, Hungary and Spain which are controlled by Hapsburgs, Death of Djelaleddin Rumi of Turki - founder of the order of Dervishes Kyushu eruption, death of Nasir ed-Din et-Tusi the Arab scholar, Edward I crowned at Westminster, Kublai Khan fails to conquer Japan, Thomas Aquinas 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 dies, death of Arab scientist Nasir ed-Din, First Mongol invasion of Japan – Mongols fail to gain foothold, Synod of Lyons called by Pope Gregory X recommends that conclaves should be secret to avoid corruption (more corruption follows), St. Thomas Aquinas dies, St. Thomas Aquinas dies, Papal Council of Lyon declares all Cardinals must meet within 10 days of a pope's death do elect new one, plus seclusion, Edward I crowned, Attempted Mongol invasion of Japan, Death of St. Thomas Aquinas, Kyushu eruption Moses de Leon the Jewish theologian writes “Zohar” the fundamental work on Jewish mysticism, William of Saliceto writes “Chirurgia” the earliest record of human dissection, Marco Polo in the service of Kublai Khan, Amsterdam chartered, Formation of rainbows explained by Theodoric of Freiburg, end of Sung dynasty in China, Marco Polo serves Kublai Khan, Marco Polo meets with Kublai Khan, then the Great Khan, Grandson of Ghengis, First mechanical clock invented, Mexico's Quiché Maya conquer Pokomam Maya, Marco Polo arrives in Peking Death of James I of Aragon, year of the four popes – Gregory X dies, Pope Innocent V, Pope Hadrian V and Pope John XXI (end 1277), Ottokar outlawed bu Rudolph submits to him and keeps Bohemia and Moravia, Death of James I the Conqueror King of Aragon, death of Pope Gregory X, Innocent V the first Dominican becomes pope and dies after 5 months – Adrian V dies after five weeks but revokes conclave rules, Pope John XXI dies after eight months in office, Pope Gregory X dies, 21 Jan Pope Innocent V (Pierre de Tarentaise) appointed, dies 22 Jun, 11 Jul Pope Adrian V (Ottobuono Fieschi) appointed, dies 18 Aug, 8 Sep Pope John XXI appointed (Pedro Hispano) of Portugal (first) Mamluks in control of Egypt, Llywelyn Yr Ail of Wales defeated by British Edward I, baibars dies by poisoning, Roger Bacon imprisoned for heresy until 1292, Pope Nicholas III elected, English Franciscan philosopher Riger Bacon exiles for heresy until 1292, Nicholas III Pope to 1280 when Pope John XXI dies , Pope John XXI dies in collapse of roof. 25 Nov Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini) appointed, Mamluks in control of Egypt, Llywelyn Yr Ail of Wales defeated by British Edward I, baibars dies by poisoning Death of Nicola Pisano the Italian sculptor, death of Ottokar II king of Bohemia as he is defeated bu Rudolf and killed at Durnkrut – succeeded by Wenceslas II, Death of Martin of Troppau the chronicler and historian, St. Maria Novella church built in Florence, 278 Jews in London hanged for clipping coin but Christians guilty of same offense fined. Invention of glass mirror, death of Ottokar II the Great King of Bohemia Louis IX of France canonized, Southern Song Dynasty falls to Mongols - Yuan Dynasty begins, End Song dynasty of China, Mongol Yuan dynasty takes charge under Khubilai Khan death of Albertus Magnus the German philosopher, death of Pope Nicholas III, Eric II of Norway rules, Asen dynasty of Bulgaria extinguished – country becomes subject to Serbs, Greeks and Mongols, Kublai Khan founds Yuan dynasty in China, Ruteberf writes “Oeuvres” French lyrical and satirical poems, Rebellion of textile workers of Flanders against their exploiters, Death of Albertus Magnus the German philosopher and scientist, End of the Sung dynasty of China, 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 Pope Nicholas III dies 22 Aug, Foundation of the Ottoman Turkish state, End of great socialist experiment in China, last Sung monarch throws homself into the sea, Kublai Khan becomes emperor of China starting the Mongol Dynasty, approximate birthdate of William of Occam Kyushu eruption, Typhoon in sea of Japan destroys Mongols, Mongols driven away from Japan by “divine wind”, Election of Pope Martin IV, Japanese Samurai repel Mongols, Second Mongol invasion of Japan ends in disaster, Pope Martin IV to 1285, Second attempted invasion of Japan by Mongols, 22 Feb Pope martin IV appointed (Simon de Brion), Kyushu eruption, Typhoon in sea of Japan destroys Mongols, Mongols driven away from Japan by "divine wind" Edward I of England begins to conquer Wales as Llywelyn rebels against Edward I, Sicilian Vespers – massacre of French in Sicily, Rudolf invests sons Albert and Rudolf with Austria, Styria and Carniola, end of Sung Academy in China, Florence becomes leading European city in commerce and finance, End of the Paleologi of Byzantium, Andronicus II becomes emperor, Edward invades N Wales and defeats Prince Llywelyn, Death of Michael VIII of Constantinople, Rule of Andronicus II (weak), Edward I of England begins to conquer Wales as Llywelyn rebels against Edward I, Death of Saadi the popular Persian poet, The Teutonic Order completes subjection of Prussia, a false Emperor Frederick II appears in Germany, erection of Caernarvon Castle, Edward I conquers Gwynneth, Edward I defeats and kills Llewellyn Prince of Wales and executes Llewellyn’s brother David – Wales remains conquered, Alfonzo X King of Castile and León creates book on chess, dice and backgammon Edward I of England conquers Wales, Peterhouse, the first college of Cambridge U founded, Sequins coined in Venice, Italy, death of Alfonso X the Wise of Castille, Genoa defeats Pisa – start of Pisa’s decline, “Pied Piper of Hamelin”, first sequins coined in Venice, Gianciotto Malatesta of Rimini kills brother and wife – married 1275 Francesca daughter of Prince of Ravenna, Edward I of England captures Wales, Account of Pied Piper leading 130 children out of Hamelin Germany – possible pedophile, Edward conquers Wales for good, Welsh independence ends, Statute of Wales puts Wales under English control, Edward I of England conquers Wales, Peterhouse, the first college of Cambridge U founded, Sequins coined in Venice, Italy Death of Philip III – Philip IV the Fair rules, Death of Pope Martin IV – Pope Honorius IV elected, Adam de la Halle composes “Jeu de Robin et Marion”, smog problems start to develop in London, Richard of Holdingham produces “Hereford Map” showing winged salamanders weird birds and quadrupedal people in Africa, death of Philip III the Bold King of France, death of Pope Martin IV by indigestion, Philip IV becomes King of France to 1314, Honorius IV Pope to 1287, Death of Philip III of France, Philip IV becomes king, 28 Mar, Pope Martin IV dies, 2 Apr Pope Honorius IV appointed (Giacomo Savelli)</ Alexander III of Scotland falls over a cliff and dies and granddaughter (or infant niece) Margaret Maid of Normandy reigns under six guardians, death of BarHerbraus the Syrian lexicographer, Alexander III of SCO dies and lists granddaughter Margaret (age 3) as heir to 1290, Scotland: Alexander dies, leaving 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 kingdom to 4 year old granddaughter Margaret, Alexander III falls over a cliff and dies and granddaughter Margaret Maid of Normandy reigns North Sea flood - St. Lucia’s flood in Netherlands and storm surge kills 50-80k, death of Adam de la Halle the French composer of musical plays, Balban Sultan of Delhi dies, death of Pope Honorius IV, Rudolf proclaims public peace at Diet of Wurzburg, Mongol invasion of Burma, death of German poet Conrad of Wurzburg who write “The Trojan War”, Death of Pope Honorius IV, Pope Honorius IV dies, Mongols destroy Burmese capital of Pagan, North Sea flood Osman I founds Ottoman Empire, Pope Nicholas IV elected, Nicholas IV named Pope to 1292, Pope Nicholas IV (Girolamo Masci Ascoli) appointed Founding of Montpellier U, block printing practices in Ravenna, Friar John of Montecorvino becomes first archbishop of Peking Earthquake in Gulf of Chihili, Invention of spectacles in Italy, end of reign of Margaret in Scotland who was supposed to marry King Edward of England, Chinese earthquake kills 100k est. 6.7, Kaikobad Sultan of Delhi murdered – succeeded by Jalaluddin, Dante writes “La Vita Nuova”, Lisbon University founded, spectacles invented, Cable bridges used in the Andes, Travels of Marco Polo published, England expels all Jews, Margaret of SCO dies (age 7) and 13 men lay claim on throne – interregnum until 1292. England arbitrates and appoints John Balliol king, but he rebels and Edward rules SCO for 10 years, end of dynasty of slave kings in India, Turkish leader Firuz founds Khalji Dynasty in Delhi until 1320, Merchants introduce Islam into Indonesia and Malaysia, Earthquake in Gulf of Chihili, Invention of spectacles in Italy, end of reign of Margaret in Scotland, Chinese earthquake Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from Hapsburgs, Death of Rucolf I, Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, Mamelukes conquer Acre ending Christian rule in the East, end of Crusades – Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus, building of nave of York Minster, Saracen Muslims capture Acre from Christians – last Christian stronghold – end of crusade era, death of Rudolf I HRE, Scots acknowledge Edward I of England as suzerain and he arbitrates in succession dispute, Christians lose last possessions in Palestine, The city of Acre (Israel) falls to Muslims, Rudolf I (Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor) dies, Margaret dies. Edward I of England asked to pick successor, Crusaders expelled from Holy Land, Mamlukes capture Acre - fall of kingdom of Jerusalem, Acre, Christians have lost most possessions in East, Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from Hapsburgs John Baliol chosen king of Scotland – removed from throne by Edward I of England, end of service of Marco Polo in service of Kublai Khan, end of imprisonment of Roger Bacon, death of Pope Nicholas IV, Adolf Count of Nassau elected German King – crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Return of Roger Bacon from exile for heresy, death of Pope Nicholas IV, John Balliol King of Scotland on nomination of Edward I to 1296, Adolf Count of Nassau HRE to 1298, Conflict between French families over papal election leads to election of illiterate hermit peasan farmer Peter of Morone as Celestine V – resigns in 5 months and imprisoned by Pope Boniface VIII, Edward chooses John Balliol new king of 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 Scotland, Pope Nicholas IV dies 4 Apr, no Pope until 1294, Sir Roger Bacon dies, John Baliol chosen king of Scotland – removed from throne by Edward I of England Japan quake kills 30000 and tsunami followed, Osman I - Turkish chief in Anatolia, founds Ottoman dynasty, Earthquake in Japan Death of Roger Bacon – greatest scientist of his time, Death of Kublai Khan the Governor of China and Mongolia, Hanseatic cities recognize Lubeck as their leading member, Pope Celestine V elected then renounces the throne, Pope Boniface VIII elected, Death of Roger Bacon - inventor of experimental method, Boniface VIII elected pope but forced to resign, and Benedict XI elected and dies, probably poisoned, Death of Kublai Khan, Celestine V the hermit Peter of Morrone named Pope – resigns after five months, Boniface VIII named pope – lawyer diplomat and practiser of magic arts to 1303, Roger Bacon dies, Kublai Khan dies, Begin papacy of Boniface VIII 24 Dec (Benedetto Caetani Anagni) Alliance between France and Scotland, early English miracle play “The Harrowing of Hell” Death of Dutch poet Jacob van Maertant, Cinabue creates “Madonna with St. Francis at Assisi”, Marco Polo returns to Italy, Model parliament convenes in London, but most of the clergy quits, First representative Parliament in England, Marco Polo returns from China and is captured and begins to write adventures, Model Parliament of Edward I, Temur Oljaitu (Ch’eng Tsung) grandson of Emperor of China to 1307, Model Parliament of Edward I – knights and burgesses from English shires and towns summoned – first representative parliament, First parliament summoned in England, Marco Polo, Model Parliament is summoned, Balliol refuses to join with Edward and allies with French "Auld Alliance Marco Polo returns to Italy from China, First regular summoning of Parliament in England, Marco Polo returns to Venice Edward I defeats Scots at Dunbar and captures John Baliol of Scotland – Stuart alliance with France (Auld Alliance), Frederick II becomes King of Sicily, Jalaluddin of Delhi murdered – succeeded by Alauddin Khilji, Scottish coronation stone moved from Scone to Westminster, John of Luxembourg, son of Henry VIII born and named future King of Bohemia, building of Florence Cathedral started, Marco Polo writes in prison, End of John Balliol as King of Scotland when deposed by Edward I of England – Interregnum in Scotland until 1306, Conflict between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VII over Papal powers in France to 1303, Edward invades Scotland and deposes king. Removes stone of Scone to Westminster, Edward I defeats Scots at Dunbar and captures John Baliol of Scotland - Stuart alliance with France (Auld Alliance) Scots rise against English rule under William Wallace and defeat Edward at Sterling Bridge, first Irish parliament meets in Dublin, Genoese defeat Venetians in sea battle at Curzola, Moas die out in New Zealand , William Wallace tries to free SCO from ENG rule – Battle of Cambuskenneth, King confirms certain liberties to people, Scots rebel against English rule. Led by William Wallace, defeat Edward, Marco Polo publishes, King Edward I of England confirms liberties in charter - foundation of no taxation without representation, Scots rise against English rule under William Wallace and defeat Edward, first Irish paraliament meets in Dublin 1298 William Wallace of Scotland defeated at Falkirk but starts guerilla war to 1305, King (Saint) Louis canonized by Rome, death of Adolf Count of Nassau the German King, Marco Polo begins to dictate his memoirs in Genoese jail, Adolf of Nassau dethroned by electors and killed in Battle of Golhleim – succeeded as German king by Albert I of Austria, Jacobus de Baragine author of “The Golden Legend” dies, spinning wheel invented, longbow revolutionizes warfare at Battle of Falkirk, Marco Polo imprisoned in Genoa and writes account of travels in Asia, End of Adolf Count of Nassau as HRE, Edward I defeats William Wallace at battle of Falkirk and reconquers Scotland, Edward invades Scotland, defeating William Wallace, Marco Polo publishes account of his travels in Asia, William Wallace of Scotland defeated at Falkirk but starts guerilla war to 1305, King (Saint) Louis canonized by Rome 1299 Death of Eric II of Norway, Treaties between Venice and Turks, France and Germany, Palazzo Vecchio built in Venice 1300 Ife culture of W Africa produces brasses, Osman I founds Ottoman dynasty in Turkey, Incas begin to expand throughout Andes, Hawaiians start to develop class structure as a result of economic growth, Stone temples (marae) erected on Raratonga, Cook Islands, Huge stone statues erected on Easter Island, Tower of London completed, Jubilee year pronounced by Pope Boniface VIII, Edward I invades Scotgland, Wenceslas II of Bohemia elected king of Poland, “Aucassin et Nicolette” famous French love story written, development of Chinese drama, Giovanni Pisano created “Madonna”, Building of St. Mary the Virgin at Oxford, professional musical entertainers in France - “Jongleurs”, apothecaries become popular in German cities, Urine analysis becomes diagnostic means, temporary end of European slave trade, Trade fairs at Bruges, Antwerp, Lyons and Geneva, Start of Bubonic plague outbreak lasting until the 1720s, European monks invent escapement clock, Founding of Ottoman Empire under Osman, eyeglasses first used commonly in Europe, This era Minamoto shoguns in Japan diminish as Ashikaga shoguns rule, Osman the Turk founds territory and followers become Ottomans, Wenceslas II becomes King of Poland, Anasazi Cliff Dwellers decline, Aztec empire starts, East African city-states founded, Decline of the Mayan civilization, rise of the Aztec civilization, Renaissance begins in Italy, Fremont and Anasazi disappear from Utah, Papal jubilee in Rome, SW N American farming cultures in decline after period of drought, Italian merchants develop double-entry bookkeeping, European population reaches 73 million, decline of Anasazi and other farmers of SW deserts, Renaissance era begins, Ife culture of W Africa produces brasses, Osman I founds Ottoman dynasty in Turkey, Incas begin to expand throughout Andes, Hawaiians start to develop class structure as a result of economic growth, Stone temples (marae) erected on Raratonga, Cook Islands, Huge stone statues erected on Easter Island 1301 Andrew III of Hungary last of the Arpads dies, Osman defeats Byzantines at Baphaion, Edward I’s son becomes Prince of Wales, pulpit in the Posa Cathedral created by Giovanni Pisano, Osman defeats Byzantines, Edward I of England invests baby son Edward as Prince of Wales, Edward makes son Prince of Wales, Papal bull against Philip of France burned by Philip 1302 Death of Florentine painter Cimabue, Anglo-Scot truce, First meeting of French States General, Dante exiled from Florence, Papal bull “Unam sanctam” re-asserts papal supremacy, Dominican John of Paris defies authority of papacy, Battle of Courtrai (Golden Spurs or Kortrijk) Burghers of Flanders defeat the flower of French chivalry and save country from French occupation, Papal Bull Unam Sanctam declares papal authority to be supreme, French Knights defeated at Courtrai by Flemish, Fall of Ruad - Crusaders expelled from Holy Land, Territorial expansion of Muscovy, French knights defeated by Flemings at Courtrai, second Papal Bull against Philip of France 1303 Pope Boniface VIII quarrels with Philip IV of France and dies a prisoner in the Vatican, Rome U founded, Bernard of Gordon makes first medical reference to spectacles, start of “little ice age”, Edward I increases free trade in England, Death of Pope Boniface VIII ends conflict between Pope and France, Gullaume de Nogaret an emissary of Philip IV of France captures Pope Bomiface VII at Anagni ITAL and ill-treats him – Pope rescued by citizens of Anagni but dies soon after – Benedict XI Pope to 1304, Halley's Comet, Knights Templar last to leave out of Palestine, 11 Oct End papacy of Boniface VIII who tried to tax Europe, 22 Oct Clement V new pope 1304 death of RUdiger Manesse the collector of minnesingers’ songs, Giotto di Bondone begins painting frescos at Arena chapel, Death of Pope Benedict XI, Petrarch the Italian poet born, 1305 William Wallace of Scotland captured and beheaded by England, Death of Wenceslas II of Bohemia Poland and Hungary, Pope Clement V elected, Giotto paints “Life of Christ” and “Last Judgement”, Edward I standardizes yard and acre, William Wallace of SCO executed by English, Clement V moves Papacy to France – start of Babylonian Captivity until 1377/8 for next 7 popes, Clement V named Pope (Bertrand de Got Archbishop of Bordeaux) to 1314, Frescoes of Arena Chapel in Padua painted by Giotto William Wallace executed in London, "Babylonian Captivity" (papacy in Avignon) begins Pope Clement V (Bertrand de Got Bordeaux) elected Jun 5, William Wallace of Scotland captured and beheaded by England 1306 Robert Bruce assumes Wallace’s role and is crowned at Scone Scotland in defiance of English – defeated by English at Methuen and Dalry, becomes Robert I, Wenceslas III last of the Premyslids dies – Albert invests son Rudolf with Bohemia, death of Jacopone da Todi author of “Stabat Mater”, Philip IV expels Jews from France, Pietro d’ Abano becomes professor of medicine at Padua U, Delhi Sultanate expels Mongols, expands through India, Robert Bruce seeks to free SCO from ENG after execution of William Wallace – Robert named King of Scotland ending interregnum, Philip IV expels Jews from France, Robert Bruce crowned king of Scotland, Robert Bruce assumes Wallace's role and is crowned at Scone Scotland in defiance of English, becomes Robert I 1307 End of Edward I of England, Begin Edward II of England, legendary Rutli vow of the three Swiss cantons, Dante composes “Divina Commedia” Archbishopric of Peking set up, completion of Lincoln Cathedral tower, Kankan Mansa Musa becomes King of Mali to 1332, death of Edward I King of England on march to crush Robert Bruce, Edward II King of England to 1327, Edward restricts Papal 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 ability to collect taxes, Edward I dies, Edward II becomes king, Edward attempts to invade Scotland, dies en route, Edward II becomes king, Bruce begins movement to drive English out, Wins battles, Dante writes <i>The Divine Comedy</i>, Parliament of Carlisle restricts papal power in England, Death of Edward I of England, war between Scotland and England, Edward II reigns Papal court moves to Avignon, Great Schism follows, Montaillou France, last refuge of Cathar Christians, suffers from corrupt Catholic priest – 2 million die in crusade against Cathar heretics, Clergue (the priest) seducing women, end of Albert I of Austria ruling as German king when he is murdered – Henry VII Count of Luxembourg elected German king, coronation of Edward II, death of Duns Scotus the Scottish theologian, King Philip IV purchases Hotel des Nesle and builds early indoor tennis court, Philosopher Duns Scotus of England dies, Corpse of Sister Chiara de Montefalco dissected by fellow nuns in Umbria. They describe stones in the gallbladder and crucifix in the heart, Henry VII names HRE to 1313, Duccio paints, Edward's favourite, Piers Gaveston, exiled Scotland: Bruce ravages lands of Earl of Buchan, Death of Roger Bacon, scholar, death of Duns Scotus, philosopher, Papal court moves to Avignon, Great Schism follows, Montaillou France, last refuge of Cathar Christians, suffers from corrupt Catholic priest - 2 million die in crusade against Cathar heretics, Clergue (the priest) seducing women Clement V (Frenchman) fixes papal residence at Avignon – start of “Babylonian Captivity”, Doge’s palace in Venice built on site of earlier palaces, Marchettus of Padua pleads for introduction of counterpoint into musical composition, founding of Orleans U, Pope Clement V moves to Avignonm begins "Babylonian Captivity" , Giotto de Bondone finishes painting frescoes, Pope Clement V moves papacy from Rome to Avignon France, Gaveston returns from France, Douglasses join with Bruce in Scotland to fight English, Knights of St John capture Rhodes, Clement V (Pope) runs away to France to escape Italian turmoil One of the “Good Men” Pierre Autlier burned in France, John of Luxembourd born 1296 finally rules as King of Bohemia, Council of Ten established in Venice, Edward II forced to appoint Lords Ordainers for better ruling of England, First use of mechanical clocks, Shoes began to be made for right and left feet, English barons appoint 21 peers – Lords Ordainers – to manage Edward II’s household, Parliament sets up committee of Lords to regulate King. Cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster in control, Scots recapture towns held by English, Knights Templar burned at the stake, Hospitallers (St. John) established on Rhodes, John of Luxembourg becomes king of Bohemia, One of the "Good Men" Pierre Autlier burned in France Death of Arnold of Cillanova the Italian physician and alchemist, Scots plunder N England, Pope Benedict XI convenes Council of Vienne, Edward II of England forced to accept rule of Barons Treaty of Vienne – Lyons encorporated into France, Henry VII of Luxembourg crowned emperor in Rome, Canary islands rediscovered by Genoa, Order of Knights Templars abolished for malpractices, Piers Gaveston kidnapped and killed, Mansa Musa rules Mali, Order of Knights Templar dissolved 1313 Henry VII of Luxembourg dies, death of Hugo von Trimberg the German poet, German Grey Friar Berthold Schwartz (re) invents gunpowder, Dante's <i>Divine Comedy</i> begun 1314 Scots defeat England at battle of Bannockburn, death of Philip IV the Fair – succeeded by three sopns Louis X Philip V and Charles IV, death of Pope Clement V – vacancy for two years, double election of Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria, Battle of Bannockburn – Robert Bruce’s Scots rout English under Edward II, Jacques de Molay Grand Master of the Templars burned at the stake in Paris for alleged heresy, Completion of old St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, Dante begins Divine Comedy in Italy, Edward II leads army to crush rebellious Scots under Robert Bruce and is defeated at Battle of Bannockburn – Scottish independence, death of Philip IV the Fair King of France – Louis X the Quarrelsome rules to 1316, death of Pope Clement V, Louis IV HRE to 1347 in civil war with rival Frederick of Austria, Battle of Bannockburn between Scotland and England where Scots get independence, Edward & English beaten at Battle of Bannockburn by Robert Bruce. Scottish independence, Pope Clement V dies, no Pope until 1316, War between Wittelsbachs and Habsburgs ends with victory for Louis IV of Wittelsbach, Battle of Bannockburn between England and Scotland results in defeat for English, Scots defeat England at battle of Bannockburn 1315 Belfast Ireland suffers three years of late freezes, Leopold of Austria defeated at Morgarten – Swiss league renewed, Lyons silk industry developed by Italian immigrants, flood and starvation in England - Start of Great European Famine killing 7.5 million until 1317, height of Mali Empire, Swiss defeat Leopold of Austria at Battle of Morgarten, Edward Bruce, Robert's brother accepts crown of Ireland, Belfast Ireland suffers three years of late freezes 1316 End of Louis X of France, Edward Bruce crowned king of Ireland, Muberak becomes last of Khilji rulers of Delhi, Pope John XXII elected, Modinus' Anatomy published in Italy, Search for Prester John in Ethiopia a legendary Christian emperor – friars sent by Catholic Church, death of Louis X the Quarrelsome of France Joun I rules briefly then Philip V until 1322 John XXII Pope to 1334, Pope John XXII elected, Jacques d'Euse (French) 1317 End of Ireland crop freezes, Death of King Louis X, Salic Law excluding women from succession to throne adopted in France, End Great European Famine killing 7.5 million, Pope John XXII condemns alchemy, France adopts Salic Law excluding women from rule, Christian Makkura overthrown by Muslims in Africa, End of Ireland crop freezes, Death of King Louis X 1318 Edward Bruce killed in Battle of Faughart near Dundalk, truce between Swiss League and Hapsburgs, death of German mastersinger Heinrich Frauenlob von Meissen, Swiss make peace with Habsburgs 1320 Inquisition re-heats in France “Convert or Die”, Declaration of Arbroath Nobles and church in Scotland pledge to support Robert, death of Giovanni Pisano the Italian sculptor, death of Henri de Mondeville the French surgeon and anatomist, death of Muberak of Delhi and end of Khilji line, Peace of Paris between Flanders and France, Vladislav I Lokietek crowned King of Poland in Krakau, First European use of cannons, End of Khalji Dynasty in Delhi – Tughluk Dynasty founded by Turk Ghidyas-ud-din Tughluk to 1413, Welsh barons Hugh 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 Despenser get favor, Declaration of Arbroath asking for Pope to recognize Scotland signed and sent, Edward II forced to abdicate by queen and her lover Roger Mortimer - Edward III becomes king, Edward II murdered, Inquisition reheats in France "Convert or Die", Declaration of Arbroath Nobles and church in Scotland pledge to support Robert Tughluq dynasty founded in Delhi, Brunings begin in French inquisition, death of Dante Alighieri right after penning Paradisio, Monte Cassino becomes bishopric, Dante Alighieri dies, <i>Divine Comedy</i> published, Tughluq dynasty founded in Delhi, Brunings begin in French inquisition Death of Chao Meng-fu the Chinese painter of the reansitional era between Sung and Yuan dynasties, death of Philip V of France, Battle of Muhldorf – Frederick of Austria defeated and taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria, pope forbids use of counterpoint in church music, Charles IV the Fair King of France to 1328, Baron's rebellion crushed Thomas Aquinas canonized, Truce between Edward II and Brude doesn't stop fighting Emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa, makes pilgrimage to Mecca, death of Parco Polo, Death of Pope John XXII, Burgos Cathedral consecrated, Mansa Musa's Hajj, Marco Polo dies, Emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa, makes pilgrimage to Mecca Aztecs found city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), Louis of Bavaria accepts Frederick of Austria as coregent, development of No plays in Japan, organ pedals come into use, “Tournai Mass” the first polyphonic mass still existing, Beginning of the Italian Renaissance (approx), Tenochititlan (Mexico City) founded by Aztecs – traditional date, Tenochtítlan established by the Aztecs (Future Mexico City) Death of Mondino di Luzzi the Italian astronomer, death of Osman I the founder of Ottoman Empire, Isabella wife of Edward II and her lover Roger Mortimer invade England and capture the king, founding of Oriel College in Oxford and Clare College in Cambridge, First Polish War – Teutonic Knights defeat Poles to 1333, Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer sail from France with army to rebel against Edward II of England, Cannon first used in Europe by Florentine army, Osman I (Ottoman) dies, Edward's wife, Isabella, leaves him for lover Roger Mortimer. They seize power and put Despensers to death, Edward II murdered and Edward III reigns, Death of Meister Eckhart the German preacher and mystic, Aztecs establish Mexico City, great fire of Munich, Grand Canal constructed in China, England, Parliament declares Edward II deposed and son Edward III rules – Edward II murdered, HRE Louis IV invades Italy and declares Pope John XXII deposed, in this time Roger Mortimer was lover of Queen Isabel of England whose brother was King of France, Petrarch meets Laura, Queen of England's lover, Roger Mortimer forces king to abdicate and Edward III rules - Edward II murdered shortly thereafter, Edward deposed by Edward III, murdered by wife Isabella, Stot Bruce invades England to get England to recognize independence, Edward II forced to abdicate by queen and her lover Roger Mortimer - Edward III becomes king, Edward II murdered Treaty of Edinburgh where English formally recognize Bruce as king of Scotland, death of Charles IV of France – last Capet- succeeded by Philip VI of the House 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 of Valois, Louis IV of Bavaria crowned emperor in Rome and declares Pope John XXII deposed for heresy, Ivan I Grand Duke of Russia makes Moscow his capital, invention of the sawmill, Moscow becomes seat of Russian Church, ENG recognizes SCO independence with Robert Bruce as king, end of Charles IV the Fair King of France – Philip VI rules to 1350 as first king of House of Valois, Death of Andronicus II, French wins Flemish from Cassel, last French male heir dies, Edward III claims French throne, French choose Philip of Valois (Philip VI), English recognize independence of Scotland - Treaty of Edinburgh, Bruce recognized King of Scots, End of the Capetian dynasty of France, Death of Andronicus II of Constantinople, French knights win against Flemings at Cassel, Treaty of Edinburgh where English formally recognize Bruce as king of Scotland Death of Robert Bruce (Robert I) of Scotland - rule of David II, Compact of Pavia – separation of Bavaria and Palatinate, Philippe de Vitry coins the name “Ars nova” for new contrapoint style of music, Death of Robert I the Bruce of Scotland – David II rules after his father to 1371, Robert Bruce of Scotland dies of Leprosy, David II (son) becomes king, Death of Robert Bruce (Robert I) of Scotland, rule of David II Death of Frederick of Austria – in the treaty of Hagenau the Hapsburgs recognize Louis IV of Bavaria as emperor, monastery of Ettal Bavaria founded, Paris Musicians’ Guild created – Menetriers (443 years), Starting year of world’s deadliest plague pandemic killing 75 million by 1351, Edward takes power from Mother and Roger Mortimer, Dultanate of Delhi maxed under Muhammad ibn Tughluk Stephen IV Dushan – founds Greater Serbia, disputed imperial succession in Japan leads to civil war against Hojo regents, first record of weaving in England at York, Serbian empire of Stephen Dushban dominates Balkans Black Death begins in E Asia Deadliest flood and famine in China, Edward Baliol crowned King of Scots – recognizes Edward III as overlord, Lucerne joins Swiss League, First record of Parliament being divided into two houses, company of mastersingers formed at Toulouse, Bubonic plague wave originates in India, End of Kankan Mansa Musa the King of Mali, Edward Balloil son of John attempts to take Scottish crown with help of English – droven back to England, Parliament divided into houses of Lords and Commons, Edward Balliol invades Scotland and forces David II into exile, Deadliest flood and famine in China Chinese famine, Death of Vladislav I Lokierek King of Poland dies, Casmir III of Poland rules, Yusuf I Caliph of Granada – zenith of Arabic civilization in Granada, End of Kamakura period of Japan with end of Hojo clan – Emperor Daigo II overthrows Hojo family and rules to 1336, end of First Polish War with Teutonic Knights defeating Poles, Edward III invades Scotland and defeats Scots at battle of Halidon Hill, End of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, Scottish army defeated by English, Go-Daigo of Japan tries to restore direct imperial rule, Noh drama of Japan founded under Kan'ami Kiyotsugo (born this year), Turks control East Empire minus one strip of Constantinople, Chinese famine Death of Pope John XXII – Pope Benedict XII elected, palace of the popes built in Avignon, Giotto begins to build campanile at Florence, Death of Pope John 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 XXII – Benedict XII to 1342, 4 December Pope John XXII dies, 20 Dec Pope Benedict XII elected (French - Jacques Fournier Saverdun) Ashikaga Takauji (Japanese general) rebels against Emperor, Louis IV invests the Hapsburgs with Carinthia, Pope Benedict XII issues reforms for monastic orders, Ashikaga Takauji (Japanese general) rebels against Emperor Hindu empire of Vijayanagar in India founded by Harihara I becomes center of resistance to Islam, End of Emperor Daigo II of Japan – Revolution with Ashikaga family ruling as shoguns and Daigo II exiled – civil war to 1392 and Ashiga family to 1568, Beginning of the Ashikaga shogunate of Japan, Hindu empire of Vijayanagar in India founded by Harihara I becomes center of resistance to Islam Edward III of England claims French throne, start of 100 years war (to 1453), death of Italian painter Giotto, Death of Frederick II King of Sicily, Edward III claims French crown and assumes title of King of France, William Merlee of Oxford attempts first scientific weather forecasts, Start of Hundred Years' War, Start of Hundred Years’ War – first period characterized with England conquering much of France until 1360, Edward III provoked by French attacks on territories – War ends 1453, France and England begin Hundred Years' War, Start of 100 year's war in France, English attention over the channel, Death of Mansa Musa of Mali, Hundred Years War begins, Unofficial start of conflicts called Hundred Years War between France and England, Edward III of England claims French throne, start of 100 years war (to 1453) Japanese generals overthrow emperor forming the Ashikaga shoguns, French burn Portsmouth, Alliance of Coblenz between Louis IV and Edward III, founding of Pisa U, Hundred Years’ War to 1453 – Declaration of Rense – electors of HRE declare empire independent from papacy, treaty of Coblenz between England and HRE, Japanese generals overthrow emperor forming the Ashikaga shoguns Venice conquers Treviso and gains first mainland possession, Founding of Grenoble U English defeat French off Sluys – French occupy Guienne, Guillaume de Machaut named the greatest musician of his day, Queens College at Oxford founded, Attachers catapult deat horses at castle of Thun L’Eveque in France, First European paper factory in Italy, Naval victory at Sluys gives England command of English channel, Parliament passes statutes providing taxes only by Parliament, Edward III of England receives allegiance of 3 cities of Flanders, Naval battle off Flemish coast, Edward III receives oath of allegiance from cities of Flanders, naval engagements at Flemish coast between French and English results in French defeat Death of Ivan I Grand Duke of Russia, Petrarch crowned poet on the Capitol in Rome, Black Plague hits China, Francesco Petrarch made poet laureate of Rome, Mali Kingdom under Sulaiman to 1360, Andrew Christie-Cleek the Scottish cannibal lived at this time, Sulaiman becomes King of Mali to 1360, Italian poet Petrarch (Francesco Petrarxa) crowned Poet Laureate at capitol in Rome, John Cantacuzenus usurps Byzantines, David II invades Scotland, Balliol expelled, Usurper John Cantacuzens calls Turks in to help take over East e 1342 Death of Pope Benedict XII – Pope Clement VI elected, Louis of Bavaria son of Louis IV marries Margaret of Tirol (the Ugly Duchess) and acquires Tirol and Carinthia, Death of Pope Benedict XII – Clement VI Pope to 1352, 25 Apr Pope Benedict XII dies, 7 May, Pope Clement VI appointed (Pierre Roger Limoges French Pope) 1343 William of Ockham argues for separation of church and state, Black plague eases in China, William of Occam's Dialogus published, Peace of Kalisch gives Teutonic Knights land barring Poland from accessing Baltic Sea 1344 Death of Simone Martini the Italian painter, Philip VI invests his son Philip with the newly created dukedom of Orleans, St. Vitus’ Cathedral in Prague begun by Matthew of Arras, First known use of term Hanseatic League 1345 Bankruptcy of the great Florentine banking houses of Bardi and Peruzzi, Ottoman Turks cross into Europe to help Byzantine Emperor John Cantacuzene with civil war, Truce in 100 Years' War ends 1346 English defeat French at Battle of Crecy, Plague outbreak begins through 1353, Battle of Neville’s Cross where Scotland attacks England but fails and king David II is captured until 1357, death of John of Luxembourg as king of Bohemia, French defeated at Crecy, Tartars attack Caffa and send plague-infected bodies over the wall, Edward III invades France and defeats large army under Philip VI at battle of Crecy with help of longbows, Stephen Dushan King of Serbs crowned King of Serbs and Greeks, Battle of Neville’s cross – David II of Scotland defeated and captured by English, English capture Caen , David II of Scotland invades England, but defeated and captured 11 years, French defeat, Begin Black Plague (total of 24 million die 46-51), Louis IV of Wittelsbach loses imperial title to Charles of Luxembourg, English land at Normandy, heightening the conflict, Battle of Crecy results in English Victory, English defeat French at Battle of Crecy, Plague outbreak begins through 1353, Battle of Neville’s Cross where Scotland attacks England but fails and king David II is captured until 1357 1347 Bubonic plague reaches Europe, death of Louis of Bavaria, Calais surrenders to Edward III, Cola di Rienzi the tribune rules Rome, Louis IV dies and Charles IV of Luxembourg succeeds him as emperor, house of prostitution with medical examinations established in Avignon to reduce VD, Black plague begins to devastate Europe, Catherine of Siena born, Black Plague reaches Cyprus – Ship from Kaffa docks in Sicily filled with plague victims, End of Louis IV HRE – Charles IV to 1378, English capture Calais, Italian patriot Cola da Rienzi assumes power in Rome but soon driven from office, English siege of Calais, Truce initiated, Start of a plague epidemic, Edward captures Calais, Plague begins and reaches Baghdad, devastates Europe, England captures Calais, Bubonic plague reaches Europe 1348 Egypt devastated by plague, Death of Spanish poet Juan Manuel, “false Valdemar” gains rule of Brandenburg before being exposed as swindler two years later, Edward III founds Order of the Garter, Boccaccio writes “Decameron”, Prague U founded by Charles IV, GOncille and Caius College at Cambridge founded, Jews blamed and persecuted for causing black death, but Pope Clement VI declares Jews innocent of causing Black Death, Black Plague reaches FRA ITA GER ENG and ravages Europe to 1351, Edward III establishes Order of the 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 Garter, Black death hits England, Scotland, Boccaccio writes the <i>Decameron</i>, Black death sweeps Europe, Egypt devastated by plague Black plague reaches England and kills a third, Persecution of Jews in Germany, William of Ockham the English philosopher dies, death of Andrea Pisano the Italian sculptor, King Edward III bans all sports but archery to increase peasant skills, Germans start persecution of Jews, Black Plague reaches POL SCAN SCO, Persecution of Jews in Germany, William Occam devises logical reasoning, Plague ravages Europe, Black Death, Death of William of Occam, era of Black Plague in England Last Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit begins to spread in SE Asia, Maoris flourish in N Island New Zealand, start of “Little Ice Age” period, false Valdemar exposed as swindler in Brandenburg, Philip VI of France dies and is succeeded by John II, Treaty of Bautzen – Charles IV cedes Brandenburg and Tirol to the Wittelsbachs, Cola di Tienzi imprisoned in Prague, Li Hsing Tao writes the famous play “The Chalk Circle”, cathedral at Palma in Majorca, Completion of Bergamo Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral, Edward III of England begins to rebuild Windsor Castle, center of French music moves from Paris to Cambrai, Lute playing popular in Europe, Mastersinger movement in Germany, popular German figure Till Eulenspiegel dies, Shogun of Japan prohibits drinking of tea, Rise of Humanist philosophy, Death of Philip VI King of France – John II rules to 1364, Pedro the Cruel King of Castile to 1369, John the Good becomes King of France, Beginning of the Renaissance, Black Death (ending), Marine premium insurance begins in Genoa, John the Good becomes king of France, Turks start attacking Eastern Europe, Last Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit begins to spread in SE Asia, Maoris flourish in N Island New Zealand, start of "Little Ice Age" period Zurich joins Swiss league, Firoz Shah, Sultan of Delhi, Leopold III Duke of Austria, Jan de Weert of Ypres the Dutch Poet writes, Petrarch writes his autobiography “Epistle to Posterity” Tennis becomes an open-air game in England, 75 million have died due to black death, Black Plague reaches RUS, English remove Pope’s power to give English benefices to foreigners, Gian Galeazzo of Visconti rules Milan, Petrarch- Italian poet, moves from Rome to Provence and begins to write <i>Rime</i>, Gian Galeazzo rules the House of Visconti in Milan - Duke of Milan Ibn Battuta begins survey of Africa, End of plague outbreaks, Death of Pope Clement VI, Glarus and Zug join Swiss League, Rienzi extradited to Rome, Pope Innocent VI elected, Arab geographer Ibn Battuta explores Sahara desert, Corpus Christi College in Oxford founded, Death of Pope Clement VI, Gian Galeazzo of Visconti rules Milan, Petrarch- Italian poet, moves from Rome to Provence and begins to write <i>Rime</i>, Gian Galeazzo rules the House of Visconti in Milan - Duke of Milan Ibn Battuta finishes survey of Africa in writing, end of seven years of plague, Bern joins Swiss League, Rupert I elector palatine, death of Nicholas d’Autrecourt the French philosopher, Statute of Praemunire – English Parliament forbid appeal to Pope, Ibn Battuta finishes survey of Africa in writing, end of seven years of plague 1354 Death of Yusuf I Caliph of Granada, Rienzi murdered in Rome after another attempt to establish tyranny, Turks take Gallipoli, mechanical clock at Strasbourg Cathedral created, Rienzi returns to power in Rome and is killed by opponents, Ottoman Turks settle in Gallipoli, Turks make their first permanent settlement in Europe at Gallipoli 1355 Death of Stephen IV Dushan founder of Greater Serbia, Scots defeat Emglish at Nesbit, Charles IV of Luxembourg crowned emperor at Rome, Stephin Dushan of Serbia dies, Doge Marino Falieri executed in Venice, St. Mary’s Church at Nurenberg started, death of jean de Muris the French composer, Death of John Cantacuzenus usurper of Byzantine, End of truce in 100 years' war, End of usurper John Cantacuzens in Constantinople, resume war between England and France, Edward (Black Prince) of Wales plunders Europe 1356 Black Prince defeats French at Poitiers – John II and son Philip taken prisoners, Charles IV issues “Golden Bull” settling election of German kings, Switzerland quake kills 1000 est. 6.5, John Mandeville publishes fictional “Travels” describing the phoenix, vegetable lamb, gold-guarding griffins and gold-digging ants, Golden Bull – new constitution for HRE with seven electors, Edward the Black Prince son of Edward III defeats French at Potiers and captures King John, John marched south and meets Black Prince (Edward of Wales), Renaissance unofficially begins, Black Prince defeats French, Charles IV issuses Golden Bull ending papal role in imperial elections, King John of France fights Black Prince Edward, English win and take John the Good and son prisoner 1357 David II of Scotland released from English prison, Revolution in Paris against the Dauphin, led by Marcel and Robert le Coq, Hugo von Montfort the German poet from Styria born, French Estates-General led by merchant Etienne Marcel attempts reforms, David II released, returns to Scotland with huge ransom (King's ransom?), David II of Scotland released from English prison 1358 Jacquerie Revolt – peasant uprising in north of Paris, death of French scholar Jean Buridan, The Hapsburgs – twice defeated at Zurich – sign peace treaty with Swiss league, Poet Giovanni Boccacio of Italy publishes<i> decameron</i> The <i>Jacquerie</i> revolt by French peseants/ suppressed by regent Charles – son of John II, French peasant revolt -Jacquerie, Jacquerie rebellion in N Paris France, French peasant revolt 1359 Hailstorm in Chartres France - see 1360, treaty of London restores French possessions once held by Henry II of England to English crown, nave of St. Stephens in Vienna started, Hailstorm in Chartres France - see 1360 1360 Hailstorm in Chartres, FRA stops English soldiers under Edward III, Treaty of Calais between Edward III and Philip of Burgundy, Ca d’Oro created in Venice, Alcazar de Seville created, beginnings of clavichord and cembalo instruments, first francs coined in France, Peace of Bretigny suspends 100 Years' War, Death of Sulaiman King of Mali Empire, End of first phase of Hundred Years’ War as Treaty of Bretigny signed granting much of France to ENG – next 36 years see French regaining territory – Edward gives up claim to French throne, Peace of Brétigny pauses 100 years' War, Peace of Bretigny between England and France, Hailstorm in Chartres, FRA stops English soldiers under Edward III 1361 Philippe de Vitry the French composer dies, Black Death reappears in England, Japanese quake and tsunami, From capital at Samarkand Timur the Lame leads resurgence of Mongol power 1362 North Sea flood, Iceland volcano eruptions, death of Pope Innocent VI – Pope Urban V elected, Dimitri IV Donskoi named Grand Duke of Moscow, “Piers Plowman” poem created in Middle English, England - Langland's <i>Piers Plowman</i> poem, Pope Innocent VI dies 12 Sep, Pope Urban V appointed (Guillaume Grimoard) 28 Sep, North Sea flood, Iceland volcano eruptions, possible visitation of Swedes and Norwegians to Americas according to disputed Kensington Runestone 1363 Rudolf IV of Austria obtains Tirol, Timur the Lame (Tamerlaine) begins conquest of Asia, Guy de Chirac writes “Chirurgia magna” regarding surgery in the middle ages, Plague lessens in Europe, Guy de Chaulic's Great Surgery, Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) begins conquest of Asia, Philip the Bold son of John II becomes Duke of Burgundy, David II Scot unable to keep paying ransom, returns to England to bequeath Scot throne to Edward III 1364 John II of France dies and Charles V rules, Papct of succession between Hapsburg and Luxembourg dynasties signed at Brno (Moravia), revolts in Crete against Venetian rule, Guillaume de Machaut writes “Mass for four voices” for the coronation of Charles V at Rheims, Aztecs of Mexico build capital Tenochtitlan, Death of John II of France, Charles V the Wise becomes King of France after father dies in captivity to 1380, Charles the Wise (V) becomes king of France, Parliament refuses to accept David II's ransom deal, Charles V the Wise rules France 1365 Charles V crowned king of Burgundy at Arles, Leopold III named duke of Austria, founding of Vienna U, Aztec mercenaries for Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco, Adrianople taken by Murad the Turk 1366 Statute of Kilkenny enforces writ of English law in Ireland, Adrianople made Turkish capuital, English Parliament refuses to pay feudal dues to the pope, Petrarch writes “Canzoniere”, Meier Abdeli completes El Transito Synagogue at Toledo, the Fuggers come as weavers to Augsburg, Statute of Kilkenny enforces writ of English law in Ireland 1367 400,000 in India massacred after Delhi Sultanate defeats Hindu Vijayanager, Confederation of Cologne – 77 Hanse towns prepare for struggle with Denmark 1368 Mongols driven out of China – Zhu Yuanzhang founds Ming dynasty as Yuan dynasty ends, Mongol Yuan dynasty in China overthrown by national Ming dynasty, Timur ascends throne of Samarkand, restoration of Great Wall of China, Ming Dynasty expels Mongols, Ming Dynasty begins in China to 1644 with end of Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty when overthrow led by Chu Yuan-chang, Ming Dynasty of China begins as Mongol rule overthrown, Start of Ming dynasty of China by Zhu Yuanzhang 1369 Venice repels Hungarian invasion, Chaucer writes “The Book of the Duchesse”, building of the Bastille in Paris, End of Peace of Bretingy, re-start 100 Years' War, death of Blanche of Lancaster and husband John of Gaunt (Ghent) 3rd son of Edward III of ENG takes her titles and virtually rules ENG, death of Pedro the Cruel King of Castile, Tamerlane becomes king of Samarkand, start of second 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 stage of Hundred Years War between England and France, Charles V of France sets to re-conquer territories, France begins to reorganize its territories; Construction begins on first Great Wall of China Geoffrey Chaucer writes Book of the Duchess, Acamapitchtli chosen as king of Aztecs, Death of Casmir III of Poland, Black Prince sacks Limoges, Casimir III of Poland last of the House of Piasts dies – Louis of Hungary elected king, Death of Pope Urban V – Pope Gregory Xi elected, Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London, steel crossbow used as weapon of war, first use of the word “million”, Japanese playwrights Kanami Kiyotsugu and Zeami Motokiyo establish, Theologian Nicole Oresme publishes book detailing natural phenomena discouraging attribution to God or demons, Peace of Stralsund establishes power of Hanse towns with right to veto Danish kings, Edward the Black Prince sacks Limoges, Gregory XI pope to 1378, Pope Urban V dies, 30 Dec Pope Gregory Xi appointed (Pierre Roger de Beaufort Limoges) French, Turkish Timur the Lame terrorized Middle East, Sicán state (Andes) conquered by Chimú, Kingdom of Vijayanagara dominates southern India, Geoffrey Chaucer writes Book of the Duchess, Acamapitchtli chosen as king of Aztecs Death of David II of Scotland – rule of Robert II and House of Stewart, English defeat Flemings at Bourgneuf, Death of David II of Scotland, Robert II rules to 1390 – first Stuart monarch, David II Scot dies. Nephew Robert Stewart crowned Robert II, hands power over to son John, Earl of Carrick, Death of David II of Scotland - – rule of Robert II French defeat English and take Poitiers, Angouleme and La Rochelle, Owen-apThomas the self-styled Pricne of Wales aided by French – captures Guernsey, Oxford becomes spiritual center of England, French troops recapture Poitou and Brittany, Naval battle of La Rochelle – French regain control of English Channel, English fleet defeated at La Rochelle Treaty of Anglo-Portuguese friendship lasts over 600 years, John of Gaunt invades France from Calais to Bordeaux, Charles IV gains Brandenburg from the Wittelsbachs, Tunnage and poundage imposed on merchants in England, John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster son of Edward III leads English invasion of France, Treaty of Anglo-Portuguese friendship lasts over 600 years Death of Petrarch (Francesci Petrarca) the Italian poet, death of Ni Tsan the Chinese painter and poet, unexplained dancing mania hits Aix-la-Chapelle – possibly St. Vitus’ Dance, Possible and strange date for Pied Piper event in Hamelin GER based on town chronicle written in 1384, death of Petrarch the Italian poet, John of Gaunt returns to England and takes charge of government – Edward III in his dotage and the Black Prince ill, Poet Petrarch dies Giovanni Boccacio the Florentine novelist dies, Truce of Bruges between England and France, Mamelukes take Sis – end of Armenian independence, John Barbour writes “The Bruce” “Robin Hood” appears in popular English literature, Hanseatic League regulates weights and measures, Truce of Bruges ends hostilities between England and France death of The Black Prince, Wenceslas son of Charles IV crowned king of Romans, Plague of rats in Hamelin GER becomes confused with Pied Piper story, Good Parliament in England called by Edward the Black Prince – government reform, 1377 1378 1379 1380 Death of Edward the Black Prince, John Wyclif prints <i>Civil Dominion</i> calling for Church reforms, England's "Good Parliament" summoned to give more $$ for the war, St. Catherine of Siena persuades Papacy to return to Rome, Parliament gets power to impeach Lords - Alice Perrers, mistress, dismissed, Death of Edward, black prince, Wycliffe's translation of the Bible, "Good Parliament" of England seeks for reform Death of Edward III of England - Richard II rules in England, death of French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut, Pope of Gregory XI returns to Rome from France – end of Babylonian captivity, center of music returns to Rome from France woth Pope, Playing cards displace dice in Germany, End of Babylonian Captivity as papacy moves back to Rome, Edward II and Edward the Black Prince of ENG die leaving John of Gaunt as regent and Richard II King to 1399, Pope Gregory XI returns from Captivity to Rome, Death of Edward III of England, Richard II becomes king, Composer Guillaume de Machaut dies, Edward III dies of stroke, Richard II formally in power, but uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Gloucester really rule. Pope Urban VI elected, as well as Pope Clement VII, Richard II reigns in England, Return of Papacy to Italy when Catherine of Siena persuades pope to return, but Gregory XI died soon after, Death of Edward III of England, Richard II rules in England Death of Charles IV of Luxembourg emperor – son Wenceslas IV rules, death of Pope Gregory XI – Great Schism begins when two popes are elected – Urban VI at Rome and Clement VII at Avignon, renewal of Anglo-French war, End of Papal "Babylonian Captivity" Great Schism - rival Popes compete for power, Pope Gregory XI dies in Rome and is followed by Popes Clement VII and Benedict XIII the Antipopes, death of HRE Charles IV, Great Schism until 1417 when rival popes elected – Pope Urban VI elected but is corrupt and cruel to 1389 and Clement VII antipope at Avignon to 1394, Wenceslas IV HRE to 1400, Great Schism - public demanded the Pope should be Italian - Pope Urban VI was overbearing, so declared not fairly elected, Pope Clement VII also elected - one in Italy one in Avignon, Papacy moved back to Rome by Gregory XI, End of "Babylonian Captivity" Begin "Great Schism" Pope Gregory XI dies 26 Mar, 8 April, Pope Urban VI appointed (Bartolomeo Prignano), Great Schism - Italian vs. French Pope Urban VI crowned and began to censure the church, college of cardinals declared his election invalid, Pope Clement VII (French) elected and went to France Popefight! Treaty of Neuberg – Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories between them, William of Wyleham founds New College at Oxford, Scottish earl Henry Sinclair takes control of Orkney on behalf of Norwegian King Hakon VI Magnusson, Halley's Comet Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river mouth region of Zaire, Death of Charles V of France and Charles VI the Mad rules, Dimitri IV of Mosc ow defeats Mongols at Kulikov, Timur begins campaigns to Persia, Georgia, Russia, Egypt etc., death of Catherine of Siena, Mongol Tamerlane conquers Persia, begins expansion, death of Catherine of Siena, John Wyclif translates Bible into English, Geoffrey Chaucer begins Canterbury tales, Death of Charles V the Wise of France, Charles VI named to 1422, John Wycliffe begins translation of New Testament 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 from Greek to English 1300s, John Wycliffe condems Pope as Anti-Christ, Muscovites inflict major defeat on Golden Horde at Kulikovo, Hans Fugger founds banking concern at Augsburg - becomes largest financial house by 1500, Death of Charles V of France, death of Bertrand du Guesclin of France - chief soldier, Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river mouth region of Zaire Peasants’ Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler, Anglo-French truce for six eyars, Venice wins “Hundred Years War” against Genoa – start of flourishing of commerce, arts and sciences, Chaucer writes “House of Fame”, Peasants' Revolt in England, Peasants’ Revolt in England, Peasant revolt in England, Poll tax, peasants revolt England, - Emergence of John Wycliffe and Lollards, Peasant uprising in England, Peasants' Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler Death of Louis of Hungary/Poland, Leopold III of Austria acquires Trieste, Turks capture Sofia, Wycliffe expelled from Oxford for doctrines condemned by London synod, Canterbury UK - 5.8 quake strikes during synod – some saw as portentous, John Wyclif expelled from Oxford because of opposition to Church doctrines, John I King of Portugal to 1433 founder of Avis Dynasty, Scots with French army attack England, William of Wykeham founds Winchester College Japan's No Drama begins Death of John Wyclif the English church reformer, Anglo-Scot war renewed, Jadviga daughter of King Louis I crowned “king” of Poland, Chaucer writes “The Parlement of Foules” Incorporation of Fishmongers’ Company in London, Truce between England, Scotland and France. Scots won't recognize truce. Wars again with England, John Wycliffe dies Anglo-French war renewed, Chaucer writes “Troilus and Cryseide” first French court ball at wedding of Charles VI and Isabella of Bavaria, Heidelberg U Chartered Death of Leopold III Duke of Austria – killed by Swiss at Sempach, Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania marries Jadviga of Poland and becomes Vladislav II King of Poland, work starts on Milan cathedral, Heidelberg U founded, John of Gaunt leads expedition to Castile to overthrow John I (fails), Start of Ming dynasty in China, Battle of Sempach – Swiss defeat and kill Leopold III of Austria, Chaucer's <i>Canterbury Tales</i> Sigismund of Brandenburg son of Charles IV becomes King of Hungary by marriage, Jean d’Arras writes a French romance, Chaucer begins “Canterbury Tales”, Dukes and Lords control government, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales describes a merry friar who spends time with women and drink Battle of Otterburn results in Scottish victory over English, death of Firoz Shah the Sultan of Delhi, Scots defeat English at Battle of Chevy Chase (Otterburn), Cologne U founded, first English bible completed, Parliament regains control in England, Dukes and Lords control government of England, Scots defeat England in battle, Parliament of England regains control over king, Battle of Otterburn results in Scottish victory over English Christian Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks at Kosovo, death of Hafiz the Persian poet, death of Dimitri IV Donskoi the Grand Duke of Moscow, William of Wukeham named Lord Chancellor of England, Truce between England, Scotland and France, Bajazet I Emir of the Turks, Pope Boniface IX elected at Rome – 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 third pope, Truce in Hundred Years’ War only temporary, end of Pope Urban VI – Boniface IX pope to 1404, Truce between England French and Scots – Richard II assumes power ENG?, Dukes and Lords control government, 15 Oct, Pope Urban VI dies, Pope Boniface IX appointed 2 Nov (Pietro Tomacelli), Ottoman armies crush Serbs at Kosovo making Serbians vassals, Christian Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks at Kosovo Ottoman Turks complete conquest of Asia Minor, Viracocha becomes 8th Inca ruler, myth tells how he travels to Pacific and never returns, death of Robert II of Scotland and rule of Robert III, death of Italian poet Antonio Pucci, Death of Rupert I as palatine, death of Robert II of Scots – Robert III rules, Byzantines lose last possessions in Asia Minor to Turks, Wyclif’s writings reach Bohemia, Alhambra fortress completed in Granada Spain, Turks conquer all of Asia Minor, death of Robert II of Scotland – Robert III rules to 1406, Ottoman Turks complete conquest of Asia Minor, Viracocha becomes 8th Inca ruler, myth tells how he travels to Pacific and never returns, death of Robert II of Scotland and rule of Robert III Priests call for mandatory conversion of Jews in Spain Charles VI goes crazy – brother Louis becomes Duke of Orleans, Succession dispute in japan – the Ashikagas become shoguns of Muromachi, foreigners in England forbidden to retail goods, Jacques Gringonneur designs playing cards, Metal type first used in Korea, End of Koryo Period in Korea, end of civil war in Japan, The I Dynasty in Korea to 1910, Charles VI of France becomes insane, Robert II of Scotland dies and succeeded by son John, who becomes Robert III. Power delegated to younger brother Earl of Fife/ Duke of Albany Bajazet subdues Bulgaria, King Wenceslas has St. John of Nepomuk murdered in Prague, Gothic Town Hall of Thorne built Richard II starts on expedition to Ireland, Wenceslas taken prisoner by cousin Jobst of Moravia, Constance of Castile and Leon the wife of John of Gaunt of ENG dies and he marries mistress Katherine Swynford and their children surnamed Beaufort and declared legitimate after marriage, end po antipope Clement VII, Benedict XIII antipope at Avignon to 1423, Prince Henry the Navigator born, Richard II leads expedition to subdue Ireland, Richard leads army to recapture Ireland, Prince Henry the Navigator begins to reign Ireland rulers do homage to Richard II – receive amnesty, Richard II returns to England after campaign in Ireland Richard II of England marries Isabella of France at Calais – Anglo-French truce extended to 28 years, Bajazet defeats Christian army under Sigismund of Hungary at Nicopolis, Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence – beginning of revival of Greek literature in Italy, birth of Michelozzo di Bartolommeo early Renaissance architect, Truce in Hundred Years’ War only temporary – end of French regaining territory and start of short peace. Next phase begins in 1415, Richard II marries seven-year-old Princess Isabella of France, Ottoman Turks conquer Bulgaria, Ottoman Turks defeat Burgundian-Hungarian Crusaders at Nicopolis, attle of Nicopolis in Bulgaria between Turks and Crusaders Kalmar Agreement unites three Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, death of Francesco Landino the Italian poet and organist, Duke of Gloucester murdered, Union of Kalmar between Sweden Denmark and Norway, death of Italian composer Francesco Landino, Bank of Medici founded in Florence, Manuel Chrysoloray of Constantinople becomes first professor of Greek at Florence University starting the seeds of the renaissance, Union of Kalmar unites Norway Denmark and Sweden under king Eric of Pomerania, Richard II regains control in England, Richard takes revenge against Lords, Union of Calmar unites Scandinavia under Danish crown (Sweedish, Danish and Norwegians), Richard regains parliment in England, Kalmar Agreement unites three Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, Sweden 1398 Tamerlane sacks Delhi, killing 100,000 Hindu, Timur conquers Delhi, Confrerie de la Passion at Paris performs religious plays, Jan Hus lectures on the theology at Prague U, Richard II executes dissident lords, Tamerlane ravages Delhi with massacre of 100,000 prisoners, absolute rule of Richard II of England, Chaucer finishes Canterbury Tales, Tamerlane sacks Delhi, killing 100,000 Hindu 1399 Richard II of England deposed and cousin Henry (of Lancaster) Plantagenet IV son of John of Gaunt rules, Death of John of Gaunt – his son Henry IV of Bolingbroke (Lancaster) overthrows Richard II (Plantagenet) of ENG rules to 1413 – first English king to speak English, Tamerlane returns home after slaughtering in Delhi, Geoffrey Chaucer is friends with Philippa daughter of John of Gaunt and mother of Henry the Navigator during this time period, Abdication of Richard II of England when Henry of Lancaster plots to overthrow, Henry named Henry IV, Henty Bolingbroke becomes Duke of Lancaster, but Richard seizes possessions. Deposed, Henry IV returns from France, claims throne, Abdication of Richard II of England, cousin Henry PlantagenetIV rules 1400 Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe in S Africa thrives on gold trade, Gold from Zimbabwe exported to Asia, Engaruka community farms land in Tanzania, Pueblo people abandon northern sites, expansion of Aztec empire in Mexico, Expansion of Inca, Tongans build major center at Mu’a, widespread cultivation of wet taro in Hawaii, death of Geoffrey Chaucer, Henry IV suppresses rebellion of the barons, Richard II murdered, Wenceslas IV deposed and succeeded by Rupert III of the Palatinate, Ascent of the Medici in Florence, Flourishing of ecclesiastical drama in Italy, earliest known literature written in Cornish tongue, Jean Forissart writes “Chronicles”, Development of Middle and Upper Mississippi phases of Moundbuilders in N America, Early Renaissance begins, Alt-Neu Synagogue in Prague, first mention of the dulcimer, alchemy becomes more and more a field for swindlers, John Wyclyffe publishes English translation of the Bible, Rise of Aztecs and Incas, Mongol expansion through Mesopotamia and Northern India, windmills used in Holland, oil-based paints developed, Mali decline under onslaughts of neighboring tribes, start of diminishment of Hanseatic League (of guilds), end of Wenceslas IV HRE as he is deposed for drunkenness, Richard II murdered at Pontefract Castle – Owen Glendower proclaims self Prince of Wales and begins rebellion, Practice of electing a Hapsburg as HRE practiced, Turks conquer Baltic peninsula, Richard I dies in prison from self-inflicted starvation, Geoffrey Chaucer dies, "Age of Exploration" begins, End of Great Zimbabwe kingdom of Africa, End of Delhi Sultanate in N India, Renaissance spreads north of Alps, Feudalism begins to disappear, Tradition begins of naming Hapsburg as 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 Holy Roman Emperor, Turks have conquered all of Balkan Peninsula, John Wyclif publishes English translation of Bible, Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe in S Africa thrives on gold trade, Gold from Zimbabwe exported to Asia, Engaruka community farms land in Tanzania, Pueblo people abandon northern sites, expansion of Aztec empire in Mexico, Expansion of Inca, Tongans build major center at Mu'a, widespread cultivation of wet taro in Hawaii Owain Glyndwr opens campaign for Welsh independence – makes treaty with France, Timur conquers Damascus and Baghdad, Klaus Stortebeker the pirate executed at Hamburg, England gives the Church power over heresy, Tamerland conquers Damascus and Baghdad killing 20,000, and according to legend makes towers of 70,000 skulls in Ispahan, Begin persecution of Jews in Spain, Irish revolts start Owain Glyndwr, Owain Glyndwr opens campaign for Welsh independence – makes treaty with France Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia defeats Ottomans at battle of Ankyra in Turkey, Robert III of Scotland hands government to Regent – Duke of Albany, Timur defeats Bajazet at Ankara and takes him prisoner, Seville Cathedral begun, Work begins on Brussels Town Hall, Venice imposes quarantines to stall Black Death, Tamerlane the Mongol overruns much of Ottoman Empire, Henry IV enters Wales in pursuit of Glendower, Death of Gian Galeazzo of Milan, Manuel II, Byzantine Emperor, visits England, Ottomans defeated by Timur at Ankara, Tartar hordes under Tamerlane enter Asia Minor, somewhat restoring Eastern Roman empire, Death of Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Milan, Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia defeats Ottomans at battle of Ankyra in Turkey, Robert III of Scotland hands government to Regent – Duke of Albany 20,000 chapter Encyclopedia called the <i>Yongle Dadian</i> or <i>Yung Lo Ta Tien</i> started to be compiled in China, Ghiberti sculpts human body in realistic style for bronze doors of Florence baptistery, heralding the Renaissance, Henry IV defeats rebel lords in England, Death of Bajazer I Emir of the Turks – son Suleiman I rules, Henry IV subdues Northumberland, Lorenzo Ghiberti begind work on porches of Florence baptistery, Battle of Shrewsbury – rebellion by the Percy family – Henry IV defeats and kills Harry Hotspur Percy, 20,000 chapter Encyclopedia called the <i>Yongle Dadian</i> started to be compiled in China, Ghiberti sculpts human body in realistic style for bronze doors of Florence baptistery, heralding the Renaissance, Henry IV defeats rebel lords in England, Percy family rebellion of North Unberland defeated Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Death of Pope Boniface IX – Pope Innocent VII rules (disputed papacy still), important Chinese play “Pi Pa Ki” or Story of the Lute created, Innocent VII Pope at Rome to 1406, Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Glyndwr treaty with France, Pope Boniface IX dies 1 Oct, Pope Innocent VII elected 17 Oct (Cosimo Gebtuke Migliorati Abruzzi) Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders, End of Timor as king of Samarkand – succeeded by Shah Rokh, death of French poet Eustache Deschamps, erection of Bath abbey, Konrad Kyeser writes “Bellifortis” or book of military technology, Yung Lo orders 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 China’s first sea expedition, Death of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) the Tatar ruler, French soldiers land in Wales to support Glendower with initial successe, Second Percy rebellion, Duchy of Burgundy, Florence captures Pisa (sea outlet), Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland but is imprisoned in England, death of Pope Innocent VII – Pope Gregory XII elected – disputed – abdicates later, Venice acquires Padua and Florence subdues Pisa, mausoleum of Timur created in Samarkand, Forbidden City of China started, End of Pope Innocent VII - Gregory XII Pope to 1415, James I King of Scotland – captive in England to 1423 – rules to 1437, Henry Prince of Wales defeats Welsh, Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland, Henry gets leprosy (like illness), James, son of Robert III of Scotland taken prisoner by pirates on way to France, taken to London, Henry IV confines him for 18 years, James' father dies of the shock, in Jame's absence, Uncle Duke of Albany rule, 6 Nov, Pope Innocent VII dies, Pope Gregory XII appointed 30 Nov, (Angelo Correr) Louis Duke of Orleans murdered by Burgundians – start of Civil War in France, Bethlehem Hospital in London (Bedlam) becomes institution for the insane, Catholic Church bans English Vulgate Buble, Catholic Church bans English Vulgate Bible Cardinals of Avignon and Rome meet to end schism, Donatello carves “David” and “St. John”, Third Percy rebellion Abdication of Pope Gregory XII – Council of Pisa elects Pope Alexander V – still some disagreements, Venice rediscovers Dalmatia, Leipzig U founded by German refugees from Prague, John Hus begins campaign against Church corruption. Pope Alexandder V publicly burns John Wycliffe’s writings, College of Cardinals at Council of Pisa deposes pope and antipope electing Pope Alexander V to 1410 – three popes now exist – start of great(er) schism, Council of Pisa tries to settle two Popes, Pope Alexander V elected when both popes declared heretics, To try and heal the Great Schism, a council declared both popes deposed and elected a new pope. Now three popes. Council of Cardinals (Council of Pisa) sets to resolve two pope problem, council calls both popes heretics and elects third pope, Alexander V Death of Jean Froissart the French chronicler, Death of Rupert III of the Palatinate – Bohemian king, death of Pope Alexander V – Pope John XXIII elected, but termed antipope, Hus and followers excommunicated by Archbishop of Prague, death of King Rupert, Ptolmey’s works published into Latin renews round earth hypothesis, Baldassare Cossa (sp) pirate turned "holy man" (Cosa) Charged with piracy, murder, rape, simony and incest Medici backed with $$ from priest to cardinal (Antipope) Elected Pope John XXIII – at death of Pope Alexander V – continuation of great schism, Sigismund named HRE to 1437, Battle of Tannenberg as Ladislaus II of Poland defeats Teutonic Knights, John XXII (Baldassare Cossa) antipope at Pisa to 1415 Reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, death of Suleiman I, Sigismund King of Hungary son of Charles IV elected German King and crowned emperor, Pope John XXIII excommunicates Jan (John) Hus for preaching against simony, 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 London Guildhall built, founding of St. Andrews U in Edinburgh, Huss, follower of Wyclif excommunicated, London Guildhall construction starts, Donatello, Florentine sculptor, born, John Huss (follower of Wyclif(fe)) excommunicated, Reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat Joan of Arc born, Filippo Brunelleschi publishes “Rules of Perspective” Donatello carves “St. Peter” “St. George” and “St. Mark”, Medici bank made official in Council of Constance 1412 under Emperor Sigismund, birth of Jeanne d’Arc Henry IV dies and Henry V renews 100 years war, Disputation of Tortosa (Spain) as Joseph Albo defends Jewish faith, John Hus writes “On Simony”, End of Tughluk Dynasty in Dehli, Death of Henry IV King of England – Henry V rules to 1422, Death of Henry IV of England, Henry V rules, Henry IV dies, Henry V becomes king, Henry IV of England dies, Henry V reigns, John Hus (Preacher) writes "On Simony" - later executed, Henry IV dies and Henry V renews 100 years war Council of Constance to settle “cause unionis reformationis fidei” re: reformationists, Thomas a Kempis writes “Imitatio Christi”, Medici of Florence become bankers to the papacy, Council of Constance to 1417 called by John XXIII – John deposed Gregory XII resigns and Benedict XIII isolated, Second council of Constane deals with three Popes, Gregory resignes, John XIII was removed, Benedict XIII refuses to resign - deposed, Begin Council of Constance try and sort out the pope-perplexion, Medici of Florence become Papal bankers, Second Council of Pisa strives to fix the three pope problem John Hus, Bohemian religious reformer burned at the stake, Henry V defeats French at Agincourt and takes Harfleur, death of Jan Hus the philosopher, end of antipope John XXIII as he is deposed – Pope Benedict XIII?, Hus burned at the stake at Constance for heresy, Henry V wins Battle of Agincourt, English take Paris, Start of third phase of Hundred Years’ War as Henry V reclaims French throne and makes Charles VI acknowledge he is heir – Battle of Agincourt. Marries Catherine of France and leaves baby at death. Period ends in 1422, Prince Henry the Navigator helps capture North African port of Ceuta from Moors, death of Pope Gregory XII at Rome, end of Antipope John XXIII Baldassare Cossa in Pisa, John Huss burned for heresy, House of Hohenzollern comes to power in Prussia/Brandenburg (Lutherans), Irish revolts end, Plot thwarted to replace Henry with Edward Mortimer, cousin Earl of March, war against France renewed, wins chief battles, Battle of Agincourt, Pope Gregory XII abdicates due to the council of Constance, which was called by his opponent, Pope John XXIII. Earlier he confirmed validity of conference. Officially, no Pope until 1417, Portugese capture Moroccan port of Cetua , Battle of Agincourt, Lollard John Huss burned at Council of Pisa, Pope Gregory resigns, Pope John XIII was removed from office, but Pope Benedict XIII (French) refuses to resign and was deposed, Hohenzollerns of Germany given power by HRE, John Hus, Bohemian religious reformer burned at the stake, Henry V defeats French at Agincourt Jerome of Prague – follower of Hus burned for heresy, Dutch fishermen first to use drift nets, Death of Owen Glendower of Wales, Death of Owain Glyndwr 1417 End of Great Schism in Catholic church, a single pope elected in Rome as Council of Constance deposes Pope Benedict XIII who holds out as pretenderpope until his death, Pope Martin V elected officially, Henry V takes Caen, Council of Constance ends Great Schism, Council of Constance deposes Pope John XIII (Cossa the pirate) The council also gets Pope Gregory XII to resign and wins support of Pope Benedict XIII of Avignon and new pope Martin V elected. Four popes?! End of Great Schism, Normandy invaded - Battle of Agincourt, Council elects Martin V and Schism ends, End of "Great Schism" 11 Nov Pope Martin V appointed (Oddone Colonna), Council of Constance ends great Schism of Papacy, Invasion of Normandy, Pope Martin V elected by Council of Pisa, End of Great Schism in Catholic church, a single pope elected in Rome 1419 Korea prospers under King Sejong, Rouen capitulates to Henry V – Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy, War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites, Exking Wenceslas dies – Sigismund obtains Bohemia, Filippo Brunelleschi designs the Foundling Hospital in Florence Boccaccio publishes, Prince Henry the Navigator starts African explorations, Henry V of Portugal founds navigation school, John the Fearless - Duke of Burgundy murdered during peace conference with Armagnacs, Korea prospers under King Sejong 1420 Portuguese sailors explore west coast of Africa, Songhai people in Gao region of W Africa begin raids in Mali empire, Ming capital moves to Beijing, Treaty of Troyes – Henry V recognized by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne – marries Catherine of France and enters Paris, Hussites defeat Sigismund at Bysehrad, erection of Great Temple of the Dragon in Peking, Brunelleschi creates cupola of Florence Cathedral, Ming capital moves to Beijing, Chinese ships reach East Africa, Treaty of Troyes – Henry V acknowledged as heir to French throne – marries Charles VI’s daughter Catherine, Henry Treaty of Troyes named heir of France under Charles VI, Henry marries Cathrine of France, England controls France, Hussite wars begin in Bohemia, Crusade proclaimed against the Hussite heretics in Bohemia, Brunelleschi builds dome on Florence cathedral, Europeans navigate into Indian ocean by sea, Portuguese sailors explore west coast of Africa, Songhai people in Gao region of W Africa begin raids in Mali empire, Ming capital moves to Beijing 1421 North Sea Floods, Henry the Navigator of Portugal and colleagues pioneer navigation, Prince Henry (VI) born, Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici rules Florence to 1429, North Sea Floods 1422 Henry V of England dies - nine-month-old Henry VI reigns, Death of Charles the Mad IV of France – succeeded by Charles VII, blind Hussite general John Ziska of Trocnov defeats imperial army near Prague, Forces attacking Karlstein Bohemia launch cadavers over castle walls , Start of final phase of Hundred Years’ War characterized with English victories until Joan of Arc and French resurgence until 1453, death of Charles VI King of France, death of Henry V of England, Henry VI King of England to 1461 and Charles VII King of France to 1461 – Dauphin to 1429, Henry V dies suddenly, Henry VI becomes king, England loses control of France ~`Owen Tudor married Henry V's widow Catherine of Valois, Both Henry V and Charles VI die, leaving Henry's son Henry VI as king, John, duke of Bedford, Regent in France. Humphrey, Duke of 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 Gloucester, Regent in England, jan van Eyck - Netherlandish painter - born, Henry V dies at Viciennes, Henry VI becomes king of England and France, but French won't submit, Henry V dies, Henry VI reigns James I of Scotland released by English, Doge’s Palace in Venice enlarged, Fabriano's <i> Adoration of the Magi</i>, End of captivity of James I King of Scotland Chartier's <i>La Belle Dame Sans Merci</i> in France, John Duke of Bedford serves as regent for Henry VI of England – defeats French at Cravant, James I returns to Scotland Scotland introduces reforms, John VIII named Byzantine Emperor, struggles in Bohemia between Ziska’s followers the Utraquists and the radical Taborites, Alain Chartier writes French poem “La Belle Dame sans merci”, Quiché maya dominates Guatemala highlands under Quicab, Scotland introduces reforms Aztec, Death of Hubert van Eyck the Dutch painter, Holland becomes the center of European music, Louvain U founded, London Guildhall complete, Van Eyck brothers begin the Ghent altarpiece Itzcoatl King of Aztecs in Mexico enlarges empire, Lincoln College in Oxford founded Masaccio the Italian painter dies, Treaty of Delft – peace between England and Flanders, Joan of Arc leads French armies against England, Venetian condottiere Carmagnola conquers Brescia and Bergamo, Japanese farmers and workers revolt, English begin siege of Orleans, Reign of Itzcóatl, beginning of Aztec expansion Joan of Arc leads French at Siege of Orleanss at Tenochtitlan form triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan, Henry VI begins to expel French from England, Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans – Charles VII crowned in Rheims, Henry VI crowned at Westminster, Philip of Burgundy creates Order of the Golden Fleece, Joan of Arc defeats English siege of Orléans, Charles VII King of France goes from being Dauphin to King, Joan of Arc appointed military commander and raises siege of Orleans, Charles VII crowned king of Frane at Rheims, King Charles VII rules France when clowned by help of Joan of Arc, Joan of Arc has vision of Mary telling her to lead French to victory, routs the English, turning point of Hundred Years War, King Charles VII claims French throne away from Henry VI of England, Joan of Arc fights, Charles VII formally crowned, Joan of Arc leads French at Siege of Orleanss at Tenochtitlan form triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan, Henry VI begins to expel French from England Sultans of Kilwa on E Africa begin grand building program, Collpase of Khmer empire in SE Asia, Joan of Arc captured by Burgundians at Compiegne, Modern English develops from Middle English, height of Spanish author Perez de Guzman, “Mad Marjorie” the great cast-iron gun invented, Gutenberg experiments with moveable type, Beginning of first Dutch school of music, Siege of Paris – Joan of Arc sees visions, is captured by Burgundians and is sent to ENG, Azores discovered, claimed for Portugal, Joan of Arc captured by Burgundians, Sultans of Kilwa on E Africa begin grand building program, Collpase of Khmer empire in SE Asia, Gutenberg experiments with moveable type 1431 Angkor Wat abandoned after being sacked by Thai army, Zheng He makes his final voyage and reaches East coast of Africa, Joan of Arc burned at the stake, Terrible freeze as part of Little Ice Age results in famine for several years, death of Joan of Arc, death of Pope Martin V – Pope Eugene IV elected, Joan of Arc burned at the stake at Rouen, Henry VI of England crowned King of France in Paris, First German peasant revolt at Worms, Universities of Caen and Poitiers founded, Andrea Mantegna the Italian painter born, François Villon, father of French poetry born, Jeanne d’Arc burned as a witch at Rouen, Eugene IV Pope to 1447, Henry VI of England rowned king of Frane in Paris, Khmer ity of Angkor abandoned, May 14 Joan D' Arc burned, Council called to deal with Bohemian heretics sparked by destruction of John Huss, Joan D'Arc burned as a witch and heretic 30 May, Pope Martin V convenes Council of Basel and dies 20 Feb. Pope Eugenius IV appointed 3 Mar (Gabriele Condulmer), John of Arc burned, Council called by Church to deal with heretics, Pope Eugenius IV elected, Angkor Wat abandoned after being sacked by Thai army, Zheng He makes his final voyage and reaches East coast of Africa, Joan of Arc burned at the stake, Terrible freeze as part of Little Ice Age results in famine for several years 1432 Portuguese sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores 1433 Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Donatello sculpts “David”, doubleeagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors, Hussite wars end in Bohemia, van Eyck paints <i>Man in a Red Turban</i> 1434 Reign of Christian emperor Zera Yacub in Ethiopia, death of Vladislav II of Poland (formerly of Lithuania) – Vladislav III becomes King of Poland, Taborites defeated at lipan – ruler Prokops killed, Cosimo de’ Medici becomes ruler of Florence, Revolt in Rome – Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence, Florence Cathedral completed, Joao Diaz the Portuguese explorer rounds Cape Bojador, African slaves brought to Portugal, Cosimo de Medici rules Florence, First drawings demonstrating perspective in Italy, Donatello carves David, De Medici, Cosimo 1434-1464 - son of a merchant Giovanni Medici rules in Florence – Exiled and city starts crumbling under Albizzi, Medici family comes to power in Florence, Triple alliance between Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopan, Reign of Christian emperor Zera Yacub in Ethiopia, 1435 Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy, Swedish Parliament (Riksdag) meets for first time, Togier van der Weyden paints “Descent from the Cross”, Leon Alberti of Italy gives mathematical laws for drawing perspective, Duke of Burgundy allies with Charles VII, Donatello creates <i>David</i>, Three-masted square-rigged ocean ships invented, Rogier van der Weyden creates <i>Descent from the Cross</i> (wooden altarpiece painted), Duke of Burgundy makes alliance with Charles VII of France 1436 End of war between Empire and Bohemian Hussites, English troops withdraw from Paris, Scots defeat English near Berwick, Compact of Iglau ends Hussite Wars and Emperor Sisidmund acknowledged King of Bohemia, Fra Angelico works his arts at the San Marco Monastery in Florence, Leon Battista Alberti formulates aesthetics of Renaissance painting, 1437 Murder of James I of Scotland and James II rules, death of Sigismund of Brandenburg as King of Hungary, death of Sigismund King of Hungary, Germany, 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 and emperor – son-in-law Albert V rules as emperor, John Dunstable develops counterpoint in musical composition, All Souls’ College founded in Oxford, Mongol astronomers publish <i>Tables of Ukugh Beg</i> for astronomy , End of rule of James I of Scotland as he is murdered in Perth – James II rules to 1460, end of Sigismund HRE, Henry VI assumes personal reign, James I of Scotland assassinated James II becomes king Inca emperor Viracocha dies, successor Pachacuti expands Inca empire, death of Jacopo della Quercia the Italian sculptor, Nine-years truce between England and Scotland, Pachacutec founds Inca rule in PeruJamma Musjid Mosque of Husain, Jaunpur built, Inca Empire established in Peru, Albert II HRE to 1439, Hapsburgs begin rule of Holy Roman Empire under Albert II, Gutenberg refines moveable type, Albert II crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs), Peruvian emperor Pachacutec begins rapid Incan expansian, Inca emperor Viracocha dies, successor Pachacuti expands Inca empire Heirs to the French throne receive title Conte du Dauphine, Henry the Navigator of Portugal opens sailing school at Sagres, Florence becomes Renaissance center, Prince Henry the Navigator retires to Sagre POR and founds college of navigation, Council of Basle deposes Pope Eugene IV – Felix V the antipope to 1449, Great Church Council at Florence Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, Frederick of Styria and Catinthia elected German King, Platonic Academy in Florence founded, Montezuma I expands Aztec power, Kirtticasa's <i>Ramayana</i> written in India, Frederick III HRE to 1493, Johannes Gutenberg invents printing from moveable metal type, Gutenberg creates printing press, Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, death of Gilles de Rais – French occultist and serial killer of 80-200 children Death of Jan van Eyck the Dutch painter, Eton college and King’s College in Cambridge founded, Portuguese navigators find first Negroes near Cape Bland in W Africa and start slave trade again, Flemish Jan van Eyck dies, Portugese slave trade with W Africa begins End of reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, Hornbooks (reading primers) first developed in England (Used until circa 1800), End of reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat Janos Hunyada the Hungarian national hero defeats the Turks at Nish, English plague order on quarantine and cleansing, Workmen digging at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna find huge femur (mammoth?) Which is inscribed and chained to the doors Death of Joseph Albo Spanish defender of Jewish faith, Death of Vladislav III King of Poland as he is killed by Turks at Battle of Varna, Hans Rodenplut is one of the early mastersingers of Nuremberg, death of Leonardo Bruni the Italian humanist, Cosimo de; Medici founds Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence , Eastern Roman empire shrinks Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou, Portuguese navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde, Copenhagen becomes Danish capital, Cape Verde explored by Europeans 1446 Death of Leonardo Giustiniani the Italian poet, Janos Hunyady elected regent of Hungary, death of Leonardo Guistiniani the Italian poet, death of Filippo Brunelleschi the Italian architect, Building of King’s College Chapel at Cambridge, Koreans develop 28 letter alphabet, Korean alphabetical script replaces Chinese script in Korea 1447 Casimir IV of Poland unites Polish kingdom with Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, death of Shah Rokh, death of Pope Eugene IV – Pope Nicholas V the renowned scholar elected, Scanderbeg defeats Murad II and gains independence for India Persia and Afghanistan, Nicholas V Pope to 1455, Pope Eugenius IV dies, 6 Mar Pope Nicholas V appointed (Tommaso Parentucelli), Humanism rises in Italy, Pope Eugenius IV dies, Gutenberg begins to use moveable type, Casimir IV of Poland unites Polish kingdom with Grand Dutchy of Lithuania 1448 Thailand expands under King Trailok, begins reforms, Death of John VIII the Byzantine Emperor, Anglo-Scot war renewed – Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England, Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden, Murad II defeats Janos Hunyady at Kossovo, Constantine XI Palaeologus becomes the last Byzantine Emperor , Barsarab Dracul killed and son Vlad named prince, Thailand expands under King Trailok, begins reforms 1449 Rule of shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa in Japan begins, English break truce with France – Captures Fougeres, birth of Lorenzo de; Medici (Il Magnifico), War renewed at Bordeaux, French, English war renewed, Rule of shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa in Japan begins 1450 End of reign of King Sejong of Korea, script money issued, Building of Great Zimbabwe of S Africa at height, Inca city of Machu Picchu built in Peru, death of Alain Chartier the French poet, death of Pisanello (Antonio Pisano) the Italian painter, Francesci Sfirza enters Milan and assumes title of duke, Jack Cade’s rebellion in England, Incas subdue the Indians of Chimu in northern Peru, Vatican library founded, Gutenberg prints “Constance Mass Book”, Florence under the Medici becomes center of Renaissance and humanism, death of Pisanello the Italian painter, Mocha in southwestern Arabia becomes main port for coffee export, Louis XI of France directs creation of weirdest musical instrument – pigbased keyboard, Pope Nicholas V authorizes subjugation of pagans by Portuguese, Johannes Gutenberg develops moveable type, End of first printing press, End of Great Mali Kingdom of Africa, Depopulation causes decline of Mississippian towns, European population reaches 50 million (was 73 million in 1300), End of reign of King Sejong of Korea, script money issued, Building of Great Zimbabwe of S Africa at height, Inca city of Machu Picchu built in Peru 1451 Mohammed II becomes Sultan of the Turks, death of Stephen Lochner the Cologne painter, birth of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci, Glasgow U founded, Mohammed II ascends Ottoman throne and becomes Sultan of Turkey to 1481, Christopher Columbus born to 1506 1452 Borso, Marquis of Este created Duke of Modena and Reggio by Frederick III – Frederick III crowned emperor, George of Poderbrad elected Regent of Bohemia, Ghiberti completes Gates of Paradise at Florence baptistery, Leonardo da Vinci born, metal plates used for printing, Hapsburg German Frederick III made Holy Roman Emperor, Eruption of Kuwae Vanuatu in S Pacific, Mohammed II lays siege to Constantinople, Emper Frederic III HRE crowned in Rome, Siege of Constantinople by Mohammed II, French reclaim lands from English rule, Mohammed II begins to levy tariffs 1453 Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople, Death of John Dunstable the English composer, death of Constantine XI Palaeologus – last Byzantine Emperor, Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of Hundred Years’ War between England and France – England gives up all possessions except Calais, Turks convert St. Sophia Basilica in Constantinople into a mosque, blind German organist Conrad Paumann publishes collection of organ music dies, Gutenberg and his financier Johannes Fust print 42-line (Mazarin) Bible at Mainz, French victory at Castillon ends Hundred Years' War, Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (now Istanbul) ends Byzantine Empire, Turks conquer Constantinople and depose Eastern Emperor, end of Hundred Years’ War with English only holding Calais, Siege of Constantinople – Ottoman Turks take the city and ends Byzantine empire, Byzantine scholars flee to West marking end of Middle Ages, Henry VI becomes insane, END OF MIDDLE AGES, Mohammed II conquers Constantinople May 29, End of 100 Years War with France victorious, Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople and take control of Greece, End of Byzantine Empire, End of 100 years war - English driven out of France, Byzantine empire falls to the Ottoman Turks, Constantinople falls, Constantinople taken by Moslem Turks (May), Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople 1454 Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan, Richard Duke of York named “Protector of England” during insanity of Henry VI – Edward son of Henry named Prince of Waled, Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data, First metal moveable type in GER with Gutenberg, Richard Duke of York made regent of England while Henry VI is insane, Henry ill, Richard, Duke of York, made protector, Gutenberg invents moveable type, Construction of Ottoman's Topkapi palace begun at Constantinople 1455 Printing press invented, beginning of Bible printing in Europe, Huge temple built to Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli in Tenochtitlan, James II of Scotland defeats Black Douglas family of nobles at Arkinholm, death of Fra Angelico the Italian painter, Death of Pope Nicholas V, Duke of York – excluded from Council – defeats royal forces at St. Albans and becomes again “Protector” – start War of the Roses – Lancaster (red) vs. York (white), Death of artist Lorenzo Ghiberti, erection of Palazzo Venezia in Rome, Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores Senegal river, War of the Roses begins in England, Gutenburg Bible printed, Moveable type invented by Gutenberg, War of Roses begins between York under Richard and Edward and Lancaster houses under Henry VI – Regent Richard deposed as Henry VI recovers from insanity – Richard replaced by Somerset and excluded from Royal Council – Battle of St. Albans – Somerset defeated and killed, Calixtus III Pope (uncle of Borgia), death of Pope Nicholas V, Cadamosto the Venetian explorer discovers Cape Verde Islands and explores West Africa to 1457, Halley's Comet, "War of the Roses" begins between ruling houses in England, Duke of York dismissed, Fights Lancasterian forces. In York vs. Lancaster, York wins, James II of Scotland overcomes Black Douglas family, 24 Mar, Pope Nicholas V dies, 8 Apr Pope Callixtus III (Alonso de Borgia) 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 appointed First Spanish Pope, first European printing shop at Mainz <i>Gutenberg Bible</i> printed, Europeans reach mouth of Gambia river, Printing press invented, beginning of Bible printing in Europe, Huge temple built to Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli in Tenochtitlan, James II of Scotland defeats Black Douglas family of nobles at Arkinholm, First Gutenberg Bibles printed in Europe, Earthquake in Naples Italy, trial of Joan of Arc annulled, Turks conquer Athens, death of Janos Hunyady after repelling Turks at Belgrade, Francois Villon writes “Le Petit Testament” Paolo Uccello paints “The Battle of San Romano”, Cape Verde Islands discovered off W Africa, Turks capture Athens, Gutenberg prints Mazarin Bible - first in Europe, Crusaders defend Belgrade against Ottomans, Botticeli paints <i>Primavera</i>, Earthquake in Naples Italy Death of Ladislas V Posthumus the King of Hungary and Bohemia – Frederick III inherits Upper and Lower Austria, End of Cadamosto’s exploration of West Africa Hussite leader George of Podebrad becomes King of Bohemia, Matthias Corvinus son of Janos Hunyady becomes King of Hungary, death of Spanish poet Marques de Samtillana, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II, Turks sack the Acropolis, Pius II Pope to 1464, Matthias Corvinus made King of Hungary to 1490, George Podiebrad King of Bohemia to 1471, Pope Callixtus III dies, Pope Pius II appointed (Enea Silvo Piccolomini) Renewal of civil war in England, Ottoman Turks conquer Serbia, War is renewed, Yorks defeated, Parliament declares York a traitor, Vlad Dracul has 30,000 impaled in one Transylvanian city Imperial porcelain works at Jingdezhen in China exports Ming pottery, Death of James II of Scotland (killed at Roxburgh) and begin rule of James III, death of Dutch composer Gilles Binchois, Death of James II of Scotland, Richard of York defeats Henry VI at Northampton but is defeated and killed by Queen Margaret at Wakefield, completion of Winchester Cathedral, the Palazzo Pitti in Florence begun, Production of clear glass perfected in Italy, Ming porcelain first exported from China, Cosimo de Medici had <i>Corpus Hermeticum</i> translated to Latin – covers alchemy, astrology, medicine, botany etc. Published 1471, death of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, end of James II King of Scotland killed at Battle of Roxburgh – James III rules Scotland to 1488, Battle of Westfield as Richard of York defeated and killed in War of Roses, Earl of Warwick (the Kingmaker) captures London for the Yorkists, Battle of Northampton – Henry VI captured by Yorkists, Turks conquer Morea, jthen cardinal Rodrigo Borgia reported to pope Pius II for holding dances with naked ladies, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal dies, Yorks led by Richard Neville of Warwick. Wind. Henry VI captured, Margaret escapes, Richard of York rules, Margaret raises army and kills Richard; Scotland james II killed, succeeded by son James III, Henry of Portugal dies, Death of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, Imperial porcelain works at Jingdezhen in China exports Ming pottery, Death of James II of Scotland and begin rule of James III, Vlad Dracul impales 10,000 Transylvanians in one day 1461 Death of Henry VI of England - Edward IV reigns, death of Charles VII of France, death of Austrian mathematician and astronomer Georg Purbach, Edward – son of Richard of York crowned Edward IV King of England, Charles VII of France dies – succeeded by Louis XI, Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania, Leonardo da Vinci becomes pupil of Berrocchio, House of York takes throne in England as War of Roses continues and Edward rules until 1470 – Battles of Mortimer’s Cross and Towton – Edward of York defeats Lancastrians and becomes King Edward IV of England to 1483, Deaths of Henry VI of England and Charles VII of France, Louis XI King of France to 1483, Turks conquer Trebizond the last surviving Greek state, End of Hundred Years' War, Louis Xi French Bourbon king rules, Henry deposed by Edward (IV), Reign of Louis XI of France begins, End of skirmishes known as Hundred Years War in England and France, Louis XI becomes Bourbon king, Death of Henry VI, Edward IV reigns 1462 Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai and goes on to build and empire, Reign of Ivan III Grand Prince of Muscovy, Ivan III (The Great) ends Russian tribute to Golden Horde, Ivan III the Great named Duke of Moscow to 1505, Castile captures Gibraltar from Arabs, Ivan the Great rules Russia, Lancaster revolts suppressed, Ivan the Great begins to rule the Muscovy (Moscow/Russians), European explorers approach the equator on west coast of Africa, Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai and goes on to build and empire, Reign of Ivan III Grand Prince of Muscovy, Vlad Dracul impales 20,000 after a battle 1463 War between Ottoman Turks and Venetians lasts 6 years, French poet Francois Villon dies after this date, Emperor Grederick III recognizes Matthias Corvinus of Hungary who recognizes Hapsburg claims to succession, Turks conquer Bosnia, Francois Villon the writer saved from gallows and disappears, construction of Sultan Mohammed II’s mosque in Constantinople, Monte di Pieta at Orvieto – money loaned to poor people at low interest, Death of France's François Villon (poet), Portugese caputre coastal cities in W Africa, Ottoman Turks and Venetians at war until 1479, Lancaster revolts suppressed, Venice loses Euboea and Greek islands to the Ottomans, War between Ottoman Turks and Venetians lasts 6 years 1464 death of Dutch painter Rogier van der Weyden, death of German philosopher Nicholas of Cusa, Death of Cosimo de’ Medici as ruler of Florence, death of Pope Pius II – Pope Paul II elected, Peace between England and Scotland, death of Nicholas of Cusa the German philosopher, Louis XI establishes French royal mail service, End of Cosimo de Medici Piero De Medici (the Gouty) ruled, End of Marimid Dynasty in Morocco since 1196, end of Pope Pius II – Pope Paul II to 1471, Edward IV marries Elizabeth Woodville, Edward marries Wlizabeth Woodville, a common widow, offending Duke Warwick, 15 Aug Pope Pius II dies, 30 Aug Pope Paul II appointed (Pietro Barbo), Songhai eclipses Mali as chief power in W Africa, Piero De Medici (the Gouty) rules 1465 First printed music, Edward IV passes edict forbidding “hustling of stones” and other bowling-like sports, Rise of Songhay Empire (Africa), Henry VI imprisoned by Edward IV, Leage of Public Weal as Dukes of Alenc,on Berri Burgundy Bourbon and Lorraine conspire against Louis XI 1466 Birth of Erasmus, Dutch scholar, death of Francesco Sforza the Duke of Milan, Death of Donatello the Italian sculptor, Johann Mentel prints first German Bible 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 (Strasbourg), rival families try for coup over Medici, Peace of Thorn – Poland gains much of Prussia from Teutonic Knights, Warwick’s quarrels with Edward IV begin – Warwick allegiance with Louis XI, Montezuma II (Nephew of I) rules Aztec empire? Moctezuma II born, Birth of Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Rival families try to overthrow Medici’s under Piero De Medici (the Gouty) Onin war in Japan begins – civil war over shogun succession, Philip II of Burgundy dies – succeeded by Charles the Bold, Turks conquer Herzegovina, first ballad about the Swiss national hero William Tell, Scottish Parliament decrees the “fute-ball and golfe not to be used” Japanese and Chinese art blend, Charles the Bold becomes duke of Burgundy and rival to Louis XI… and Flanders Brabant Belgium and Artois, start of civil wars in Japan for 100 years, Charles the Bold of Burgundy defeats France, Japanese Onin War - rise of daimyo and feudalism, Charles the Bold of Burgundy inherits Netherlands and defeats France, Onin war in Japan begins civil war over shogun succession End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I, death of Johann Gutenberg, inventor of printing in Europe, Death of Scanderbeg Prince of Albania, Bishopric of Vienna established, death of Johann Gutenberg, Sonni Ali captures Tumbuktu - Songhai Empire founded in West Africa, Margaret of York marries Charles the Bold, End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I Death of Fra Filippo Lippi the Italian painter, Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castille, Lorenzo de’ Medici “Il Magnifico” rules Florence, Lorenzy "The Magnificent" Medici rules Florence, First printed version of Pliny the Elder's <i>Natural History</i>, Birth of Nanak, founder of Sikhism, Pliny’s <i>Natural History</o> published in Venice, Lorenzo de Medici ruled until 1492, Ferdinand son of John II of Aragon marries Isabella the half-sister of Henry IV of Castile – Ferdinand and Isabella, Christian I gives Shetland to Scottish king James III as a dowry, Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella - begin modern Spain, Montezuma I dies, Ferdinand and Isabella married uniting kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, Warwick falls out with Edward and defeats him, Margaret, Henry and Warwick vs. Edward, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile marry, starting modern kingdom of Spain Collapse of Chimu culture in N Peru, death of Knutson Bonde (King Charles VIII) of Sweden, The first French farce “Maitre Pathelin” written, Portuguese navigators discover Gold Coast West Africa, first French printing press set up at the Sorbonne in Paris, House of Lancaster under Henry VI takes throne in ENG until 1483 as War of Roses continues – Warwick turns Lancastrian – defeats Edward IV and restores Henry VI, Turks seize Negroponte from Venetians, Warwick banished, Makes peace with Margaret, helps restore Henry VI to throne, Andean Chimú empire conquered by Incas, Collapse of Chimu culture in N Peru Emperor Topa Inca expands Inca empire into Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, death of Thomas a Kempis the German mystic, Death of Hussite leader George of Podebrad as King of Bohemia, death of Pope Paul II – Pope Sixtus IV elected, Edward IV King of England defeats and kills Richard Earl of Warwick at Barnet – defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkwsbury and enters London – Henry VI murdered in the Tower, death of King George of Bohemia – succeeded by Vladislav II, Jakob Obrecht composes “St. Matthew Passion”, 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 Portuguese take Tangier from Muslims, death of King George Podiebrad of Bohemia, Battle of Barnet – Edward IV defeats and kills Warwick – Henry VI dies (probably murdered) in Tower of London, Sixtus IV Pope to 1484, Portuguese under Alfonso V take Tangier from Muslims, Vladislav of Poland elected King of Bohemia, Edward defeats Warwick, Margaret defeated, sone Edward Prince of Wales killed, Henry VI murdered - tower of London, Begin reign of Henry VII Tudor of England, 26 Jul Pope Paul II dies, 9 Aug Pope Sixtus IV appointed, Francesco della Rovere, Birth of Albrecht Durer.European explorers cross equator in exploration of Africa's coast, Emperor Topa Inca expands Inca empire into Bolivia, Chile and Argentina Orkney and Shetland annexed by Scotland, Ivan III of Moscow marries Sophia Palaeologus the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor, Dante’s Divine Comedy first printed at Foligno, Memling paints the altarpiece at Danzig “The Last Judgement”, Danish navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have found Newfoundland, Venetians destroy Smyrna, Battle of Otluk-beli – Turks under Mohammed II defeat Persian Uzan Hasan an ally of Venice, Portuguese discover island of Fernando Po (Bioko),, Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland islands form Norway, Orkney and Shetland annexed by Scotland Tenochtitlan absorbs neighboring Aztec cities, Cyprus comes under Venetian rule, Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandenburg, Fuggers of Augsburg begin business dealings with the Hapsburgs, Sistine Chapel built by Giovanni de Dolci, Tenochtitlan absorbs neighboring Aztec cities Death of Dutch composer Guillaume Dufay, Isabella I Queen of Aragon rules, William Caxton printes first book in English at Bruges, Henry IV of Castile dies leaving sister Isabella as ruler, Louis XI wars against Charles the Bold, alliance between Charles the Bold and Edward IV of England, Triple alliance of Florence Venice and Milan, War between Charles the Bold and Swiss Confederation, nautical almanac explains finding longitude by using lunar distances – by German astronomer Regiomontanus, Edward grants privileges to N Germany for trade Death of Dirk Bouts the Dutch painter, birth of Cesare Borgia the son of future Pope Alexander VI, death of Bartolomeo Colleoni the Italian condottiere, Kiva Han – first coffee house opens in Constantinople, Turks conquer Crimea, Edward IV invades France, Peace of Piequigny between England and France, Leonardo da Vinci born End of the Medici family as bankers to the papacy, William Caxton sets up printing press at Westminster, William Caston sets up printing press, William Caxton sets up first press in Londin Japan Onin war ends Ashikaga shogunate’s authority, death of Charles the Bald of Burgundy - Maximilian son of Emperor Frederick III marries Mary of Burgundy – heiress of Charles the Bold – Hapsburgs acquire the Netherlands, Coxton prints Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Botticelli paints “Primavera” Michael Pacher paints the altar at St. Wolfgang Austria, Viet Stoss carves altar at St. Mary’s at Krakow Poland, Edward IV bans cricket game, French under Louis XI and Swiss defeat Charles the Bold at Battle of Nancy, Spanish inquisition renewed, Charles the Bold killed at Lorraine in Battle of Nancy against Swiss, Maximilian son of Frederick III marries Mary – daughter of Charles the Bold, 1478 1479 1480 1481 Charles the Bold dies, Mary of Burgundy rules, aided by husband Maximilian of Hapsburg, Death of Charles the Bold of Burgundy / Netherlands, Onin war ends Ashikaga shogunate's authority Rule of Renaissance patron Lorenzo de Medici – Start of Spanish Inquisition – roots, Grand Prince Ivan III (Ivan the Great) of Moscoq subdues Novgorod, Giuliano de’ Medici murdered at Florence Cathedral, Isabella of Castile begins Inquisition against converted Jews and heretics, Pazzi Conspiracy - Pazzi family and Archbishop of Pisa stab Giuliano and Lorenzo De Medici in the church on Easter Sunday. Giuliano dies and Lorenzo was stabbed. Result was lynching of Pazzi family and archbishop, Spanish Inquisition established in Spain under consent of Sixtus IV to punish Jews who claimed conversion, Ivan III conquers Novgorod and combines it with duchy of Moscow, Hungary gains Moravia and Silesia, Turks conquer Albania, Pope Sixtus IV turns control of Inquisition to Spain, Spanish Inquisition started, Lorenzo de' Medici rules Florence, Edward falls out with brother George. George found murdered, Botticelli paints, Foundation of Spanish Inquisition, Sir Thomas More born, Rule of Renaissance patron Lorenzo de Medici – Start of Spanish Inquisition – roots, Pazzi Conspiracy – Giuliano and Lorenzo de Mecidi stabbed in Church on Easter Sunday – Pazzi family eventually lynched as Lorenzy lives End of war between Ottoman Turks and Venetians ends with Turks triumphant, Crowns of Aragon and Castille united under Ferdinand and Isabella, Copenhagen U founded, After destruction of Arras- Brussels becomes the center of European tapestry industry, Ferdinand inherits Aragon and thereby Ferdinand and Isabella rule all Spain but Navarre and Granada, end of war between Ottoman Turks and Venetians, Treaty of Constantinople – Venice agrees to pay tribute to Ottoman Empire for trading rights in Black Sea, End of war between Turks and Venetians, End of war between Ottoman Turks and Venetians ends with Turks triumphant, Crowns of Aragon and Castille united under Ferdinand and Isabella Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy among converted Jews, Ivan III names self Czar of Russia, Ludovico Sforza becomes regent of Milan, death of Jean Fouquet the French painter, Feonardo da Vinci invents the parachute, German magician Georg Faust born – prototype of the Faust legend, Aztec's Sun Stone calendar created, first use of plus and minus signs, Leonardo da Vinci begins inventingconceives the parachute, helicoptor and wheel-lock musket, Ivan III the Great ends allegiance to Tartars, Turks besiege Rhodes – held by Knights of St. John, Extinction of the house of Anjou, Giovanni Cabotto moves to England and convinces Henry VII to let them go to New World, Columbus begins asking for money, Columbus starts asking for money, Giovanni Cabotto (John Cabot) moves to England and convinces King Henry VII to let him cross, Russians led by Moscow stop paying tribute to "Golden Horde" and oust Mongols, Civil wars rage in N Mayan states, Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy Death of Mohammed II Sultan of the Turks – Bajazet II rules. Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under joint direction of church and state, frescoes painted in the Sistine chapel in Rome by Botticelli, Ghirlandajo, Perugino, Pinturicchio and Signorelli, Verrocchio creates the statue of Bartholomeo Colleoni in Venice, Death of Mohammed II Sultan of Turkey and founder of Ottoman Empire, Spain begins inquisition 1482 Portuguese explore Congo river estuary, Death of Italian sculptor Luca della Robbia, Peace of Arras between Louis Xi and Hapsburgs, death of Dutch painter Hugo van der Goes, End of Portuguese' conquest of W Africa, Portuguese settle Gold Coast of Africa – Diego Cao explores Congo River, Spain wars with Moors, Botticelli paints <i>The Birth of Venus</i>, Scot's Berwick lost to England, Portuguese explore Congo river estuary 1483 Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building Silver Pavilion Temple at Kyoto, Japan, death of Edward IV of England, Edward V reigns and he and his brother disappear – probably murdered by uncle Richard of Gloucester who claims the throne as Richard III, Death of Louis XI of France – Charles VIII reigns, Russians begin to explore Siberia, Dante’s tomb created at Ravenna, John II of Portugal refuses to finance Columbus’ voyage, Birth of Martin Luther, Tomas de Torquemada leads Spanish Inquisition, Theophrastus’ work on botany published, Edward IV of ENG dies and Edward V deposed by uncle as he and brother murdered in Tower of London – uncle Richard becomes Richard III and War of Roses continues – see 1485, Deaths of Edward IV of England and Louis XI of France, Charles VIII King of France to 1498, Birth of Martin Luther, Death of Louis XI of France, Charles VIII leads France, End reign of Louis XI of France, Edward IV dies, Edward V new king May 4 - Uncle Richard regent until Jun 22 (Coronation) June - Edward and Richard declared illegitimate because father betroved to one and married another, parliament decided Richard of Glouster should become king, Two princes disappear from tower of London never to be seen again, Richard III king, Duke of Buckingham appointed Constable of England, Rebellion crushes, College of Arms founded, "Golden Legend" (History of Saints) Written, Henry Tudor (Lancashire) agrees to marry Elisabeth of York, Martin Luther born, Columbus petitions Portugal for backing - refused, Birth of Martin Luther, Death of Louis XI of Bourbon dynasty, son Charles VIII rules, Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building Silver Pavilion Temple at Kyoto, Japan, death of Edward IV of England, Edward V reigns and is deposed, Richard III reigns 1484 Spanish Inquisitors enter Aragon to denounce Jews, death of Pope Sixtus IV – Pope Innocent VIII, Death of Italian poet Luigi Pulci, Papal bull “Summis desiderantes” against witchcraft and sorcery, Botticelli paints “Birth of Venus” Surer paints “Self Portrait”, Johannes de Tinctoris composes “De inventione et usu musicae” Portuguese navigator Diego Cam discovers mouth of Congo river, Richard III reforms law, trade and tax collection, Papal bull against pagan practices and witchcraft, Veldener’s herbal volume published, alternate pied piper date of serial killer in Hammel GER but with no documented evidence, Caxton printe <i>Morte D’Arthur</i> legends compiled by Sir Thomas Malory, Pope Innocent VIII to 1492, Birth of Huldreich Zwingli, Widow of Edward IV under Richard's care, military headquarters established at Nottingham, Death of Edward, Richard's son, John de la Pole appointed Lord Liertenant (heir) in Ireland, compulsory gifts to the monarch abolished, papal decree against *witchcraft* Richard III creates Council for the North to rule north territories, Richard helps 1485 1486 1487 1488 James III stop revolt in Albany, bail created for court cases, Parliamentary statutes finally written in English, 12 Aug Pope Sixtus IV dies, 29 Aug, Pope Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cybo) appointed, Columbus petitions Spain for backing refused, Malory writes <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>, Spanish Inquisitors enter Aragon to denounce Jews, Papal Bull changes focus of Inquisition to witches Henry VII becomes first Tudor king of England and Wales after defeat of Richard III Plantagenet at Battle of Bosworth, Spanish Inquisitor assassinated, Death of Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, death of Welsh bard Dafydd Nanmor, Matthias Corvinus captures Vienna, Rudolf Agricola the humanist at Heidelberg U dies, establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England, End of England's War of the Roses, Henry VII begins Tudor dynasty, Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morete D'Arthur printed in England, Battle of Bosworth Field has Henry VII Tudor winning war of Roses. He marries Edward IV’s (York) daughter combining houses – start of Tudors, Hungary captures Vienna and lower Austria – Hungary now most powerful state in central Europe, Tudor Supremacy established in England with King Henry VII's defeat of Richard III at Battle of Bosworth marries Elizabeth of York, Columbus asks Ferdinand and Isabella for money, Richard's wife, Queen Anne dies, Henry Tudor in W Wales in August, gathers support, Richard defeated. End of War of the Roses as Henry VII becomes king, Henry creates Yeoman of the Guard, Columbus first petitions Ferdinand and Isabella for money, End of the "Dark Ages," House of Tudor rules England as Henry VII ascends to the throne ending the War of the Roses when he marries into the house of York, establishment of England's Tudor supremacy with rise of Henry VII when he defeats Richard III at Battle of Bosworth, Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York, ending war of Roses, Henry VII becomes first Tudor king of England and Wales after defeat of Richard III Plantagenet at Battle of Bosworth, Spanish Inquisitor assassinated Rule of Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl begins, Henry VII marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, uniting York and Lancaster, Maximilian I elected German king, Antoine de la Sale writes “Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles”, Portuguese discover Angola, Maximilan of Habsburg King of Germans, Henry marries Elizabeth of York, uniting the Houses, Diaz blown around Capr of Good Hope in Africa, Rule of Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl begins, Henry VII marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, uniting York and Lancaster Rebellion of Lambert Simnel – defeated at Stole-on-Trent, Spanish conquer Malaga from the Arabs, Pope Innocent VIII names Torquemada grand inquisitor, Henry VII of England removes right of accused to know accusers, Dias leaves to sail around Cape of Good Hope, Henry revives the Court of Star Chamber, defeats a revolt by a rival, Bertholomew Dias leaves under Portugese flag Ming emperors open rebuilding of Great Wall to defend China, Death of James III of Scotland and James IV begins to rule, Death of Andrea del Verrocchio the Italian painter and sculptor, Revolt of Florence towns against Maximilian of Germany, Construction of Henry VII’s famous ship “Great Harry”, first dispensary (Apothecary) in Berlin, Diaz completed journey around Cape of Good Hope in Africa, James IV King of Scotland to 1513, Bartholomew Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, Battle of Sauchieburn means James III of Scotland assassinated. James IV king, Bartholemew Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, Africa, Ming emperors open rebuilding of Great Wall to defend China, Death of James III of Scotland and James IV begins to rule 1489 Typhus outbreak in S Spain, symbols plus + and minus – come into use, Benedetto da Majano begins to build Palazzo Strozzi in Florence, Hans Waldmann the Mayor of Zurich executed as dictator, Caterina COrnaro Queen of Cyprus forced to cede kingdom to Venice, Yasuf Adil Shah – former slave – becomes ruler of Bijapur, India, Inquisitors Kramer and Sprenger publish <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> as handbook for witch hunting, Typhus putbreak in S Spain 1490 death of King of Hungary Matthias Corvinus son of Janos Hunyady - Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him, Maximilian I of Germany acquires the Tirol, “Corpus Christi Play” of Eger Bohemia, start of Spanish drama, beginnings of ballet at Italian courts, Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes, first orphanages in Italy and Holland, Death of King of Hungary Matthias Corvinus, King Nzinga Nkuwu of Congo becomes Christian 1491 Ruler of Congo kingdom baptized Christian by Portuguese, Five-year truce of Coldstream between England and Scotland, Treaty of Pressburg – Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges Hapsburg right of succession, Copernicus studies at Krakow U, About this time Cesare Borgia kills grandfather and puts head on pole before his father the Pope stating “This is the head of my grandfather who prostituted his daughter to the pope”, Charles VIII of France marries Ane of Brittany, Henry invades France - Treaty of Etaples agrees to withdraw for $$, Perkin Warbeck attempts to overthrow Henry VII, Bourbon king Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany marry, expanding Franch territory, Henry VIII, Menno Simmons and Ignatius Loyola born, Ruler of Congo kingdom baptized Christian by Portuguese 1492 Sikander Lodi, sultan of Delhi annexes Bihar and moves his capital to Agra to aid conquest of Rajasthan, End of rule of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Christian Spanish capture Granada in Spain from Muslims – extinguish Moorish kingdom – consolidating monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella, expulsion order of Jews from Spain, beginning of plagues in Americas spread by Europeans, death of Lorenzo de’ Medici (The Magnificent) ruler of Florence – son Piero rules Florence, Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France, Casmir IV king of Poland dies and succeeded in Poland by John Albert and in Lithuania by Alexander, Henry VII of England invades France after French support Perkin Warbeck a Flemish-born imposter as claimant to English throne, Peace of Etaples – France expels Warbeck and pays England indemnity of 159 thousand pounds, Albert duke of Bavaria joins Swabian League and undertakes to uphold authority of Holy Roman Empire, Bajazet II of Turkey invades Hungary and defeats Hungarians at Save River, Sikander II Lodi the Sultan of Delhi annexes Bihar, Spanish novel of courtly lobe “La carcel de amor” or Prisoner of Love, Pope Innocent VII dies – Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI through bribes then uses his position to benefit his family, including his son Cesare Borgia, Elio Antonio Nebriha written – Spanish-Latin dictionary, Spanish Jews given three months to convert or leave by Torquemada the inquisitor-general, Johann Reuchlin the German humanist begins to study Hebrew, Bramante starts building choir and cupola of S. Maria della Grazie at Milan, Carlo Crivelli paints “The Immaculate Conception” Leonardo da Vinci draws flying machine, death of Piero della Francescea the artist, “Opera” theory on music written by Boethius, Antoine Busnois the FrenchFlemish composer dies, first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim, Columbus sails, then lands at the Bahamas – “Santa Maria” wrecked off Haiti, profession of book publisher emerges – type setters printers and book sellers, Ferdinand V and Isabella defeat Moors, unite Spain, Columbus reaches W Indies, War between Pliny and anti-Pliny scholars ensues via pamphlets, death of Lorenzo de Medici – Piero de Medici rules Medici clan, 200,000 Jews expelled from Spain and Ferdinand and Isabella capture Granada ending Muslim influence, Alexander VI (Rogerigo Borgia) Pope to 1503, Columbus’ boats named for Barcelona prostitutes, Columbus leaves Canary islands Aug 3, Columbus leaves Aug 3, leaves Canary Islands Sep 6, lands in theBahamas Oct 12, Christians take Grenada, Pope Innocent VIII dies, Pope Alexander VI appointed 11 Aug (Rodrigo de Lanzòl-Borgia, nephew of Callixtus III) Last Moorish stronghold conquered in Granada (Spain), Death of Lorenzo de' Medici, Michaelangelo begins to study anatomy, Fall of Grenada completes reChristianization of Spain, Grenada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain is conquered, Columbus sites land in the Bahamas, Philosopher Lusi Vives born, Pope Alexander VI - bribed his way to popedom. He uses his position to benefit his family, including his son Cesare Borgia, End of Papacy of Alexander VI, Sikander Lodi, sultan of Delhi annexes Bihar and moves his capital to Agra to aid conquest of Rajasthan, End of rule of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Christian Spanish capture Granada in Spain from Muslims, expulsion order of Jews from Spain, beginning of plagues in Americas spread by Europeans 1493 End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru, Death of Frederick of Styria and Carinthia as German King and HRE – Maximilian I reigns as HRE, Pope Alexander VI publishes Papal bull “Inter cetera divina” dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, Statute of Piotrkow grants Polish aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants, First Bundschuh (peasant’s revolt) in Alsace and southwest Germany, Turks invade Dalmatia and Croatia, Macimilian I invests Lodovico (Il Moro) Sforza with the duchy of Milan, Charles VIII of France prepares to invade Italy, Maximilian I marries Biance Maria Sforza, Lucretia Borgia daughter of Pope Alexander VI marries Giovanni Sforza, but marriage annulled 1497, Nuremburg chronicle – history from creation to present time published in Latin and German, Richard Pynson prints first dated book Henry Parker’s “Dialogue of Dives and Pauper”, Pope Alexander VI appoints son Cesare Borgia a cardinal, Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples publishes “Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros”, Tilman RIemenschneider the German sculptor carves “Madonna”, Maximilian I appoints court organist and composer, Columbus returns to Palos and leaves Spain on second voyage where he discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica and Jamaica, horse reintroduced into N America, Newly discovered lands divided between Spain and Portugal by Pope Alexander VI, height of Songhai Empire under Askia Mohammed who takes over much of the Mandingo Empire, Maximilian I HRE to 1519, Maximilian I elected HRE, Mar 4 Columbus leaves the New World, Columbus leaves New World, Pope establishes line of Demarcation, End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru 1494 Death of musician Johannes Okegham, death of Dutch painter Hans Memling, Domenico Ghirlandajo the Italian painter died, death of Pico de Mirandola the Italian humanist, Treaty of Tordesillas where Spain and Portugal divide the New World between them, Charles VIII begins invation of Italy – enters Florence, deposes Piero de’ Medici and enters Rome – Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant’ Angelo, Henry VII of England sends Edward Poynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck – Poynings’ Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England, Future Suleiman “The Magnificent” sultan of Ottoman empire born, Maximilian I HRE recognizes Perkin Warbeck as king of England, death of Ferdinand I of Naples (Ferrante), Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England, Matteo Maria Bogardo the Italian poet and humast dies, Sebastian Brant publishes “Das Narrenschiff” (Ship of Fools), John Lydgate publishes “The Fall of Princes” Walter Hulton the English mystic’s work “Ladder of Perfection” published posthumously (d. 1396), Giovanni Pico della Mirandola the Italian humanist dies, Aemilius Paulus of Cerona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France, Johan Reuchlin publishes study of cabalism, Theocracy of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence, Politician (Angelo Poliziano) the Italian humanist dies, King’s College in Aberdeen founded, Sandro Botticelli creates “Calumny”, Da Vinci finishes “Madonna of the Rocks”, Ghirlandajo the Italian painter and decorator dies, Hans Memling the GermanFlemish painter dies, Ulm Minster finished, Jean Mauburnus publishes study of musical instruments, Luca di Pacioli publishes “Algebra”, Goods Lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement, Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow closes Hanseatic trading office in Novgorod, Bosch paints “Garden of Worldly Delights”, French writer François Rabelais born, Statute of Drogheda (Poyning’s Law) declares all English laws apply to Ireland, Treaty of Tordesillas splits Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal moving popes line of demarcation further west, Charles VIII invades Italy, Portugal claims Brazil, Charles VIII of France claims to rule Naples, Beginning of Italian Wars between France and Habsburgs of Spain, Treaty of Tordesillas divides world between Spanish and Portugese claims, Charles VIII, Bourbon king of France crosses ALPS into Italy to conquer, treaty of Tordesillas splits New World between Portugal and Spain 1495 Poyning’s Law – no Irish parliament without English consent, Syphilis outbreak in Naples, Italy – may have been from Columbus’ crew but spreads from Naples through Europe by French soldiers, Sir William Stanley – Lord Chamberlain to Henry VII executed for complicity in Warbeck’s conspiracy, Charles VIII enters Naples and is crowned King of Naples then retreats toward northern Italy, Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy – forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo – Holy League ends and Charles VIII returns to France, Imperial Diet of Worms – proclaims perpetual peace – sets up Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal and imposes common penny as general tax, Perkin Warbeck fails to land at Kent and moves court of James IV of Scotland – received at Stirling, Ferdinand II reconquers Naples and French fleet captured at Rapallo, English Parliament frames new statute of treasons and an act against vagabonds and beggars, Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal, Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in Europe, “Arcadia” the Italian romance written by Jacopo Sannazzaro, Sutch morality play involving the everyman, Aldus Manutius begins printed books of Greek classics, Italian romantic epic by Mattea Mario Boiardo published, Jews expelled from Portugal, Hieronymus Bosch paints “The Garden of Worldly Delights”, Da Vinci paints “The Last Supper” Surer opens studio at Nuremberg, Mantegna paints “The Holy Family with St. Elizabeth and the young St. John”, Perugino paints “The Entombment” death of Cosimo Tura the Italian painter, Josquin des Pres appointed organist for Cambrai Cathedral, Dry dock invented at English Portsmouth, Jews expelled from Portugal, Christopher Columbus taxes natives of Hispaniola, Charles VIII enters Naples – Holy League between Milan Venice Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI and Ferdinand V – forces him to withdraw, Bosch and Da Vinci (<i>Last Supper</i>) paint, Another Diet of Worms creates Imperial Chamber of the HRE, Diet of Worms unite German Princes, Poyning's Law - no Irish parliament without English consent, Syphilis outbreak in Naples, Italy - may have been from Columbus' crew 1496 James IV of Scotland invades Northumberland in support of Perkin Warbeck, Teneriffe becomes Spanish, death of Ferdinand II of Naples – succeeded by Frederick III, Philip the Handsome – Duke of Burgundy –son of Maximilian I marries Juana heiress of Spain, Juan del Encina creates “Cancionero” an Easter play, Johann Reuchlin creatsw latin comedy “Sergius”, John Colet lectures at Oxford, Jesus College at Cambridge founded by John Alcock, Marino Sanudo begins diary of Venetial life and politics, Michelangelo’s first stay in Rome, Perugino creates “Madonna with the Saints of Perugia”, Franchino Gafori creates treatise on music composition, Henry VII commissions Venetian navigator John Cabor and his son Sebastian to discover new route to Asia, Columbus returns from second voyage, Romano Pane – monk who accompanied Columbus describes tobacco plant, Henry VII of England joins Holy League, Commercial treaty between England and the Netherlands, Gustavus I Vasa king of Sweden, Columbus founds Santo Domingo on Hispanola, Pope Alexander VI titles Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain "the Catholic," Their child Philip I marries Joan of Castile, Columbus founds Santo Domingo on Hispanola, King Gustavus I Vasa born (SWE) 1497 End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I, Portuguese Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope and sails on to India, Rising in Cornwall – Lord Audley’s rebellious army defeated by Henry VII at Blackheath, Perkin Warbeck arrives in Cork from Scotland but finds no support – goes to Cornwall and attempts to take Exeter – captured by royalist troops at Taunton, King Manuel of Portugal marries Infanta Isabella of Spain, King John II of Denmark defeats Swedish army at Brukeberg – enters Stockholm and revives Scandinavian union, Lucrezia Borgia (divorced from Giovanni Sforza in 1493) marries Alfonso of Naples, John the Infante of Spain marries Margaret of Austria, John Alcock publishes “The Hill of Perfection”, Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna, Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI, death of Benedetto da Maiano the Italian architect, Filippino Lippi paints “Meeting of Joachim and Anne at the Golden Gate”, Michelangelo sculpts “Bacchus”, Death of English composer and organist Henry Abyngdon, Cabots reach east coast of North America, severe famine in Florence, Girolamo Savonarola Dominican priest noted for banning anything considered immoral including books, new art opposed to Rodrigo Borgia and the Medicis. Bonfire of the vanities in 1497 was collection of mirrors, cosmetics, sculptures etc. including Botticelli works. excommunicated and executed 1498, Jews expelled from Portugal, John Cabot discovers Newfoundland, Cabot reaches Canada, Vasco de Gama leaves for India, John Cabot first European to reach America mainland since Leif Ericson, John Cabot (Giovanni Cabotto) reaches Newfoundland and Massachusetts, Vasco de Gama heads to India for Portugal, First voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, Voyage of John Cabot, End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I, Portuguese Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope and sails on to India, “Bonfire of the Vanities” as Dominican priest Girolamo Savonarola bans books art and mirrors 1498 Italian religious reformer, Savanarola, burned at stake, Tsunami hits Japan, death of Torquemada the Spanish Grand Inquisitor, death of Michael Pacher the Bavarian painter and woodcarver, death of Girolamo Savonarola the Italian preacher, end of Charles VIII of France, death of John Cabot, death of Charles VIII of France – son Louis XII Duke of Orleans and Valois, Perkin Warbeck makes public confession of his treason and is imprisoned in Tower of London, Infanta Isabella of Spain dies in childbirth, comedies of Aristophanies published in Venice, Commines “Memoires” published, Latin comedy “Henno” by Teuchlin published, Dutch animal epic published by Alkmar, Erasmus of Rotterdam teaches at Oxford, Da Vinci produces numerous scientific drawings, Durer creates “Self Portrait” and other works, Michelangelo carves “Pieta”, Columbus discovers Orinoco river on third voyage, Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India – arrives on Malabar coast, first German pawn shop at Nuremburg, Vasco de Gama reaches Calicut, India, Girolamo Savonarola the Dominican priest executed, Vasco de Gama sails to India from Europe, Columbus discovers Trinidad and South America, death of Charles VIII of France, Louis VII King of France to 1515, Vasco de Gama reaches India, First bristled toothbrush in China, Charles VIII of France dies, Louis XII rules, Second trip for John Cabot - he disappears, de Gama reaches India, Da Vinci finishes <i>The Last Supper</i>, De Gama arrives in India - Malabar coast and Calcut, John Cabot lost on second voyage, Savronarola executed at Florence, Charles VIII of Bourbon kingship dies, Louis XII becomes King of France, Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea, Italian religious reformer, Savanarola, burned at stake, Tsunami hits Japan, Dominican priest GIrolamo Savonarola executed after Bonfire of the Vanities 1497, First bristled toothbrush in China 1499 Plague in England causes Henry VII to flee to Calais. Ludovico Sforza the Regent of Milan dies, Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany, widow of Charles VIII to keep duchy of Brittany for the French crown, Partition of Milan – Lodovico Sforza flees to the Tirol – French take Milan – Louis XII enters the city, War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons ends with the Peace of Basel – the Swiss establishing their independence, War between Turks and Venice – defeat of Venetian fleet at Sapienza – Lepanto surrenders to the Sultan, Comspiracy of Perkin Warbeck to escape from the Tower of London discovered – tried for treason and finally executed, Fernando de Rojas creates “Celistina a Spanish comedy, Willibald Pirckheimer writes “Bellum Helveticum”, death of Italian philosopher and scholar Marsilo FIcino, Spanish inquisitor general Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros introduces forced mass conversions of Moors – cause of great Moorish revolt in Granada, U of Alcala founded, Durer paints, Giorgione paints “Portrait of a Young Man”, first political cartoons appear – on French-Italian war, Signorelli creates frescoes at Orvieto Cathedral, U of Oxford institutes degrees in music, Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America, Antimony first produced and exported from Hungary, Francisco Jimenez forces mass conversion on Moors, Louis XII captures Milan, Treaty of Basle, Louis XII of France invades Italy, Perkin Warbeck, attempted usurper, put to death, War between Ottomans and alliance of Venice and Hungary, Vespucci explores ne coast of Brazil, Plague in England causes Henry VII to flee to Calais