Download FinalTL5-to 1500 AD

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1000 Fading of Maya power in N Mexico, Bantu speaking people set up kingdoms in S
Africa, Kingdoms of Takrur and Gao flourish in W Africa due to gold trade,
Chinese perfect gunpowder and begin to use it in warfare, Italian towns become
city-states, Rule of Stephen, first of Arpad dynasty of Hungary – accepts
Christianity, Farmers in Peru grow sweet potatoes and corn, Leif Ericson reaches
N America, Maori people settle in New Zealand, Polynesians begin to build stone
temples, death of Roswitha the German nun and playwright, Bohemia and
Moracia united, King Olaf I of Norway killen in Battle of Svolder and Norway
becomes Danish, Piasts rule in Poland, Venice rules over Dalmatian coast and
Adriatic Sea, King Rajaraja of the Chola dynasty conquers Ceylon, Ethelred II
ravages Cumberland and Anglesey, King Stephen of Hungary receives from the
pope title of Apostolic Majesty, Sancho III the Great of Navarre, Emperor Otto III
makes Tome his permanent residence, Roswitha of Gandersheim dies, “Diary of a
May-Fly” written by anonymous Japanese lady, “Beowulf” written in Old English,
Japanese woman writes “The Pillow Book” about Japanese court, Archbishop of
Gniezno established, King Stephen of Hungary founds the monastery of Gran,
Christianity reaches Iceland and Greenland, Spiritual center of Judaism switches
from Mesopotamia to Spain, Tishuanaco civilization extends all over Peru,
Artistic revival in Italy with fresco and mosaic paintings, culture flourishes in
Ghazni, Abbey of St. Hilaire in Poitiers, S. Pietro made in Perugia, Shiwa temple
in Java, “Bridge of Ten Thousand Ages” in China, Climax of Yucatan peninsula,
musical notation improved, Approximate date of Leif Ericsen in Nova Scotia,
Indian mathematician Sridhara recognizes the importance of the zero, several
attempts to fly or float aborted, Arabs and Jews become court physicians in
Germany, Widespread fear of the end of the world and judgment day, the
Danegeld creates – English tax, potatoes and corn planted in Peru, Frisians build
dykes against floods, Chinese perfect inventions of gunpowder, Saxons settle at
Bristol, Indian mathematician Sridhara discovers the number “0”, Vikings sight
land in North America, Arabs spread decimal system to Spain, Spinning wheels
used in China, Start of period of architecture known as Romanesque until about
1100, first moveable type created in China, Viking Biarni Heriulfsson blown off
course and sights coast of North America, Battle of Svolder – Sweyn kills Olaf of
Norway and annexes Norway to Denmark, Ethelred II ravages Cumberland, Move
toward towns in Europe. End of Feudal System, Buddhism extinct in India,
Established civilization back in Europe, Stephen, the Hungarian (Magyar) accepts
Christianity, Mayan revival, Serfdom in Europe because slavery banned by
Christians, Norse Greenlanders found short lived settlement in Newfoundland,
Thule Eskimos begin to migrate into eastern Arctic, Collapse of Tiahuanaco and
Huari empires in the Americas, Byzantine and HRE empires peak, Tibetan Tangut
peoples found the Xixia state, European population reaches 42 million,
Tiahuanaco and Huari abandoned in S America
1001 Chola king Rajaraja I conquers Sri Lanka, Hakin mosque built in Cairo, Leif
Ericssen in Vinland,
1002 Death of Almanzor (Mohammed ibn abi-Amir al-Mansur) the chief minister of
Omayyad caliphate at Cordoba – beginning of fall of caliphate, Death of 19 year
old HRE Otto III – cousin Henry II the Saint rules, Birth of Edward the confessor,
Massacre of St. Brice’s Day as Danishe settlers in England are murdered on order
of Ethelred II, Basil II defeats Bulgarians at Vidin, start of Muzaffar as caliph of
Cordoba, Leif Ericsson explores North American coast possibly as far south as
Maryland, Ethelred marries Emma sister of Duke Richard of Normandy, Death of
Otto III, Duke Henry of Bavaria becomes King Henry II of Germany (St. Henry),
1003 Death of Pope Sylvester II – first French pope – Pope John XVII, War between
Germany and Poland, Sweyn lands with army in England, Founding of Bamberg
Cathedral under Henry II, Sweyn and army or Norsemen land in England and
pillage, Sveyn Forkbeard invades again in Britain, Pope Sylvester II dies 12 May,
Pope John XVII (Siccone) appointed June, Dies Dec, Pope John XVIII
(Giovannis Gasano) appointed 25 Dec (Pietro Bucca Porci - Peter Pig's Snout)
1004 Death of Pope John XVII – Pope John XVIII, King Henry’s first Italian campaign
– defeats Ardoin and crowned King of Lombards at Pavia, Henry’s war against
Boleslav, Arabs sack Pisa, China becomes tributary to the Tungusic Khitans
1005 Malcolm II rules Scotland as Kenneth III dies, Brian Boru of Munster recognizes
in Ireland as “ard ri” (high king), Malcolm II King of Scotland, Malcolm II rules
Scotland and by 1034 gains Strathclyde which unites SCO – becomes first King
of Scotland
1006 Rudolph III of Burgundy appoints Henry II his heir, Mohammedans settle in
northwestern India, Robert II of France allies himself with Henry II against
Baldwin of Flanders, Ghaznavid Dynasty of Afghanistan extends through E
Persia and NW India
1007 Ethelred II pays 30,000 pounds to the Danes to gain two years freedom from
attacks, Chinese poet Ou Yang Hsiu born, Ethelred buys two years’ peace from
Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver
1008 Japanese court lady Murasaki Shikibu begins to write <i>Tale of Genji</i>, Death
of Muzaffar the caliph of Cordoba, Mahmud of Ghanzi defeats Hindus at
Peshawar, Berno Abbot of Teichenau writes books on musical theory
1009 Death of Pope John XVIII – Pope Sergius IV, Mohammedans sack Holy
Sepulcher in Jerusalem, First Imperial Diet at Goslar, Bruno of Querfurt martyred
by Prussians, Thietmar Bishop of Merseburg writes “Chronicle”, death of Ibn
Junis the Arab astronomer, Norse settle in N America
1010 Robert II of France proclaims the Peace of God, Richer of St. Remy writes
“Historia Remensis ecclesiae”, <i>The Tale of Genji</i> by Lady Murasaki
Shikibu of Japan, Under Haken, persecution and desecration of Christian shrines
in Turkey
1011 Ethelred invades South Wales and the Danes take Canterbury, Handkerchief of St.
Veronica kept in altar at Rome, “Handkerchief of Veronica” stored in Rome,
1012 Death of Pope Sergius IV – Pope Benedict VIII, Ethelred pays assitional 48,000
pounds to the Danes for peace, first persecution of heretics in Germany, the
“Decretum” written by Bishop Buchard of Worms, Hakim Mosque in Cairo,
Heinrich Cathedral in Bamberg, Danes sack Canterbury and are bought off for
48,000 pounds of silver, Danes sack Canterbury
1013 Danes become masters of England as Ethelred flees to Normandy, Danes conquer
England, Sweyn lands in England and is proclaimed king – Ethelred flees to
Normandy, Dane Sweyn Forkbeard seizes England, new king, Aethelred flees to
Normandy
1014 Basil II of Byzantine empire defeats Bulgarians, Rajendra I becomes ruler of
Cholas who dominate India, Brian Boru, high king of all Ireland defeats Vikings,
but is killed after victory, Brian Boru of Ireland defeats Vikings at Clontarf, but is
slain, death of Samuel Czar of Bulgaria, death of Sweyn of Denmark and Sweden
– succeeded by Canute – Ethelred returns to England, on Henry’s second Italian
campaign he is crowned emperor in Rome, end of Norse rule in Ireland at battle at
Clontarf, Western Bulgaria ceded to Byzantium, Basil II has Bulgarian army
blinded, Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu dies, End of Sweyn Forkbeard King of
Denmark – English recall Ethelred II as king and Canute retreats to Denmark,
Sveyn Forkbeard dies, Canute (son)king of Denmark. Aethelred restored to the
throne, Danes under Svein Forkbeard conquer England
1015 Death of St. Vladimir prince of Kiev, Wessex submits to Canute the Dane, Atabs
conquer Sardinia, Jaroslav becomes prince of Kiev, King Olaf II the Saint restores
Norwegian independence and Christianity, Strasbourg Cathedral started, Pomposa
Monastery introduces sight singing, first mention of Leipzig, , first “Communitas”
or self government in Benevento, Canute again invades England – war between
Danes and Saxons, Canute invades again, war between Danes and Saxons
1016 Death of Aethelred II, Reign of Canute, Viking king of England, begins, Norman
knights in southern Italy, St. Paul’s at Worms, Japanese baroness Shikibu
Murasake publishes “The Take of Genji”, Danes rule England to 1042, end of
Ethelred II the Redeless – Edmund Ironside son of Ethelred II and Canute divide
kingdom – Edmund assassinated and Canute rules as King of England and Olaf II
as King of Norway, Aethelred dies, Son Edmund Ironside fights with Canute
Saxons vs Danes, Battle of Ashingdon - Canute wins, they divide kingdom,
Edmund assassinated, Eadulf I becomes king of Bamburgh, Cnut reigns in
England, Denmark and Norway
1017 Canute (Knut) divides England into four earldoms, Eshin the Japanese Buddhist
priest dies, Canute divides England into four earldoms, Canute, a Dane,
recognized king of England,
1018 End of King Henry’s War against Boleslav (Germany and Poland), Union of
southern and northern Scotland, Byzantium regains Macedonia, Bulgarians
submit, Council of Oxford – Canute confirms laws of Edfar, Sacred Indian city of
Muttra pillaged by Mahmud of Ghanzi, Brihadisva Rasvamin Temple in Tangore
India, Mahmud of Ghazni pillages sacred city of Muttra in India
1019 Yaroslav the Wise, ruler of Kiev begins to rule, unifies Russian areas, Jaroslav the
Wize unifies and rules Russia, Canute marries Emma of Normandy the widow of
Ethelred II, Ealdred II King of Bamburgh, Canute marries Emma of Normandy,
widow of Aethelred II
1020 Japanese court lady Murasaki Shikibu finishes writing <i>Take of Genji</i>,
Boleslav I of Poland creates unified state, death of Firdausi the Persian poet, death
of Aelfric the English Benedictine abbot and author, Jaroslav the Wise of Kiev
codifies Russian law and builds cities, schools and churches, Pisa annexes Corsica,
1021
1022
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys recognize Olaf Haraldsson as king, Rebellion of
Bernard II Duke of Saxony, death of Firdausi the Persian poet, Bamberg
Cathedral consecrated by pope, death of Aelfric the English author and historian,
crypt of Chartres Cathedral created, Persian poet Firdasi dies, Rise of Italian citystates, ibn Sina (Avicenna) compiles Canon of Medicine and also writes work on
erosion
Reign of Fatmid caliph al-Zahir begins, Henry’s third Italian campaign, Basil’s
campaign against Armenia, St. Vitus dance epidemics in Europe, Caliph al-Hakim
founds Druse sect after proclaiming self divine
Emperor Henry II defeats Greeks in southern Italy, death of Eric the Saint – King
of Sweden, Synod of Pavia insists on celibacy of higher clergy, Notker
Teutonicus – monk of St. Gallen and translator of Boethius, Atistotle and the
Psalter dies, Pope Benedict VIII institutes laws on celibacy
Death of HRE Henry the Saint – succeeded as German king by Conrad II the
Salic – first of Franconian line, Death of Pope Benedict VIII – Pope John XIX,
Mahmud storms Somnath in Gujarat, India, End of Ghaznavid Empire expansion,
Death of Swedish king Olaf Skutkonung, Conrad II becomes German King and
HRE to 1039, Death of Henry II of Germany Conrad II rules, 9 Apr Pope
Benedict VIII dies, Pope John XIX (Ioannes Undevicesimus, Conti di Tusculum)
appointed Apr/May
Death of Basil II of Byzantine empire, Boleslav I accepts title of King of Poland
death of Boleslav I the duke of Poland, beginning decline of Byzantine power,
Indecisive battle between Canute and Olaf at Holy River, Sweden, Takayoshi
founds Tosa school of painting, Tosa School of painting founded in Japan,
Boleslaw the Brave King of Poland dies
Death of Chinese poet Lin Pu, death of Richard II the Good, duke of Normandy,
Canute goes on pilgrimage to Rome, death of Lin Pu the Chinese poet, Guido
d’Arezzo introduces solmization in music (do, re, mi…)
Death of Japenese emperor Michinaga, Robert the Devil becomes Duke of
Normandy, Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor at Rome,
Robert le Diable becomes Duke of Normandy to 1035, Arrival of Norman
mercenaries in S Italy, Turkish empire Omar Khayyam born Persian scientist and
Poet
Canute conquers Norway, Romanus III becomes Byzantine emperor, Sancho of
Navarre takes Castile , Death of Olaf II K of Norway, Zoe becomes Empress of
Byzantine Empire to 1050, Canute conquers Norway and son Sweyn becomes
King of Norway
Death of William V duke of Aquitaine
Mohammed of Ghanzi’s rule of Afghan empire ends after 33 years and 17 Indian
invasions – death, Battle of Stiklestad – Canute defeats and kills the former
Norwegian king – Olaf Haraldsson, Jaroslav of Kiev founds Dorpat, Vienna
mentioned for the first time in documents, Arab physician Ibn Sina publishes
Canon of Medicine, end of Mahmud as ruler in India, Olaf tries to regain throne
of Norway and is killes at battle of Stiklestad
End of Caliphate of Cordoba, death of Robert II of France, Henry I becomes king
of France, Poland and Hungary create frontier treaty, Caliphate of Cordoba
established, Henry I becomes King of France to 1060, Robert Capet (II) dies in
France, son Henry reigns
1032 Death of Pope John XIX – Pope Benedict IX (Theophylactus III), Rudolph III of
Burgundy dies, and Conrad unites Burgundy with the empire, Canute completes
restoration of Bury St. Edmunds
1033 Germans and Russians defeat Mieczyslav II of Poland – it becomes fief of Empire,
Castile becomes a separate kingdom, St. Anselm - scholastic philosopher born,
Burgundy added to German throne (HRE), Burgundy added to German realm
under Henry II
1034 Scotland becomes united under Malcolm II – end of his reign, end of Romanus III
as Byzantine Emperor, Malcolm II of Scotland dies, grandson Duncan rules,
Bratislav becomes duke Bohemia, Michael IV the Paphlagonian becomes
Byzantine Emperor, start of Wurzburg Cathedral, Death of Malcolm II of SCO,
reign of grandson Duncan I to 1040, Duncan I becomes king of Scotland,
1035 End of reign of Fatmid caliph al Zahir ends – decline of Fatmid power, death of
Canute, Viking king of England – kingdom divided among sons Harold gets
England, Swyen gets Norway and Hardicanute gets Denmark, Normandy in N
France grows powerful, end of Sancho as king of Navarre, end of Robert the
Devil Duke of Normandy, Ferdinand I of Castile reigns, End of Canute (Danish)
King of England – possessions divided – Harold I Harefoot rules England to 1040,
Hardicanute rules Denmark to 1042, end of Robert le Diable Duke of Normandy –
William an illegitimate son becomes Duke to 1087, Canute the Dane rule of
England ends, Robert the Devil, father of William the Conqueror dies on way
home from pilgrimage, Dane Canute dies, Harold Harefoot usurps throne from
Harthacanute, the heir, Canute the Dane who ruled England dies, Robert the Devil,
father of William the Conqueror dies on way home from Jerusalem,
1036 Shanxi China quake kills 23000, Guido d’ Arezzo develops Modern musical
notation
1037 Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Leon unite, Avicenna (Ibn Sina) the Arab
physician and philosopher author of "Canon of Medicine" died, Conrad II makes
small fiefs hereditary, Seljuk Turks rebel against the Ghaznavid emirate
1038 Death of Stephen I of Hungary, Chinese earthquake, death of Alhazen the Arab
poet, After the death of Stephen of Hungary Abo usurps the throne and Peter the
legal heir flees to Germany, founding of Order of Vallombrosa, death of Alhazen
the Arab physicist, Buddhism flourishes in Tibet, Death of Stephen I of Hungary,
Eadulf II King of Bamburgh, Seljuks conquer Khoradan in Turkish Empire
1039 Death of German king Conrad II the Salic – first of Franconian line, succeeded by
Henry III, Prince Gruffydd of Gwynedd and Powya defeats the English, End of
Conrad II the HRE and German King, Henry III the Black becomes HRE to 1056
1040 Earthquake in Persia, death of Duncan of Scotland at the hand of Macbeth who
becomes king, Harold dies and is succeeded by Hardicanute, “Truce of God”
proclaimed in Aquitaine, Petrocellus writes “Practica” an important medical work,
ride of “Lady Godiva” to protest tax (disputed), Guido d’Arezzo introduces names
for musical pitches, Murder of Duncan I of SCO by Macbeth Mormaer of Moray
at Battle at Elgin – Macbeth rules as King of Scots, end of Harold I Harefoot King
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
of England – Hardicanute last Danish king of England to 1042, Dane Harold dies,
Harthacanute king, Duncan I dies in Scotland, cousin Macbeth becomes king
Death of Michael IV the Byzantine Emperor, Siward murders Eardwulf and
becomes sole ruler of Northumbria, Battle of Montemaggiore – Lombards and
Normans defeat Greeks, Casmir I becomes duke of Poland, Magister Franco
writes on music, Chinese begin printing with moveable type
Edward the Confessor begins to rule as king of England as Hardicanute dies,
Magnus becomes king of Denmark, Constantine IX Monomachus becomes
Byzantine emperor, Rise of Seljuk Turks, Syria quake kills 50000, End of Danish
rule in England, Death of Hardicanute King of Denmark, Hardicanute King of
England dies of drink – Saxon Edward the Confessor rules and power is in hands
of Earl Godwin and his sons to 1066, Magnus the Good – son of Olaf II King of
Denmark rules to 1047, Canute's sons (England) die Edward the Confessor
becomes king, Harthacanute dies of drink, Edward the Confessor (Son of
Aethelred II) king, Death of Canute's sons in England, crown passes to last of
Ethelred's descendants - Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor crowned
Anawrata takes power in Burma, end of Pope Benedict IX – Pope Gregory VI –
papacy sold by deposed Pope Benedict IX, Copenhagen first mentioned, Pope
Benedict IX abdicates for financial reward, King Anawrahta creates a unified
Burmese state based at Pagan
El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) the Spanish national hero born, King Peter returns to
Hungary and does homage to Henry III,
Pope Sylvester III appointed (John Bishop of Sabinia) validity questioned,
considered Anti-Pope, deposed at council of Sutri, Pope Benedict IX reappointed, Apr/May Pope Gregory VI appointed (Johannes Gratinus) deposed at
Council of Sutri
End of Pope Gregory VI – both popes dethroned, Synod of Rome elects Pope
Clement II – a Saxon, Henry III crowned emperor of Rome , Harald Haardraada
King of Norway to 1066, Synod of Pavia reforms church - Simony (buying
church offices) suppressed, Pope Benedict IX deposed at Council of Sutri, Pope
Clement II (Suidger Saxony) appointed Pope 24 Dec, Pope Gregory VI deposed
at Council of Sutri
Death of Magnus, King of Denmark, end of third pope – Pope Clement II the
Saxon – Pope Benedict IX reigns, William of Normandy defeats rebellious nobles
at Valdes-Dunes, Swyen Estrithson becomes king of Denmark, Harald Hardrada
becomes king of Norway, Henry III reestablishes the duchies of Carinthia,
Bavaria and Swabia, Andrew I becomes King of Hungary, End of Magnus the
Good King of Denmark, Sweyn II Canute’s nephew named King of Denmark to
1076, Pope Clement II dies 9 Oct, Pope Benedict IX reappointed Nov, Normans
conquer S Italy and Sicily
Death of Pope Benedict IX – Pope Damascus II, Ou Yang Hsiu the Chinese poet
writes stories of T’and dynasty, Death of Beruni, Arab historian, Pope Benedict
IX deposed and excommunicated, 17 Jul Pope Damasus II (Poppo Tirol)
appointed, dies Aug 9
1049 Death of Pope Damascus II – Pope Leo IX a German (later canonized), death of
Elias bar Shinaya the Syrian historian, Pope Leo IX (Bruno, Count of Dagsbourg)
appointed 12 Feb,
1050 End of Igbo-Ukwu culture in E Nigeria, Culture of Yoruba people if Ife flourishes
in Nigeria until 1400, Almoravids – Berber Muslims from W Sahara start to take
over Morocco, Algeria and part of Spain, death of Guido d’ Arezzo the Italian
musical theorist and teacher, Egypt collapses under military dictatorship,
Northmen penetrate into England, French biography “Vie de St. Alexis” written,
collection of Welsh tales “The Mabinogion” written, Ssu-ma-Kuang writes
“History of China from 500 BC to AD 1000”, oldest Russian monasteries in Kiev,
Japanese sculptor Jocho sets up school, Building of Exeter cathedral and
Winchester Cathedral, Jain temples in Mount Abu India, Palazzo Reale in
Palermo, St. Sophia Cathedroal in Novgorod, German imperial crown made,
Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chants, First German Christmas carol –
“Sys Willekomen heirre kersts”, harp first arrives in Europe, time values given to
musical notes, Geographer Adam of Bremen believes Baltic Sea to be an ocean
open to the east, Important astronomic instruments (astrolabes) arrive in Europe,
earliest references to Nuremburg, Oslo, Delhi and Timbuktu, English monks excel
in embroidery, Chinese use ceramics to create moveable type, polyphonic singing
replaces Gregorian chant, Perisan poet Omar Kayyam born, End of golden age of
Ghana, death of Guido of Arezzo the inventor of modern musical notation,
Decline of the Empire of Ghana, Empire of Ghana declines as Moslem stronghold,
Growth of towns and ceremonial centers in Mississippi basin
1051 Earl Godwin exiled until 1052 of England, Edward expels Godwine family,
promises throne to William, Duke of Normandy
1052 Pisa takes Sardinia from the Arabs, Rebellion of Conrad, Duke of Bavaria, Return
of Earl Godwin, Edward the Confessor begins building Westminster Abbey,
Westminster Abbey built in England, Earl Godwin of England returns from exile
with a fleet and wins back power, Edward the Confessor founds Westminster
Abbey, Godwine, ear of Wessex, returns, Edward the Confessor founds
Westminster Abbey
1053 Harold, son of Earl of Wessex serves as King Edward’s chief advisor, death of
Earl Godwin, Norman Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy and founds
Norman empire there, Danegeld (tax) abolished, Henry IV son of Henry III
elected and crowned HRE, Harold succeeds his father Godwin as Earl of Wessex,
Adalbert of Bremen appointed papal vicar of northern Europe, Hoodo pavilion
created in Japan, Henry IV crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Byodo temple built in
Japan, Death of Godwin and son Harold succeeds him as Earl of Wessex,
Godwine's son, Harold, advisor to king and earl of Wessex
1054 Death of Yaroslav (Jaroslav) the Wise of Kiev, Split of Rome and E Christian
Byzantium, Death of Constantine IX Monomachus the Byzantine Emperor, death
of Pope Leo IX, papal chair remains empty for one year, cleavage between
Roman and Eastern churches remains permanent, expansion of commercial
relations between Italy and Egypt, Macbeth defeated by Malcolm and Siward of
Northumbria at Dunsinane, Kiev empire starts to decline, Poland recaptures
Silesia from Bohemia, Henry I of France invades Normandy and is defeated at
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
Mortemer, Death of Jeroslav the Wise of Russia, Schism divides Roman and
Eastern Churches, Eastern Church becomes separate from Rome, Abdallah ben
Yassim begins Muslim conquest of West Africa, E and W schism of the Church,
Roman pope and Byzantine pope excommunicate each other, Russia splits from
Papacy, 19 Apr Pope Leo IX dies, Religious schism between East and West
Christianity
End of Buyides rule over Baghdad, End of Bratislav, Duke of Bohemia, Siward of
Northumbria dies, succeeded by Tostig son of Godwin, Spitigniev II of Bohemia
rules, Pope Victor II elected – a Bavarian, Seljuk Turks take Baghdad and solidify
conquest of Persia, Harold’s brother Tostig becomes Earl of Northumbria, Seljuk
Turks take Muslim powerand Baghdad, Harold's brother Tostig becomes earl of
Northumbria, 13 Apr Pope Victor II (Gebhard, Count of Calw, etc.) Appointed
Death of Henry III, Henry IV rules under guardianship of Empress Agnes,
Gruffydd does homage to Harold of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, Michael VI
serves as Eastern Emperor, Beginning of democratic Pataria movement in Milan,
Pagoda created at Shansi China, End of Henry III the Black as HRE – Henry IV
named HRE to 1106 with mother Agnes as regent until 1065, Basil's dynasty in
Byzantium ends, Henry III of Germany HRE dies, Henry IV becomes king, Death
of Henry III of Germany (HRE) Henry IV becomes king
Malcolm III rules Scotland as Macbeth is murdered, Death of Pope Victor II –
Pope Stephen X rules, end of Michael VI as Eastern Emperor, death of Leofric of
Mercia - succeeded by Alfgar, Isaac Comnenus serves as Eastern Emperor,
Ostronomic Gospel written in Novgorod, China quake kills 25000, Battle of
Lumphanah – Malcolm canmore “Big Head” son of Duncan defeats and kills
Macbeth. Lulach Macbeth stepson of Macbeth rules SCO after Macbeth to 1058,
Isaac I founds Comnenian dynasty of Byzantium, Scotland - Macbeth slain in
battle by Malcolm, son of Duncan I and takes throne as Malcom III, 28 Jul Pope
Victor II dies, 2 Aug Pope Stephen X (Frederic de Lorraine) appointed,
Comnenian Dynasty of East Europe formed under Isaac
Death of Casmir I duke of Poland, death of Pope Stephen X, Pope Benedict X
rules, Malcolm slays Lulach and becomes King of Scotland, Battle of Varaville –
William of Normandy defeats Geoffrey of Anjou, Boleslav II becomes duke of
Poland, Parma Cathedral begun, Malcolm III Canmore takes Scottish crown to
1093 after Lulach assassinated – Married to daughter of William I of ENG and
has allegiance to ENG, Boleslav II K of POL rules and conquers upper Slovakia,
Boleslav II the Bold rules Poland to 1079 – conqueror of upper Slovakia, 29 Mar
Pope Stephen X dies, Pope Nicholas II (Gérard de Bourgogne) appointed Dec 6
Death of Eastern Emperor Isaac Comnenus, Death of Pope Benedict X, Pope
Nicholas II, Philip I becomes coregent in France, Treaty of Melfi - \Robert
Guiscard and Richard of Aversa Prince of Capua become papal vassals,
Constantine X becomes Eastern Emperor, papal decree establishes papal elections
by cardinals only, work begins on Bonn Cathedral, Death of Isaac I of Byzantium,
Papal reforms issued, Gregory elected contrary to reforms, excommunicates all
married priests, Pope Nicholas II declares all electors must be Cardinals, Death of
Isaac I of Constantinople, Gregory (later Pope) helps make new canons
1060 Death of Henry I king of France – now solely ruled by Philip I, Death of Andrew
I the king of Hungary – replaced by Bela I, “Christ as Ruler of the World” the
Byzantine mosaic created in Greece, order of the Hashashin (Assassins) formed
among Muslim radicals – probably in Turkey, Almoravid Muslims build Dynasty
in N Africa, Death of Henry I King of France, Philip I rules France to 1108, King
Henry of France dies, Philip I becomes French King, King Henry of France dies,
Philip I reigns - (Name is from Byzantine source due to Russian mother
1061 Death of Spitigniev II of Bohemia, Death of Pope Nicholas II Pope Alexander II
rules, Malcolm of Scotland invades Northumbria, Normans conquer Messina,
Muslim Almoravid Dynasty in North Africa, Malcolm Canmore invades
Northumbria, 27 Jul Pope Nicholas II dies, Pope Alexander II (Anselmo de
Baggio) appointed 30 Sep
1062 Almoravids from W Sahara found capital at Marrakech, Coup of Kaiserswerth –
Archbishop Anno II of Cologne seizes Henry IV, Berengar of Tours opposes
doctrine of transubstantiation, Marrakesh founded, Yusuf ben Tashfin founds
Marrakesh in Morocco
1063 End of Bela I king of Hungary as Germans conquer, Harold and Tostig subdue
Wales, Alp Arslan rules the Seljuks, Pisa cathedral started, King Bela of Hungary
dies when canopy collapses on him, Harold and Tostig subdue Wales
1064 Harold promises to support the claim of William of Normandy when Edward dies,
Drought and famine begins in Egypt, Seljuks conquer Armenia, Hungarians seize
Belgrade from Byzantium, “Ezzolied” written by German crusaders, Harold
shipwrecked in Normandy and swears oath to support William of Normandy’s
claim to England, Great German Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Harold promises to
support the claim of William of Normandy when Edward dies, Drought and
famine begins in Egypt
1065 Muslim Seljuk Turks invade Asia Minor, Sancho II becomes king of Castille,
Henry IV comes of age to rule on his own, Consecration of Westminster Abbey,
Monk Wilhelm von Hirsau writes treatise on music theory, <i>Song of
Roland</i> began to be written, End of Agnes as regent in HRE – Henry IV rules
independently, Northumbria rebels against Tostig who is exiled, Nizamayeh
academy founded at Baghdad, Muslim Seljuk Turks invade Asia Minor
1066 Battle of Hastings where William of Normandy defeats Harold the Confessor of
England, end of Edward the Confessor, Death of Harald Hardrada king of Norway,
Norman invasion leads to loss of prestige of English language, Beginning of
Norman (Romanesque) architecture, Work begins at Fotheringay Castle in
England, Halley’s Comet mentioned, William the Conqueror is first Norman King
of England, first sighting of Halley's Comet, Romanesque architecture (Norman)
flourishes, Edward the Confessor of ENG dies childless and the Witan (council)
makes Harold II King who fights broth who attacks with Norse at Stamford
Bridge, meanwhile William the Conqueror lands in Sussex – Battle of Hastings,
Tostig and Harold Haardraada of Norway invade England – Harold defeats them
at battle of Stamford Bridge killing both, Edward the confessor dies and Harold,
son of Godwin competes for throne of England, Edward dies, Harold Godwineson
successor, William of Normandy declares throne was promised to him, Battle of
Hastings, conquered Oct 14 (William I the Conqueror) defeats Anglo-Saxon
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
England, Deathof Norwegian king Harald Hardradaat Stamford Bridge, England
ending England's Viking era, Edward the Confessor dies, Harold, son of Godwin
(Earl of Essex) claims crown of England along with William of Normandy, Pope
supports William, Norway attacks Britain, Harold wounded, William rules on
Christmas
End of Constantine X as Eastern Emperor, Boleslav II of Poland takes Kiev,
Romanus IV becomes Eastern Emperor, work begins on Bayeux tapestry,
Rebuilding of Monte Cassino monastery, William I founds Battle Abbey in
Hastings, Work starts on building Tower of London, Rebuilding of Monte
Cassino monastery in Italy, William represses Saxon revolt, tower of London
built, Feudalism introduced to England
First invasion of South Wales by Normans, She-tsung the Emperor of China starts
nationalization of agricultural production and distribution, Nationalist risings in N
and W of England crushed by William I, “Shotoku Taishi Eden” becomes the
oldest Yamatoe style painting still in existence, Sung dynasty prime minister
Wang An-shih tries to reform China but leaves it vulnerable to Mongol takeover
by Genghis Khan, Shen Tsung rules China to 1085, Normans subdue north of
England, William puts down revolt by Edwin and Morcar, William subdues North
Drought in Durham England, End of Norman Conquest of England, Famine
begins in Egypt until 1072
Death of Gabriol or Solomon ben Yehuda ibn the Jewish-Spanish philosopher,
Rising in Ely under Hereward, Bavaria bestowed upon Welf IV by Henry IV,
death of Gabriol – first Jewish philosopher in Europe, Amalfi merchants in
Jerusalem found Order of St. John, York Cathedral started, Chinese scientist Shen
Kua develops natural sciences, production of illuminated manuscripts in Europe,
Abelard - Christian theologian - revives teachings of Aaristotle born, Hereward
the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England, Hereward the
Wake begins Saxon revolt, Lanfrank becomes Archbishop, doesn't enforce
celibacy of priests, Islam spreads in sub- Saharan Africa
Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert, William the Conqueror
defeats rebel Anglo-Saxon Hereward the Wake, William the Conqueror invades
Scotland, Turks take Jerusalem, end of Romanus IV as Eastern Emperor (see first
in list), Philip I defeated near Cassel by Robert of Flanders, Normans conquer last
Byzantine possessions in Italy, Michael VII becomes Eastern Emperor,
Constantine the African brings Greek medicine to Western world, Turkish leader
Alp Arslan the “Lion Hero” fights Byzantine empire under Romanus IV Diogenes
and Turks win battle of Manzikert, Seljuks conquer most of Asia Minor, Seljuk
Turks invade and capture Jerusalem, close Jerusalem to Christians, defeat
Byzantines at Manzikert, Wm defeats revolt by Hereward the Wake in E Anglia,
Turk Muslims close Jerusalem to Christians, Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem,
false rumors about Christian persecution spread, Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at
Battle of Manzikert, William the Conqueror defeats rebel Anglo-Saxon Hereward
the Wake, William the Conqueror invades Scotland, Turks take Jerusalem
Beginning of Norman conquest of Sicily, William the Conqueror recognized as
overlord of Scotland by Malcolm III, End of 8 years of famine in Egypt, death of
Alp Arslan the ruler of the Seljuks, death of Sancho II king of Castille, Normans
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
under Robert Guiscard conquer Palermo, death of Petrus Damiani Cardinal of
Ostia, St. Etienne and La Trinite built in Caen, Chinese poet Ou Yang Hsiu dies,
End of famine in Egypt, William invades Scotland and receives submission of
Hereward the Wake, Norman conquest of Sicily until 1091, Alfonso VI King of
Castile until 1109, Wm invades Scotland, compels Malcom III to pay homage,
Beginning of Norman conquest of Sicily, William the Conqueror recognized as
overlord of Scotland by Malcolm III, End of 8 years of famine in Egypt
Dictus Papae puts Roman Bishop above all others – only Pope, death of Pope
Alexander II, Pope Gregory VII elected, Reorganization of English Church –
York subordinated by Canterbury, Pueblos built at Mesa Verde in SW Colorado,
Alrava tesh vara Temple in India started, Gregory VII (Hildebrand of Soana)
named Pope to 1085, Michael VII E Roman Emperor requests help from Pope
Gregory VII, 21 Apr Pope Alexander II dies, Pope Gregory VII appointed next
day, (Hildebrand Soana), Michael VII - East Roman Emperor, requests that Pope
Gregory VII help stop invasion of Turks
Peace of Gerstyungen between Henry IV and the Saxons, Robert Guiscard
excommunicated by Gregory VII, Geza I becomes King of Hungary, married
priests excommunicated
Syria and Palestine subdued by Seljuk leader Malik Shah, Dictus papae on papal
world dominance, Richmond castle in Yorkshire, St. James Cathedral at Santiago
de Compostela, Seljuk Turks conquer Syria and Palestine, Conflict in Holy
Roman Emipre between Pope Gregory VIII and King Henry IV, Omar Kayyam
uses geometry to solve cubic equations, allegorical plays in India, Pope Gregory
VII forbids HRE Henry IV from electing bishops, so Henry deposes Pope and
Henry excommunicated. He is shunned and seeks penance, Dispute over
appointment of bishops in Europe to 1122, Seljuk leader Malik Shah conquers
Syria and Palestine, Pope forbids lay investiture - challenging authority of HRE,
Henry IV HRE defeats Saxons, Halley's Comet, Investiture Controversy begins,
Pope Gregory VII forbids lay investure and threatened excommunication to
opposers - puts more power in church hands, Henry IV of Germany defeats
Saxons, Henry HRE and Pope Gregory argue
W Saharan Muslims invade Ghana, Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem, death of
Sweyn Estrithson king of Denmark, Gregory VII challenged by German bishops
at Synod of Worms dethrones and excommunicates Henry IV, Godfrey Duke of
Lower Lorraine assassinated, Decline of Ghana empire, Ghana Kingdom
collapses as Berbers and Muslims take over, Mali kingdom arises, end of Sweyn
II as King of Denmark, Synod of Worms – bishops declare Pope Gregory deposed
– Gregory excommunicated Henry IV, Nobles decide to give Henry IV of
Germany one year to make peace with Pope, Henry does so for political reasons,
forces Pope to grant him penance, W Saharan Muslims invade Ghana, Seljuk
Turks capture Jerusalem
Pope Gregory expels HRE Henry IV from church – conflict for 100 years, Henry
IV goes as penitent to Canossa and is absolved by Pope, First English Cluniac
monastery at Lewes, St. Albans Abbey built, Almoravid Dynasty in Ghana to
1087, Henry HRE does penance to Gregory at Canossa, Civil warin HRE to 1080
1078 Death of Michael VII the Byzantine Emperor, death of Geza I king of Hungary,
Nicephorus III becomes Eastern Emperor, death of Michael Psellos the Byzantine
Platonist philosopher, Tower of London started
1079 Frederick of Staufen marries daughter of Henry IV and is made Duke of Swabia,
founding of Newcastle, Death of Boleslav II of POL, William begins constructing
Winchester Cathedral, son Robert rebels in Normandy, but is defeated, Peter
Abelard theologian and philosopher born, Abelard (educator) father of the idea
that reason precedes faith is born
1080 Canute IV the Saint becomes King of Denmark, death of Rudolf of Swabia,
Henry IV again deposed and excommunicated, Armenian state established in
Cilicia, Consecration of Otranto Cathedral, creation of Toledan table of positions
of stars, Constantine the African compiles medical work disguised as a monk and
helps the public have medical information, Toledan Tables in Spain chart position
of stars, Gregory again excommunicated Henry and Henry IV finally deposes
Pope Gregory VII, Order of the Hospital of St. John (Knights Hospital) in ITA
founded, Canute IV King of Denmark to 1086, Pope excommunicates Henry
HRE- Henry sets up anti-pope, Wm refuses homage to Pope, Construction of the
Friday Mosquein Isfahan
1081 Death of Boleslav II of Poland, death of Nicephorus III as Byzantine Emperor,
Alexius I Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor, Henry IV marches into Italy,
Robert Guiscard incades the Balkans, rebuilding of Mainz Cathedral, commercial
treaty between Venice and Byzantium, Alexius I Comnenus becomes Byzantine
Emperor to 1118, Venetians negotiate trade privileges in Constantinople
1083 Henry IV storms Rome,
1084 Robert Guiscard frees Gregory VII who was imprisoned by Henry IV at Castel
Sant’Angelo in Rome, Robert Guiscard Duke of Paulia forces Henry HRE to
retreat to Germany, Henry HRE defeats Rudolph (substiture HRE), Henry IV of
Germany defeats antiking and sets up antipope, is excommunicated by Gregory
VII, but few care - 2 popes, 2 kings
1085 Death of Norman Robert Guiscard the conqueror of southern Italy, Death of Pope
Gregory VII Hildebrand of Soana, Henry IV extends “Peace of God” over whole
empire, Toledo taken from the Arabs by Alfonso VI, Vratislav Duke of Bohemia
crowned king, End of Shen Tsung as Emperor of China, Death of Pope Gregory
VII, Alfonso VI captures Toledo from the Moors, Pope Gregory dies, Domesday
Book (Census) taken, Pope Gregory VII dies 29 May, Death of Pope Gregory VII,
one of two popes
1086 William I orders Domesday survey of England which includes slaves as property,
death of Wang-Anshi the Chinese poet, death of She-tsung the Emperor of China,
Death of Canute IV the Saint – King of Denmark, Almoravid dynasty revives
Mohammedan rule in Spain, Pope Victor III elected, Bruno of Cologne founds
Carthusian Order, Shen Kuo of China develops magnetic compass, William the
Conqueror initiates Domesday survey, Canute IV of Denmark assassinated and
Danish threat to England lifted, Domesday Book (Census) completed, Pope
Victor III appointed 28 May (Desiderio), William I orders Domesday survey of
England
1087 Death of William I of England, Son William II “Rufus” rules in England and
Robert in Normandy, death of Pope Victor III, Conrad the eldest son of Henry IV
crowned king of Germany, St. Pauls in London burns and is rebuilt, End of
Almoravid Dynasty in Ghana, End of William of Normandy – William II Rufus
named King of England to 1100 and brother Robert Duke of Normandy, William
Rufus (The Red) rules England, Wm dies of injuries, Wm II (Rufus) king, older
brother Robert is Duke of Normandy, 16 Sep Pope Victor III dies, Son of William
the Conqueror - William Rufus (the Red) rules, Death of William I of England,
Son William II rules
1088 Patzinak Turks settle between Danube and Balkans, Pope Urban II elected,
French theologian Berengar of Tours dies, Chung-Jen in China paints with ink on
silk, Urban II named Pope to 1099, WmII crushes rebellion, Pope Urban II
appointed 12 Mar (Odo of Lagery)
1089 Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury dies and post vacant four years, Beginning of
3rd Crusade
1090 Mechanical water clock invented in Kaifeng China, death of Kuo His the Chinese
painter, Ingo I becomes king of Sweden, first water-driven mechanical clock
created in China, Hasan ibn al-Sabbah first “Old Man of the Mountain” founds
Assassin sect in Persia, Wm II Invades Normandy to subdue brother, Mechanical
water clock invented in Kaifeng China
1091 Norman armies finally conquer Sicily, Tornado in London England, Treaty of
Caen between William II and Robert of Normandy (brothers), eclipse of the moon
noted in Italy by Walcher of Malvern, End of Norman conquest of Sicily, Wm II
stops invasion from Malcom III Scots, Norman armies finally conquer Sicily,
Tornado in London England
1092 William II conquers Cumberland, death of Vratislav II of Bohemia, Seljuk Sultan
Malik Shah dies and capital moved from Iconium to Smyrna, Building of Carlisle
Castle begins, Death of Malik Shah the Seljuk Turk – Seljuk empire at zenith,
Cistercian monks founded, Carlisle and Cumberland captured from Scots, Death
of Malik Shah of Turkish empire - Seljuk sultanate disintegrates, Cistercian
monks - outgrowth of Benedictines - organized, end of 3rd Crusade
1093 End of rule of Malcolm III of Scotland – dies during invasion of England –
brother Donald Bane rules, Hugh le Gros founds Benedictine monastery in
Chester, End of Malcolm Canmore as King of Scots dies in battle with English,
Donald Bane rules to 1097, Malcolm III captured and killed at Alnwick, Malcolm
III succeeded by brother Donald II (Donald Bane), End of rule of Malcolm III of
Scotland
1094 El Cid takes Valencia from the Moors, St. Marks in Venice completed, first
record of gondolas in Venice, Flooding and pestilence in France and Rhineland,
Scotland- Donald Bane driven out by Duncan, son of Malcolm III, becomes
Duncan II, killed and Donald Bane back, St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice started
1095 Eric I becomes King of Denmark, Hungarians conquer Croatia and Dalmatia,
Pope Urban II consecrates rebuilt abbey church of Cluny, Council of Clermont
where Pope Urban II pronounces first crusade, Start of Crusades with Papal call,
Pope Urban II holds Council of Clermont to work out details of crusade, later the
Pope's speech seemed the impetus, but the Council was really, Peter the Hermit
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
preaches "Crusade", Drought and famine in Europe, Emperor Alexius Comnenus
(Byzantine) appeals to Pope for help against Turks Nov - first crusade started with
Pope speech, Wm II stops revolt, Pope preaches first Crusade, "Song of Roland"
chanson de geste celebrates chivalric ideals, Council of Clermont under Pope
Urban II helps influence Crusade fever
First Crusade to 1099 – participants include Godfrey of Bouillon and Tancred the
nephew of Robert Guiscard, Nave of Norwich cathedral started, Japanese quake
and tsunami, French Jews begin to be killed in Crusade, First Crusade begins French and Normans take Constantinople and Palestine, defeating Turks and
Muslims, First Crusade underway – first lasts three years, Count Werner I dies
(First Hapsburg), First crusade begins Aug, Jews massacred in German cities,
Pope Urban II offers privileges to Crusaders fighting Spanish Muslims, First great
crusade
Edgar, son of Malcolm becomes king of Scotland (Donald Bane no longer rules),
Crusaders defeat Turks at Dorylaeum and conquer Nicaea, Henry IV returns from
Italy to Germany, End of first Crusade, Edgar second son of Malcolm Canmore
made King of Scotland to 1107 defeating Donald Bane with help of William II of
England, Jun 7 Crusaders arrive at Jerusalem, Jul 15 slaughter of Moslems,
Godfrey of Boullion named "Defender of Holy Sepulcher" (King) of Jerusalem,
Scotland Donald Bane out by half-brother of Duncan II Edgar
Monastery founded at Citeaux France – Cistercian monks, Wales invaded by
William II of England, Battle of Jerusalem, Louis VI made coregent with Philip I
of France, Orkneys, Hebrides and Isle of Man taken by Magnus III of Norway,
Crusaders defeat Turks at Antioch, Monastery of Citeaux (Cistercian) founded by
St. Robert, Rajarani Temple at Orissa, Nicholas Prevost of Tours publishes
“Antidotarum” a collection of 2650 medical prescriptions from Salerno, St.
Robert founds first Cistercian monastery at Citeaux France, Wm stops Welsh
rebellion, Crusaders take Edessa and Antioch, Monastery founded at Citeaux
France â?? Cistercian monks, Wales invaded by William II of England, Battle of
Jerusalem
Floods in ENG and Netherlands, Crusaders capture Jerusalem killing 40k (true?)–
appoint Defender of the Holy Sepulcher – defeat Egyptians at Ascalon, death of
El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz) the Spanish national hero, death of Pope Urban II –
election of Pope Paschal II, end of first crusade, Japanese quake and tsunami,
Crusaders take Jerusalem, End of 1st Crusade, death of Pope Urban II, Crusaders
capture Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon elected King of Jerusalem, Crusade of
Princes captures Jerusalem, Sultans of Rum, Godfrey of Boullion new King of
Jerusalem, Pope Urban II dies 29 July, Pope Paschal II appointed 13 Aug
(Raniero Romagna), Defeat of Egyptian relief army at Ascalon, Jerusalem
captured by Crusaders, Godfrey titled "Defender of the Holy Sepulche", Floods in
ENG and Netherlands, Crusaders capture Jerusalem
Pueblos build circular rooms in N America, decline of Ghana empire in W Africa,
probable founding of Katanga in Zaire, Height of Chimu civilization at Chan
Chan, Peru, Anasazi build cliff dwellings, Rise of Incas in Peru, Hohokam people
build religious platforms in AZ, first statues erected on Easter Island, Beginning
of Hawaiian societies, Earliest Polynesian settlements on Pitcairn islands, Death
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
of William II Rufus of England killed accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrel in the New
Forest – succeeded by Henry I, Baldwin becomes King of Jerusalem, Baldin I
becomes King of Jerusalem, Indian love poem “Gitagocinda”, “Chanson de
Roland” the French heroic poem written, “Play of the Wise and Silly Virgins”,
Indian allegorical play written, Ile-de-France becomes prevailing dialect, Old
English gives way to Middle English, Gothic architecture, Castle Chillon in
Switzerland, baptistery created in Florence, beginnings of secular music school in
polyphonic style, start of decline of Islamic science, Sinchi ROca civilization in
Peru, Third Pueblo Period in SW US, Munich and Stettin mentioned in records,
probable colonization of Polynesia from S. America, Chinese invent magnifying
glass, Shona people construct stone walls in Great Zimbabwe, Chinese publish
illustrated texts in Botany, <i>Song of Roland</i> completed, Gothic architecture
peaks, Old English replaced by Middle English, Start of period of architecture
known as Gothic until 1500s, Hanseatic League (guilds) forms and starts to
dominate trade, Polynesian islands colonized, end of William II Rufus of England
– Henry I rules following his brother’s assassination to 1135, Baldwin of Bouillon
Count of Edessa, Raymond of Toulouse named Count of Tripoli, Bohemund of
Otranto Prince of Antioch, Colonization of Polynesian islands continues, Building
of Great Zimbabwe, Godfrey of Jerusalem dies, brother Baldwin rules, Death of
William Rufus (unliked son ofWilliam the Conqueror) of England - buried in
Winchester Cathedral, brother Henry I becomes king of England, Robert I
(brother) returns from crusades, Wm II killed by arrow... "accident?" Brother
Henry I becomes king, issues charter of liberties, promising good government,
Marries Edith, dau Malcolm III of Scotland, End of the Toltec civilization, rise of
the Incan civilization, Khmer kingdom built, Begin Gothic style, The Numic
peoples (Utes, Goshutes, Piutes) move into Utah, artesian and graftsmen's guilds
developin European towns, Godfrey, crusader and leader of Jerusalem dies,
brother Baldwin rules and accepts title of King, accidental death of William Rufus
of England, younger brother Henry (the First) rules
Treaty of Alton – Robert of Normandy bought off after invading England, King
Conrad dies, Roger II becomes count of Sicily, Minsk becomes new capital,
Accession of Emperor Hai-tsung, Su Tung-p’o Chinese poet dies, Robert of
England confronts Henry, Robert pushed back to Normandy, Robert of Normandy
(Brother) invades, is unsuccessful, Robert, son of William the Conqueror and
brother of England's Henry invades England, but settled peacefully
Boleslav III Duke of Poland rules
Death of Eric I as king of Denmark, Magnus III of Norway invades Ireland and is
killed, Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire, “Method of
Architecture” published in China
Acre taken by Crusaders
Henry IV captured by son and abdicates, colonization of Eastern Germany begins,
Angouleme Cathedral built
Li Lung-mien the Chinese painter dies, Henry IV dies and Henry V the last Salic
emperor reigns, End of Henry IV as HRE – Henry V rules to 1125, Henry I of
ENG defeats brother Robert Duke of Normandy at battle of Tinchebrai – Robert
captive for life, Abdication of Henry IV HRE of Germany, Henry V becomes
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1118
HRE, Henry I of England invades Normandy and captures Brother Robert Robert imprisoned, War between Henry and Robert, Henry takes control of
Normandy, Robert remains captive, Death of Henry IV of Germany, Henry V
rules; Henry I of england invades Normandy and takes brother Robert prisoner
End of Edgar son of Malcolm in Scotland – brother Alexander rules, end of
Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire, Death of Edgar ruler of
Scotland, Alexander I his younger brother rules to 1124
Death of Henry I of France Death of Philip I of France – succeded by Louis VI,
Louis Vi begins expansion of Capetian Dynasty, Death of Philip I King of France
– Louis VI rules to 1137
Death of Anslem of Canterbury the philosopher – see is vacant for five years,
Anglo-French war begins, Death of Alfonso Vi King of Castile, War between
England and France until 1113, Anselm founder of Scholasticism dies, Latin
kingdom of Jerusalem, Anselm died (father of Scholasticism - faith precedes
reason)
Earliest record of miracle play in Dunstable England
Death of Al Gazali the Arab theologian, Henry V crowned emperor in Rome,
Emperor Henry V forces Pope Paschal II t acknowledge power of Emperor,
Partial collapse in Winchester Cathedral - blamed on both watery foundation and
curse
Death of Ingo I King of Sweden, Henry V excommunicated by Synod of Vienne,
Pope excommunicates Henry V of Germany
Reign of Suryavarman II of Cambodia – starts building temple complex at
Angkor Wat, end of Anglo-French war, Balearic Islands conquered by Pisa,
Vladimir Il Monomakh becomes Grand Duke of Kiev, “Lefes Henrici” codified,
order of Knights Hospitalers of St. John created at Jerusalem, St. Bernard joins
Cistercian Order, founding of St. Nicholas Novgorod – early onion-domes church,
Knights Hospital approved by Pope, End of war between England and France,
Founding of Order of St. John formally acknowledged by papacy, Knights of St.
John established in Jerusalem (Order of the Hospital of St. John), Reign of
Suryavarman II of Cambodia -?? starts building temple complex at Angkor Wat
Founding of Chichester Cathedral, Matilda (Maud) daughter of Henry I of
England marries Emperor Henry V,
French teacher Peter Abelard begins teaching, Bernard of Clairvaux makes his
abbey most important monastery in Europe, completion of St. Albans Abbey,
Stephen II becomes king of Hungary, State of Chin established in Northern China,
Florence becomes free republic, founding of Clairvaux with St. Bernard as first
abbot, Stephen III King of Hungary to 1131, St. Bernard founds Abbey of
Clairvaux FRA and becomes first abbot, French teacher Peter Abelard begins
teaching, Bernard of Clairvaux makes his abbey most important monastery in
Europe
Completion of Pisa Cathedral, death of Pope Paschal II – Pope Gelasius elected,
John II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor, End Alexius I Comnenus as
Byzantine emperor, John II COmnenus rules to 1143, Mother Matilda dies,
Knights Templar founded, Pope Paschal II dies 21 Jan, Pope Gelasius II
appointed 24 Jan (Giovanni Coniulo Gaeta)
1119 Bologna U founded in Italy, Death of Pope Gelasius II, Pope Calixtus II a
Burgundian noble, Charles the Good becomes Count of Flanders, Knights
Templar founded by Hugues de Payens, 28 Jan Pope Gelasius II dies, Pope
Calixtus II (Guido, Comte de Bourgogne) appointed 2 Feb, Bologna U founded in
Italy
1120 Chinese invent and play with painted playing cards, Heir to English throne
William is drowned – disaster of the “White Ship”, peace between Henry I of
England and Louis VI of France, scholastic philosophy developed, latitude and
longitude developed by Welcher of Malvern, First troubadour poetry, William
heir of Henry I of England drowned in wreck of the “White Ship”, King's Son,
William is drowned. Daughter, Matilda, heir, Knight's Templar organized,
Chinese invent and play with painted playing cards, Heir to English throne
William is drowned
1121 German princes meet at Wurzburg to work out compromise between pope and
Emperor Henry V, Synod of Soissons condemns Abelard’s teachings on the
trinity – Abelard castrated for teachings, Henry md Adela of Louvain
1122 Byzantines exterminate Patzinak Turks, Henry I created earldom of Gloucester
for his illegitimate son Robert of Caen, birth of Frederick I Barbarossa, Concordat
of Worms settles investiture question, Piacenza cathedral created, End of dispute
over appointment of bishops in Europe, Concordat of Worms – conference of
German princes ends the dispute between pope and emperor, Conflict between
HRE and Pope ends with Concordat of Worms, End of Investiture Controversy
weakend HRE, Concordat of Worms settles whom whould appoint bishops and
popes - Church, not German kings as in the past
1123 Death of Omar Khayyam the Persian poet and scientist, Byzantine emperor John
II defeats Serbs, First Lateran Council suppresses simony and marriage of priests,
founding of St. Bartholomew’s hospital in London, Japan’s ex-emperor Shirikawa
imposes Buddhist prohibition against killing, Completion of Mongol capture of
Mongolia and inner China, death of Omar Khayyam the Persian poet, Pope
Calixtus II opens first Council of the Lateran
1124 David I rules in Scotland as Alexander dies, Death of Pope Calixtus II – Pope
Honorius II, Emperor John II defeats Hungarians, William of Malmesbury writes
“On the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury”, Rochester Cathedral completed,
first Scottish coinage struck, End of Alexander I of Scotland – David I his
younger brother rules to 1153, Scotland: Alexander I dies and is succeeded by
David I, Pope Calixtus II dies 13 Dec, Pope Honorius II (Lamberto Scannabecchi
Imola) appointed 15 Dec, David I rules in Scotland
1125 Death of Henry V the last Salic emperor – Lothar of Saxony rules as king, death
of Vladimir Il Monomakh Grand Duke of Kiev, Almohades conquer Morocco,
Japanese history “O-Kagami” written, Cosmas of Prague the author of Chronica
Bohemorum, dies, beginning of troubadour and trouvere music in France, earliest
mariner’s account of a compass, Height of Khmer Dynasty in Cambodia, Philippe
de Thaun produces first French bestiary based on Latin <i>Physiologus</i> from
second-century Egyptian texts, End of Henry V HRE, Lothair of Saxony elected
HRE to 1137, Henry V dies (HRE), Lothair II becomes king of Italy/HRE, Death
of Henry V of Germany, Lothair II reigns,
1126 English barons accept Matilda the widow of Emperor Henry B and daughter of
Henry I of England as successor to Henry I, Lothar III makes son-in-law Henry
the Proud (Welf) Duke of Bavaria and later Duke of Saxony, Venetian
commercial privileges renewed in Byzantine empire, Alfonso VII King of Castile
rules Spain to 1157, Henry persuades barons to accept Matilda as heir
1127 Death of Charles the Good – Count of Flanders, Death of Guillaume de Poitou –
one of first troubadours, Song Dynasty loses control of Northern China, Zangi,
emir of Mosul, unifies Turkish emirates of Syria, Song dynasty loses control of N
China to the Jin
1128 Matilds of England marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou,
Knights Templar organized, Empress Matilda marries Geoffrey Plantagenet of
Anjou, Alfonso I becomes king of Portugal, Order of the Templars recognized by
pope, Abbey of Holyrood founded by David I of Scotland, Cistercian monks
introduce agricultural improvements in England, Alfonso Henriques Count of
Portugal makes Portugal independent of Spain by 1143, Matilda of England md
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, Portugal becomes independent of León,
Knights Templar organized 1129
Empress Matilda marries Geoffrey the Handsome, count of Anjou, nicknamed
"Plantagenet"
1129 Geoffrey of Monmouth writes Arthur “myth” in “History of the Kings of Britain”
which promoted Cornish Celts over Angles, Empress Matilda widow of Henry V
marries Geoffrey the Handsome Count of Anjou “Plantagenet”
1130 Pueblo peoples at Pueblo Bonito, NM, death of Pope Honorius II, Pope Innocent
II elected – Anacletus II becomes the antipope – fails to get secular backing
because he is son of a Jew, Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, Church
of Sant’ Ambrogio in Milan, Almohad Dynasty in Morocco to 1169 founded by
preacher ibn Tumart, Pope Honorius II dies 13 Feb, Pope Innocent II appointed
Feb 14 (Lorenzo Papareschi, Pueblo peoples at Pueblo Bonito, NM
1131 Welsh Tintern Abbey founded for Cistercian Order,
1132 St. Denis Abbey – first gothic church – built by Abbot Suger in Paris, Henry I of
France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry,
Persian poet Omar Kayyam dies
1133 Lothat III crowned emperor by Pope Innocent II, Diocese of Carlisle founded, St.
Bartholomew’s Fair at Smithfield London (722 years)
1134 Emperor Lothar III invests Albert the Bear with the Nordmark, Western façade of
Chartres Cathedral built, Robert I of Normandy dies in English prison, Robert,
Duke of Normandy dies in England's prison
1135 Death of Henry I of England, nephew Stephen of Boulogne assumes throne,
invoking civil war between Stephen and Plantagenets, death of Emperor Haitsung, death of Boleslav III Duke of Poland, King Conrad, Frederick of Swabia,
the King of Denmark and the Duke of Poland submit to Lothar III, Foundation of
Italian line of the House of Este (until 1803), Henry I of England dies from food
poisoning (Lampreys) Daughter Matilda willed to rule but nephew Stephen of
Blois (Boulogne) takes Crown – civil war ensues, Henry I's daughter Mathilda to
rule, Husband Geoffrey d' Anjou not popular, so son Stephen takes control, Henry
I dies - food poisoning, Stephen of Flanders usurps throne, Henry I of England
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
dies wanting daughter Mathilda to rule, husband Geoffrey of Anjou who was
unpopular, her son Stephen claimed crown,
Matilda asserts her right to English throne, Lothar invades southern Italy and
conquers Apulia, Abelard writes his description of his lobe aggair with Heloise
“Historia calamitatum mearum”, Rose window introduced by abbe Suger, Earl of
Norfolk rebels against Stephen, Geoffrey of Monmouth's <i>History of the Kings
of Britain</i> popularizes Arthurian romances
Death of Louis VI of France – son Louis VII rules, Henry the Proud (Duke of
Bavaria) also becomes Duke of Saxony, Gruffydd Prince of North Wales dies and
is succeeded by Owain the Great, Emperor Lothar III dies, Antioch becomes
vassal to Byzantium, start of performances by Provencal troubadour Marcabrun,
creation of bishopric of Aberdeen, Mainz cathedral completed, Rochester
cathedral burns and is rebuilt, End of the reign of Louis VI of France, Adelard of
Bath writes about seeking natural causes for natural phenomena, Death of Louis
VI King of France, Death of Lothair of Saxony HRE, Louis VII King of France to
1180
Earthquake in Syria kills 230,000 and estimated at 8.5 – amounts disputed, death
of antipope Anacletus II, pretended messiah appears in France and Persia, Conrad
III elected king – first of Hohendtaufen line,, Boleslav III of Poland dies –
kingdom divided between five sons, David I of Scotland invades England on
behalf of Matilda and is defeated at Battle of the Standards, Conrad III HRE to
1152 in Battle of the Standard defeat of David I of Scotland – fighting on behalf
of Matilda in English civil war, Rebellion in favor of Mathilda of England.
Hohenstaufens rules HRE, David I of Scotland invades England but is defeated,
English rebellion in favor of Mathilda,
Alphonso I becomes first king of Portugal, Matilda lands at Arundel – civil war in
England, Bavaria falls to Austria, Second Lateran Council ends schism
“Decretum Gratiani” summary of English ecclesiastical law, Matilda lands in
England, Second Lateran Council ends schism in Church following illegal
election of Anacletus II as rival to Innocent II, Matilda leaves France for England,
Pope Innocent II convenes second Council of the Lateran,
Death of Jehuda Halevy the Jewish poet and philosopher in Spain, Vladislav II of
Bohemia rules, Council of Sens condemns heresies of Abelard, Women of
Weinsberg save men from slaughter by carrying them from the fortress, Sefer haKusari of Spanish rabbi Judan ben Samuel ha-Levi argues that religious thought is
superior to reason, Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris becomes first Gothic
building
Matilda proclaimed queen at Winchester, Geza II rules Hungary, Matilda captures
Stephen at battle of Lincoln and reigns disastrously as queen – driven out by
popular uprising and Stephen restored, Matilda's forces take Stephen prisoner,
she's named queen, it goes badly, Earl Robert is captured and exchanged for
Stephen's freedom
controversial French teacher Peter Abelard makes Paris center of religious
learning (dies this year), Abelard, Christian proponent of Aristotle, dies
Death of Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, death of pope Innocent II – Pope
Celestine II rules, Manuel I Byzantine Emperor rules, founding of Lubeck,
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela travels via Constantinople to India and returns
via Egypt, End of John II Comnenus Byzantine Emperor, complete independence
of Portugal from Spain – Alfonso becomes king to 1185, Pope Innocent II dies, 26
Sep Pope Celestine II (Guido Città di Castello) appointed
Completion of St. Denis Abbey in Paris, death of Pope Celestine II – Pope Lucius
II rules, Geoffrey of Anjou made Duke of Normandy, the Seljuks take Edessa,
Republican regime established in Rome under Arnold of Brescia, Robert of
Chester writes “Liber de Compositione Alchemiae”, Edessa falls back into
Moslem control , Crusaders lose Edessa, 8 Mar, Pope Celestine II dies and 12
Mar Pope Lucius II (Gerardo Caccianemici dal Orso) appointed, Zangi, governor
of Mosul takes Edessa, Edessa falls into the hands of Moslems,
Death of Pope Lucius II – Pope Eugene II rules – proclaims second crusade,
bridge over Danube at Ratisbon completed, Almohades begin conquest of
Moorish Spain until 1150, Chartres Cathedral begun, Arnoldists formed religious movement against wicked popes, Stephen's forces defeat Matilda's, Pope
Lucius II dies 15 Mar, Pope Eugene III appointed 15 Feb 1445, (Bernardo
Pignatelli Pisa), Arnold of Brescia forms Arnoldist sect advocating simplicity and
preaching against evil popes - killed by Frederick Barbarossa to gain papal favor
Almoravids from W Sahara have taken over Morocco, Algeria and Spain, New
Crusade preached against Turks, Nureddin Sultan of Syria rules, the
“Antidotarium Niclai” a treatise on drugs written
Almohads, opposed group to Almoravids seize Marrakech and go on to capture
Spain, Algeria and Tripoli, Christian Crusaders engage Turks in Palestine,
Matilda leaves England, Crusaders perish in Asia Minor – failure of Second
Crusade, Geoffrey of Monmouth – “Historia regum Britanniae”, Lisbon cathedral
built, first mention of Moscow, Almohad Muslims conquer Morocco, beginning
of second Crusade, start of Second Crusade following appeal by St. Barnard of
Clairvaux to 1149, French and Germans begin second crusade, Second Crusade
begins, Crusaders against the pagan Wends (Slavs) in the Baltic. Cursaders take
Lisbon, Second Crusade begins, but most followers desert,
Louis VII and Conrad meet on Crusade in Jerusalem, Crusaders fail to take
Damascus, Matilda leaves England for last time, Louis VII and Conrad meet on
Crusade in Jerusalem
Christian armies defeated by Turks, abandon siege of Damascus, End of 2nd
Crusade, End of Second Crusade
Continuation of Hohokam culture in NM and AZ, End of reign of Suryavarman II
of Cambodia, Paris U is founded, Zagwe dynasty rules in Ethiopian highlands,
End of Hopewell culture in N America, Maoris begin to settle in river mouth
areas in New Zealand, Albert the Bear inherits Brandenburg, Eric the Saint
becomes King of Sweden, Alauddin Husain the Sultan of Ghor destroys the
empire of Ghazni, founding of Paris University, Black Book of Carmarthen –
oldest Welsh manuscript, troubadour music in southern France becomes
organized, Medical faculty instated at Bologna U, Arabs in Spain manufacture
paper, Chinese travelers use magnetic compass, U of Paric begins, Troubadors
begin playing in S France, University founded in Paris, William of Conches
publishes work on natural world, Abbess and polymath Hildegard of Bingen
1151
1152
1153
1154
authors work on the unicorn stating that it is attracted to high-born women and not
peasants, end of conquest of Almohades in Spain, S.E. Asian temple of Angkor
Wot completed, Rise of Universities, Scholasticism in Europe
Geoffrey Plantangenet of Anjou dies – Henry (son by Matilda) rules, end of
Toltec empire in Mexico, Simon Darschan writes Jalkut – Jewish commentaries to
the Old Testament, Golden Age of Buddhist art in Burma, Imperial castle at
Nuremberg, Leoninus of France composes in the “Ars antique” style, new dances
form in Europe, “Civitas Hippocratica” founded by 20 Salerno physicians, first
fire and plague insurance – in Iceland, chess arrives in England, Chinese use
explosives in warfare, End of Toltec Empire in Mexico, Death of Geoffrey of
Anjou, Halley's Comet, Matilda's son, Henry Plantagenet, becomes count of
Anjou on father's death
Reign of Frederick I HRE begins (Barbarossa), Archbishop of Armagh Ireland
links Irish to Roman church, death of Conrad II German king (nephew Barbarossa
rules), Louis VII divorces queen Eleanor who marries Henry of Anjoy –
afterwards King of England, “Ladies’strophes” earliest German “Minnelieder”,
John of Salisbury publishes political science treatise “Policratus”, Frederick I
(Barbarossa) Becomes Holy Roman Emperor, Henry II (Plantagenet) marries
Eleanor of Aquitaine after her marriage to Louis VII of France annulled on
grounds of blood relationship, Frederick I becomes the HRE to 1190, death of
Conrad III HRE, Conrad II of HRE/Italy dies, Frederick Barbarossa rules,
Marriage of Vouis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled - blood
relatives. Eleanor marries Henry of Anjoy Plantagenet - Anjou and Normandy
unite, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa begins reign (German areas), Death of
Conrad III of Germany, Frederick Barbarossa rules
Death of Bernard of Clairvaux, monastery man, death of David I of Scotland and
Malcolm IV rules, Treaty of Wallingford ensures English throne will pass to
cousin Matilda’s son Henry Plantagenet, death of Pope Eugene III – Pope
Anastasius IV rules, death of Bernard of Clarivaux, Death of David I of Scotland,
Matilda’s son Henry II invades England and forces Stephen to make him heir,
Malcolm IV “The Maiden” grandson of David I of Scotland rules to 1165, End of
English conflict between followers of Mathilda and Stephen, Henry and forces
war against Stephen. Agreement to end civil war - Stephen king until death, then
Henry, 8 Jul Pope Eugene III dies, 12 July Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado)
appointed, End of English conflict where Stephen allowed to rule, but Mathilda's
son Henry would succeed him
End of Stephen as king of England, Reign of Henry II Plantagenet of Anjou as
king of England begins, end of “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”, Roger II count of Sicily
dies, Death of Pope Anastasius IV – Pope Hadrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear the
only English pope), Mohammed al-Idrisi publishes “Geography” at Palermo,
Stephen of ENG dies ending House of Normandy and Henry II rules England to
1189 (Plantagenet) plus Normandy, Anjou, Tour/laine and Maine – given
nickname Plantagenet, Pope Adrian IV formerly Nicholas Breakspear the only
English Pope to 1159, Stephen of England dies, Mathilda's son, Henry, becomes
king, Stephen dies - Plantagenet line Henry II king (first Angevin king), also of
half of France, Scotland - David I dies and succeeded by Malcolm IV, 15 Feb
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
Pope Anastasius IV dies, 4 Dec, Pope Adrian IV appointed (Nicholas Breakspear,
first English Pope), Pope grants Ireland to England, Stephen of England dies,
Henry II reigns in England
Carmelite order founded, Pope Hadrian bestows Ireland on Henry II, Arnold of
Brescia hanged (see 1144), Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms and restores royal
demesne, Genghis Khan born, Henry II chooses Tomas a Becket as chancellor,
Adrian IV grants Henry II right to rule Ireland, Appoints Thomas a Becket
Chancellor, gets papal approval to invade Ireland, Charter of Lorris (France)
spells out freedoms, Earliest record of fire insurance in Iceland
War of Japanese clans Taira and Minamoto, Austria made a duchy with special
privileges, Frederick Barbarossa marries Beatrice, heiress of Upper Burgundy,
possible quake in Syria, Japan - Heian period ends in civil war, Civil wars ravage
Japan until 1185, Japanese Hogen and Heiji insurrections - Taira samurai clan
dominates at court
Eric of Sweden conquers Finland and imposes Christianity, Kurenberg becomes
the first German famous minnesinger, possible quake in Syria, Title of “Holy
Roman Emperor” formally adopted by Frederick Barbarossa, Death of Alfonso
VII King of Castile Spain
Frederick Barbarossa makes Vladislav II King of Bohemia, Construction of
cathedral in Oxford, Munich becomes center of salt trade, Alfonso VIII King of
Castile to 1214, First European university founded at Bologna, Italy, University of
Bologna founded
Death of Pope Hadrian IV – great Pope Alexander III elected, Alexander III
becomes Pope to 1181 as English pope Adrian IV dies, Henry II Levies scutage –
payment in cash instead of military service, Henry II levies big tax in lieu of
military service, 1 Sep, Pope Adrian IV dies, 7 Sep Pope Alexander III appointed
(Rolando Bandinelli)
death of Eric the Saint of Sweden, Normans expelled from North Africa, “Tristan
et Iseult” written by Beroul and Thomas, “Jeu de St. Nicholas” written by Jean
Bodel and performed on St. Nicholas Day, “Ludus de Antichristo” written in
Bavaria, time of Anglo-Latin poet Walter Map, Laon Cathedral begun
death of Geza II of Hungary, Edward the Confessor canonized, Explosives used in
battle in China at Battle of Ts’ai-shih
Frederick Barbarossa destroys Milan, Thomas a Becket elected Archbishop of
Canterbury, Ghengis Khan born, Henry II chooses Chancellor Thomas a Becket
as Archbishop of Canterbury – starts quarrel with Henry II right away,
Archbishop Theobald dies, Thomas a Becket archbishop of Canterbury, Capture
of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
Birth of Genghis Khan, start of quarrel between Henry II and Thomas a Becket,
Cathedral Notre Dame built, Cathedral at Notre Dane cornerstone laid, Birth of
Genghis Khan
Constitutions of Clarendon in England limit power of Church, Becket flees to
France, Gautier d’Arras French court poet writes “Eracle”, Constitutions of
Clarendon – testament of laws governing trial of ecclesiastics in England – Becket
forced to flee to France, Council of Clarendon - Church law vs. National in
England, Constitutions of Clarendon place limits on Church's jurisdiction, conflict
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
leads to Becket's exile in France, Council of Clarendon in England produces rules
the clergy must follow in England spawned by argument with Thomas a Becket
Death of Malcolm IV of Scotland, William the Lion rules, Byzantium allies with
Venice against Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Canonization of Charlemagne –
later reduced to “blessed”, death of Malcolm IV King of Scotland, William the
Lion his younger brother King to 1214, Scotland Malcolm IV dies and succeeded
bu brother William the Lyon, Death of Malcolm IV of Scotland, William the Lion
rules
“Song of Canute” written by English monk of Ely, Assize of Clarendon orders
jails for all English shires and boroughs, Saladin builds Cairo citadel, First trial by
jury - Clarendon, Dermot McMurrough of Leinster in Ireland asks for English
help to settle squabbles in Ireland(rival kings). English start to settle Ireland
Death of Ibn Ezra the Jewish Bible commentator, Oxford U founded, Frederick
Barbarossa crowned emperor, Almalric king of Jerusalem captures Cairo,
Genghis Kahn (Temujin) born, Oxford U
Milan rebuilt, Bogolubsky sacks Kiev and assumes title of Grand Prince, Arabs
recapture Cairo, English scholars exiled from Paris, settle in Oxford, found
university, Toltec state in Mesoamerica falls after its capital Tula is sacked,
Mexican Toltec state collapses
Eruption and earthquake at Mt. Etna Sicily, End of Almohad Dynasty in Morocco,
Saladin becomes vizier of Egypt to 1193 and later sultan, Saladin conquers Egypt
for the Zangid emirate, Eruption and earthquake at Mt. Etna Sicily
Mexican Toltec’s capital at Tula overthrown by Chichimec nomads, Thomas a
Becket archbishop murdered, end of Fatimid style in Syrian-Egyptian architecture,
death of Thomas a Becket of Canterbury, Although Henry II and Becket formally
reconciled, Becket returns to Canterbury and is murdered by four Norman knights,
death of Albert the Bear, Saladin of Damascus subdues Egypt, Chretien de Troyes
writes “Lancelot” about love, Pope Alezander III establishes rules for
canonization of saints, Inquest of Sheriffs results in strengthening the Exchequer,
Syria quake kills 15000, Maimonides's Mishneh Torah, Thomas a Becket
murdered by four knights loyal to Henry II, Based on what Henry II of England
said, 4 knights hunt down and kill Thomas à Becket, Pope Alexander III forces
England o receive Becket. Becket publishes papal letters voiding Constitutions of
Clarendon. Becket is killed at Canterbury Cathedral 29 Dec by four knights,
University of Paris founded, Four knights slay Thomas a Becket in his cathedral,
Mexican Toltecâ??s capital at Tula overthrown by Chichimec nomads, Thomas a
Becket archbishop murdered
Saladin overthrows Fatimid dynasty, Henry II of England invades Ireland and
starts 750 years of English reign over Irish, River bank collapses in Essex
revealing giant fossilized bones attributed to a 40-foot man, Henry II annexes
Ireland formally, Henry invades Ireland, receives homage form King of Leinster
and is accepted Lord of Ireland, Makes Irish clergy submit to Rome
Henry II is accepted as lord of Ireland, Queen Eleanor raises Aquitaine against
Henry II, Henry II reconciles to pope, Venice Grend Council restricts powers of
the doges, Chronicle of Norman dukes written,
1173 Saladin declares self Sultan of Egypt, Saladin overcomes Palestine and Syria –
start, William the Lion from Scotland invade England but is captured, death of
Vladislav II of Bohemia, Queen Eleanor imprisoned, Bela III king of Hungary,
canonization of Thomas a Becket, Waldensian movement begins at Lyons, first
authenticated influenza epidemics, Thomas a Becket canonized after murdered in
Canterbury, Rebellion of Henry’s eldest sons supported by mother Eleanor of
Awuitaine – Henry Richard and Geoffrey, Thomas a Becket cannonized, Henry's
sons Henry, Richard and Geoffrey rebel against father unsuccessfully Scotland:
William the Lyon invades England but is captured by Henry II, forced to
surrender independence
1174 Death of Nureddin Sultan of Syria, Emperor Frederick I buys Tuscany, Spoleto,
Sardinia and Corsica from Welf VI, Henry II does penance at Canterbury for
murder of Becket, Campanile of Pisa (Leaning Tower) built, earliest horse races
in England, Leaning Tower of Pisa built, Saladin conquers Syria, Scottish
dependence secured
1175 Chrétien de Troyes writes stories of King Arthur, Canterbury Cathedral begun
1176 Emperor Frederick I defeated by Lombard League at Legnano, Saladin conquers
Syria, First eisteddfod held hat Cardigan Castle, Reynard the Fox fables written in
French, Walter Map organizes Arthurian legends in their present form, Assize of
Northampton extends use of Grand Jury, Welsh Eisteddfod festival of music and
poetry begins, Battle of Legnano where Frederick Barbarossa was defeated (Italy),
Battle of Legnano between Frederick Barbarossa HRE and Lombard lords
1177 Treaty of Ibry between Henry II and Louis VII, Peace of Venice between
Emperor Frederick I and Pope Alexander III, founding of Belfast, Baldwin IV of
Jerusalem defeats Saladin at Montgisard, Frederick Barbarossa (HRE) truce with
Lombards, Truce between Lombards and Frederick Barbarossa
1178 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy, Bridge of Abignon
built, Richart Fitznigel writes about financial administration of England
1179 Grand Assize of Windsor increasing power of royal courts in England, Saladin
besieges Tyre, Mayan capital destroyed, Philip II Augustus of France begins reign,
Pope convenes third Council of Laertan - Papal Lateran Council (third) declares
all cardinal votes counted equally and 2/3 majority rules (this is a result of the
three anti-popes plaguing Alexander III)
1180 Decline of Chola kingdom, Philip II Augustus rules France, Toltecs driven out of
Chichen Itza, death of John of Salisbury the English historian, death of Manuel I
the Byzantine emperor, Louis VII of France dies – succeeded by son Philip II
Augustus, Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor, Ranulf de Glancille
reforms English judicial system, Benedetto Antelami the Italian sculptor
flourishes, glass windows appear in private English homes, first windmills with
vertical sails in Europe, Zhu Xi compiles Confucian Classics in China, End of
Louis VII King of France as Philip II rules to 1223, Truce between Baldwin IV
and Saladin, Alexius II Comnenus named Byzantine Emperor to 1183, Philip II
ruled France (Philip Augustus), Wimdmills in common use in Europe, King
Philip II of France begins to rule, Decline of Chola kingdom, Philip II Augustus
rules France, Toltecs driven out of Chichen Itza
1181 death of great pope Alexander III, Pope Lucius III, first Varthusian monastery in
England at Witham, Death of Pope Alexander III, Pope Alexander III dies, 1 Sep
Pope Lucius III (Ubaldo Allucingoli)
1182 Canute VI becomes King of Denmark, St. Francis of Assissi born, Jews banished
from France, Philip II banishes Jews from France, St. Francis of Assisi born
1183 death of Wace, the Anglo-Norman poet, death of Alexius II Comnenus the
Byzantine Emperor, Preace of Constance – Lombard League recognized under
imperial overlordship, Emperor Alexius II murdered – succeeded by Andronicus I,
Saladin takes Aleppo, Death of Alexius II Comnenus Byzantine Emperor –
Andronicus I rules to 1185, Peace of Constance Frederick makes final settlements
with the Lombards, Peace of Constance finally settles dispute between Lombards
and Frederick Barbarossa
1184 Diet of Mainz – Emperor Frederick I’s power at its height, Cyprus frees self from
Byzantium, Tamara becomes Queen of Georgia, Consecration of Modena
Cathedral, Fire of Glastonbury destroys Abbey
1185 End of Heian period of Japan, Death of Alphonso I of Portugal, end of
imprisonment of Queen Eleanor, death of Pope Lucius III, death of Emperor
Andronicus I, Isaac II Angelus becomes Byzantine Emperor, renewal of quarrel
between pope and emperor, Second Bulgarian Empire founded by brothers Ivan
and Peter Asen, Pope Urban II elected, Knights Templar groups established in
London, End of Alfonso King of Portugal Sancho I rules to 1211, end of civil
wars in Japan – start of Kamakura period to 1333, end of Andronicus I of
Byzantium – Isaac II rules to 1195, End of the Heian period of Japan, begin
Kamakura shogunate, Pope Lucius III dies 25 Sep, Pope Urban III appointed 25
Nov (Uberto Crivelli), Japan - destruction of the Taira at battle of Dannoura, End
of Heian period of Japan, Death of Alphonso I of Portugal
1186 Last Ghaznavid ruler deposed by Mohammed of Ghur in N India, Henry IV son
of Frederick Barbarossa marries Constance, heiress of Sicily and assumes title of
Caesar, beginning of Kamakura era in Japan, Last Ghaznavid ruler deposed by
Mohammed of Ghur in N India
1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem, Richard I sets out of crusade, death of Pope Urban III –
Pope Gregory VIII – Pope Clement III, Saladin defeats Christians at Hittin and
takes Jerusalem, Punjab conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, completion of Verona
Cathedral, Mexico - fall of the toltecs at Chichén Itzá - second Mayan period
begins at Mayapan, Saladin captures Jerusalem, Jerusalem retaken by Moslems
under Saladin, Saladin takes Jerusalem, Blanche of Castile born, Delhi sultanate
in N India, 19 Oct Pope Urban III dies, Pope Gregory VIII ( Alberto di Morra
Benevento) appointed 21 Oct, dies 17 Dec, 19 Dec Pope Clement III (Paulino
Scolari) appointed, Saladin and Muslims conquer Jerusalem, third Crusade
planned, Richard I sets out of crusade
1189 End of Reign of Henry II in England, Richard I rules England, but leads 3rd
crusade, massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I, first silver florins
minted at Florence, commercial treaty between Novgorod and German merchants,
Henry Fitzailwin first Mayor of London, Third Crusade begins, Third crusade to
1192 with leaders Frederick Barbarossa Philip of France and Richard of England,
Last known Norse visit to North America, Richard I Coeur de Lion becomes King
of England to 1199, Third crusade - high royalty, death of Henry II of England defeated by sons, son Richard (The Lionheart) rules, Third Crusade begins, Death
of Henry II Richard I (The Lionhearted) becomes king, William Longchamp
Chancellor, Richard leaves with Philip of France on the 3rd crusade Scotland
recognized as independent by Richard I, Henry II defeated by Philip, Geoffrey
and Richard (sons) Death of Henry II of England, son Richard rules
1190 End of reign of HRE Frederick Barbarossa as he drowns in River Saleph in Cilicia
– son Henry VI rules, Teutonic Order of Knights – military society set up in
Germany to defend Christian lands in Palestine and Syria, End of first flat-topped
mound culture of Mississippi valleys, Acre besieged by Franks, Richard of GBR
and Philip of FRA set out together, Death of Chretien de Troyes the French court
poet, Order of German Hospitalers founded – later Teutonic order, Rabbi
Maimonides publishes “Fuide of the Perplexed”, This decade Mongol leader
Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers China and founds Yuan Dynasty, end of
Frederick Barbarossa I the HRE who drowned on way to Palestine – Henry VI
named HRE, Mongol Empire grows in east Asia, Lalibela emperor of Ethiopia to
1225, Frederick Barbarossa of Italy dies, Frederick Barbarossa dies on third
crusade, Richard I leaves on crusade, Death of Frederick Barbarossa of Germany,
End of reign of HRE Frederick Barbarossa, Teutonic Order of Knights â??
military society set up in Germany to defend Christian lands in Palestine and
Syria, End of first flat-topped mound culture of Mississippi valleys, Acre
besieged by Franks, Richard of GBR and Philip of FRA set out together
1191 Richard I of England arrives in Acre – conquers Cyprus and sells it to the
Templars, end of New Maya empire, death of Pope Clement III, Pope Celestine II
rules, Tea arrives in Japan from China, second era of Maya civilization in Central
America, Third crusade unable to retake Jerusalem, Richard and crusaders
conquer Cyprus, slaughter Muslim prisoners at Acre and march toward Jerusalem.
At Arsuf north of Jaffa Christians beat Saladin the second time and secures port of
Jaffa. After two retreats by Christians Muslims overrun Jaffa., Christians
recapture Acre (Jerusalem), William Longchamp falls frompower and John takes
over government, Richard captures Acre, massacres 2700, palestine and defeats
Saladin near Jaffa, Teutonic Knights organized, 27 Mar Pope Clement III dies, 30
Mar Pope Celestine III appointed (Giacinto Bobone then Orsini), Zen (Chen)
Buddhism introduced into Japan, Christians capture Acre as part of 3rd Crusade,
1192 Truce between Richard I and Saladin ends 3rd Crusade, British crusaders raid
Saracen territory, Richard begins return to England, end of Fujiwaras as ruling
family in Japan, Richard I returns from the Crusade and is captured by Leopold,
Duke of Austria, Dukedom of Styria becomes part of the Babenberg realm of
Austria, rebuilding of Bamberg Cathedral, Shogun rule in Japan begins as
hereditary positions under Minamoto Yoritomo, Richard the Lionhearted
recaptures Jaffa leaves Palestine – end of third crusade, Richard of England enters
peace with Saladin providing passage to Christians, Richard gets agreement for
Christians to pilgrimage to Jerusalem, is recognized in Austrian inn, captured and
given to Henry VI of Germany, 100,000 mark ransom demanded, End of third
crusade,Cyprus reclaimed in 3rd crusade, Peace between England's Richard the
Lion Hearted and Saladin
1193 End of Saladin’s takeover of middle east as he dies, end of third crusade, Richard
is handed over to Henry VI and imprisoned, death of Benedict of Peterborough
English historian, Indigo and brazilwood imported from India to Britain for
dyeing purposes, first merchant guild in England, End of Saladin as vizier of
Egypt, Leopold hands Ruchard over to Emperor Henry VI who demands ransom,
Muslims capture Bihar and Bengal, Al-Aziz Imad al-Din succeeds Saladin to
1198, End of Saladinâ??s takeover of middle east as he dies
1194 Llywelybn Faer (The Great) rules Wales, Richard I released and crowned for
second time, Henry VI conquers Sicily and is crowned King of Sicily, the “Elder
Edda” collection of Scandinavian mythology created, erection of Chartres
Cathedral begins, Henry VI conquers Sicily, Richard ransomed and returns to
England, Richard ransomed, released, returns home, leaves for France, Henry VI
conquers Norman kingdom of Sicily,
1195 Death of Isaac II Angelus the Byzantine Emperor – Alexius III rules, Harald
Maddadsson loses earldom of Shetland and islands under control of Norway and
Sverre Sigurdsson, end of Isaac II the Byzantine Emperor, Alexius III the
Byzantine Emperor to 1203
1196 Bela III King of Hungary dies – Emeric I rules, Peter II King of Aragon,
Heidelberg mentioned in records, Marimid Dynasty in Morocco to 1464 founded
by Fez, Pedro II named King of Aragon to 1213
1197 Death of Henry VI as Emperor – Otto IV rules, Ottokar I becomes King of
Bohemia, Richard I begins Chateau Gaillard on the Seine, Ottakar I King of
Bohemia to 1230, Civil war follows death of Henry VI in Germany
1198 Mt. Vesuvius erupts in Italy, German Hospitalers become Teutonic Order, death
of Pope Celestine III – Pope Innocent III, William of Newburgh writes “Historia
rerum Anglicarum”, Al-Aziz Imad al-din successor to Saladin dies, Otto IV
named HRE to 1212, Innocent III Pope to 1216, Pope Celestine III dies, Begin
papacy of Innocent III (Lothario dei Conti di Segni Anagni) 8 Jan, Death of Ibn
Rushd (Averröes) philosopher, Pope Innocent III rebuilds glory of the papacy
1199 Death of Richard I of England in jousting tourney or siege in France, John
(Lackland – son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine) rules in stead, drought and
famine in Egypt for three years, new crusade preached, work begins on Siena
Cathedral, founding of Liverpool, End of Richard I the Lion Hearted of England –
John Lackland son of Henry II rules to 1216, Death of Richard the Lionheart of
England, brother John becomes king, Richard mortally wounded in Chalus France,
John Lackland becomes king, Death of Richard I of England in jousting tourney,
John rules in stead, drought and famine in Egypt for three years, new crusade
preached
1200 Italian towns have become city-states, Hohokam of AZ build religious platforms,
King Lalibela of Ethiopia cuts churches from rocks, Cahokia in N America
(temple mounds) at height of power, Incas in Peru settle around Cuzco, cliff
apartments in Colorado, Tui Tonga monarchy builds platforms in Tonga, Maori
legend reports meteor and crater, Peace of Le Goulet between England and France,
Llywelyn the Great seizes Anglesey, Robert de Borron collects “Roman de
Merlin” and “Fabliaux”, Hartmann von Aue writes “Der arme Heinrich” a
German epic poem, death of CHu-His the Chinese philosopher, Cambridge U
1201
1202
1203
1204
founded, Development of Jewish cabalistic philosophy in southern Europe, Islam
begins to replace Indian religions, Early Gothic architecture in England, Duke
Leopold VI of Austria builds Burg (castle) in Vienna, Bard music in Ireland,
Cymbals introduced as musical instrument, “Carmina Burana” the German
collection of Latin monastic songs gathered (music in 1937), “Faux bourdon”
style in English music, Alcohol used for medical purposes, 60,000 Italian
merchants live and work in Constantinople, Paris becomes modern capital,
engagement rings come into fashion, Inca Empire founded at Cuzco, Peru - first
explosive rockets in China, Churches cut from rock in Ethiopia, Sitar invented in
India, Japanese Zen Master Dogen born, Aristotle’s writings become available to
Latin scholars – writings banned by Papacy until 1250, Jews in Morocco given
some privileges, Hunac Ceel revolts against Maya of Chichen Itza and sets up
new capital at Mayapan, Jews given special privileges in Morocco, End Khmer
civilization in India, University of Paris founded, Empire of Ghana replaced with
the Empire of Mali, <i>Greenlander's Saga<?i> written, Inca empire expands,
Pueblo empire declines, Empire of Ghana replaced with Empire of Mali, Decline
of the Moslems, Great Mali kingdom of Africa established, Gunpowder used
defensively as China battles Mongols, University of Paris founded, Reims
Cathedral begun, construction of temple mounds at Moundsville, AL, Buddhism
dies out in India, Icelandic sagas begin to be written, Peru's Chimú people
conquer coastal valleys and begin imperial expansion, Great Enclosure built at
Zimbabwe, first Chiefdoms in Polynesia, Aztecs enter valley of Mexico, Manco
Capac founds Inca state at Cuzco S America, End of Cambodia's Khmer
civilization, University of Paris founded
Death of Renaud de Coucy French poet, façade of Notre Dame completed, pass of
St. Gotthard Switzerland opened, E Mediterranean quake kills 1.1 million, Fourth
crusade begins as commercial enterprise
Drought and famine in Egypt, earthquake in Acre, Lebanon, Death of Nisami the
Persian poet, Canute VI King of Denmark dies, fourth crusade under Boniface of
Montferrat – Venice takes the lead at fighting Constantinople, decretal
“Venerabilem” asserts superiority of papacy over empire, first trial of a peer
(King John of England as Duke of Normandy) in France, Leonardo Pisano
Fibonacci introduces Arabic numerals in Europe, first court jesters at European
courts, Mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci introduces Arabic numbers to Italy,
Fourth Crusade to 1204 – crusaders unable to pay Venice agree to be arms for
hire, Famine in Egypt until 1204, Fourth crusade sails from Venice
Hojo family rules Japan after Minamoto Yoritomo’s death, Genghis Khan defeats
rival Ongkhan, Mohammed of Ghor completes conquest of Upper India, Arthur
Duke of Brittany murdered by order of uncle – King John of England, Wolfram
von Eschenbach publishes “Parzibal” the German epic poem, Siena U founded,
end of Alexius III the Byzantine Emperor, John of England orders murder of
nephew Arthur the Duke of Brittany
Greeks storm Crusaders, completion of the “Nibelingenlied”, death of Emeric I
king of Hungary, end of fourth crusade, Crusaders take Constantinople and
establish Latin empire, Emperor Michael sets up independent Greek kingdom of
Epirus, Moses Maimonides, the Jewish philosopher dies, Vicenza U founded,
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
founding of Amsterdam Holland, Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople,
Establishes Latin Empire in the East, End of Fourth Crusade with crusaders
capturing Constantinople with pillaging and installing Latin ruler, end of famine
in Egypt, Byzantium occupied by Latin people, Fourth Crusade sacks
Constantinople, end of 4th crusade, England loses most of French possessions,
Crusaders destroy Constantinople, sets up Latin empire, Temujin (Ghengis K)
unites Mongol tribes, named Kahn, French and Venice lords occupy E. Latin
empire after diversion from 4th Crusade
Loot for Venice
Former Turkestan slave Aibak founds sultanate of Delhi in N India, Mongol
empire founded by Genghis Khan, Declaration of sultanate of Delhi, Rise of
Mongol Empire under Temjin (Ghengis Khan) Comquer Middle East, N India
and China (most), Temujin proclaimed Genghis Khan, Dynasty of slave kings in
India to 1290, Genghis Khan named leader, John refuses to accept Stephen
Langton as Archbishop, Delhi Sultanate founded, establishing Muslims in n India,
Former Turkestan slave Aibak founds sultanate of Delhi in N India, Mongol
empire founded by Genghis Khan
death of Reinmar the Old of Hagenau a minnesinger, Persian poet Rumi born,
Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury but King
John refuses to let him take office
Philip of Swabia the German king murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach, Theodore
Lascaris founds empire of Nicaea, Pope Innocent III places England under
interdict, St. Francis of Assisi founds franciscan Friars, Innocent III lays England
under interdict, Crusade against Albigensians – a heretical sect in France until
1213, Pope Innocent III bans all English church services except baptisms and
funerals, Calls for crusade against Cathar heretics in S France
St. Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan religious order, King John invades
Scotland and is excommunicated, Otto IV crowned emperor in Rome, Cambridge
University founded, Cambridge University founded in England, Pope Innocent
excommunicates King John for attacks on church property, Crusade captured
Toulouse for France, Innocent III Excommunicates John for taking church
property, St. Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan order, Cambridge University
founded, Crusades launched against Cathar (Manichaean) heretics, Mongols
attack Xixia and Uighurs, St. Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan religious order
Otto IV excommunicated by Pope Innocent III, Gottfried von Strassburg creates
“Tristan und Isolde”, St. Francis of Assisi founds religious order, Mongols invade
China, Pope Innocent excommunicates Emperor Otto IV, Foundation of the
Khwarizm shahdom in Turkish kingdom
Alfonso II king of Portugal rules, Genghis Khan invades China, Death of Sancho
I of Portugal Alfonsi II becomes King to 1223, First Mongol attacks on China (Jin
empire)
Almohads defeated by Christians at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Death of
Tamara Queen of Georgia, end of Henry Fitzailwin as first Mayor of London,
Venice conquers Crete, Frederick II elected German king and makes Bohemia a
hereditary kingdom, Children’s Crusade begins, Rheims Cathedral built, Tiles
replace thatched and wooden roofs in England, North Sea flood and storm surge
1213
1214
1215
1216
in Netherlands kills 60,000, as Children’s Crusade fails more than 50 k sold into
slavery, Christians end Islamic rule of Spain, Children’s Crusade ends with failure
and children sold into slavery in Marsaille – possible origin of “Pied Piper” story,
death of Otto IV HRE, Frederick II becomes HRE to 1250, Innocent III says John
no longer king, Sea fails to part for Crusading children, Emperor Frederick II
begins reign (France), Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa breaks
Muslimpower in Spain, dismal Children's Crusade results in captured children
sold to Turks, Almohads defeated by Christians at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
Death of Peter II King of Aragon – James I rules, King John of England submits
to the Pope, making England and Ireland papal fiefs, council of St. Albans,
precursor of Parliament, limestone grotto of Adelsberg near Trieste discovered,
Death of Pedro II King of Aragon, end of crusade against French Albigensians,
Pope Innocent declares John deposed and John hurriedly makes peace, James I
the Conqueror becomes King of Aragon to 1276, John of England forced to give
up his kingdom after a miserably bad reign, but he regained it as a Papal fief
where he paid tribute to the Pope. This irritated Barons wh paid tribute, John
submits to Pope, Alhambra begun
Death of William the Lion of Scotland and Alexander II rules, Frederick II invests
the House of Wittelsbach with the Palatinate, Peking captured by Genghis Khan,
Battle of Bouvines – Philip II of France defeats Otto IV and English, Death of
Alfonso VIII King of Castile, Death of William the Lion King of Scotland
Alexander II Rules Scotland to 1249, Genghis Kahn controls most of Yellow
River area, Philip Augustus defeats English at Battle of Bouvines Scotland,
Alexander II becomes king, Battle of Bouvines establishes France as chief
kingdom in Europe, North China falls into Ghengiz Khan's hands, birth of Roger
Bacon (scholar), Death of William the Lion of Scotland and Alexander II rules
English King John seals Magna Carta giving more power to barons, death of
Bertrand de Born the English troubadour, death of Hartmann von der Aue the
German poet, end of Genghis Khan in China, Frederick II crowned at Aix-laChapelle, King John seals Magna Carta at Runnymede, Hartman von der Aue the
German poet dies, fourth Lateran Council prohibits trial by ordeal, Dominican
Friars founded by the future St. Dominic the Spanish priest, Pope Innocent III
nullifies Magna Carta, Magna Carta - due process established, Elsa - founder of
Zen Buddhism - dies in Japan, Magna Carta, St. Dominic founds Dominican
Order at Toulouse, Magna Carta - Rights of Barons - John appealed to Pope
Innocent III who annuled it, but John died before response was given, Runnymede
Magna Carta signed with Barons, Pope declares that John doesn't need to follow
Magna Carta and civil war, Franciscan monks of Friars Minor recognized,
Lateran Council reforms Catholic Church, Mongols capture Dadu (Beijing),
Magna Carta signed by King John, Franciscans of Friars Minor recognized as
monks, Lateran Council passes Church reforms
End of reign of English King John - Henry III rules, death of Pope Innocent III –
Pope Honorius III, Death of Otto IV, Genghis Khan conquers Persia, Amiens
Cathedral burns, Newgate Prison in London, Danneborg, the oldest national flag
in the world adopted by Denmark, Jewish man falls into latrine on Saturday but
refuses help on Sabbath – Christians refuse to help him the next day and he dies –
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
Gloucestershire, St. Dominic founds religious order, death of Pope Innocent III,
death of John Lackland King of England, Henry III rules at age nine to 1271,
Honorius III named Pope to 1227, Henry III (Son of John) rules England after
reign of King John, Barons petition to France, Prince Louis captures tower of
London, John loses war chest full of jewels, dies at Newark, Henry III crowned at
age 9, Hubert de Burgh and William the Marshal help rule, End papacy of
Innocent III 16 July, Pope Honorius III appointed 18 July, Pope Innocent III dies
(height of papacy), John of England dies, John's son Henry III reigns, but papal
regency
Peace treaty between Scotland and England ensures peace for 20 years, Fifth
Crusade against Egypt to 1222 fails, Begin 5th crusade, Scotland, peace treaty
with England insures 20 years peace, Crusade attacks Egypt, Peace treaty between
Scotland and England ensures peace for 20 years
Ayyubid empire breaks up, but Ayyubids remain in power until 1250 in Egypt,
Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn and Henry III of England confirms
Llywelyn as Prince of Wales, Death of Emperor Otto IV, Newgate Prison for
debtors completed in London, Genghis Khan captures Persia, Rudolf I (King of
Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, early Hapsburg) born, Kara-Khitai empire
conquered by Mongols, Ayyubid empire breaks up, but Ayyubids remain in
power until 1250 in Egypt, Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn and Henry III
of England confirms Llywelyn as Prince of Wales
North sea flood, Mongols conquer Bokhara, Hojo clan rules Japan to 1333
following end of Minamoto family, Ghengis Khan invades Khwarizm shahdom
(SE of Caspian),
City-state of Kilwa in Tanzania increases prosperity, death of Wolfram von
Eschenbach the German poet, Henry III crowned at Westminster, Frederick II
crowned emperor in Rome – son Henry elected German king, death of Saxo
Grammaticus the Danish historian, Salisbury Cathedral begun, Brussels Cathedral
begun, Boyd’ Choir at the Kreuz-Kirche in Dresden founded, first giraffes shown
in Europe, Roger Bacon - philosopher - born or 1214, Ghengis Khan sends force
to Russia, City-state of Kilwa in Tanzania increases prosperity
marriage of St. Elizabeth the Hungarian princess to Louis IV of Thuringia, French
epic “Huon de Bordeaux”, the sonnet form develops in Italian poetry, building of
Burgos Cathedral begins, Vienna becomes a city, end 5th crusade, Hunac Ceel founder of Cocom dynasty Mayapán conquers Chichén Itzá
Council of Oxford establishes April 23, St. George’s Day, as national holiday in
England, Andras II of Hungary exempts clergy from taxation and refuses land to
Jews and foreigners, End of Fifth Crusade – failed attempt to recapture Egypt, De
Burgh puts down insurrection supporting King Louis VIII of France
End of reign of Philip II Augustus of France – Louis VIII rules, death of Alfonso
II King of Portugal, Mongols invade Russia – battle at Kalka River, Death of
Philip II of France – Louis VIII rules to 1226, death of Alfonso II of Portugal,
Mongols invade Russia, Death of Philip II Augustus of France, Louis VIII rules
France, Portugal's Afonso II dies of leprosy, King Philip Augustus dies, King
Louis VIII, husband of Blanche of Castile new king, Death of Philip II of France.
Son Louis VIII reigns, End of reign of Philip II Augustus of France
1224 Anglo-French war begins, Henry VII proclaims Public Peace at Wurzburg,
Franciscan friars in England, St. Berthold probable founder of Carmelite Order,
founding of Naples U, Abdallah ur-Ruml creates Arab geographical encyclopedia,
War between France and England to 1227
1225 Magna Carta reissues for third time in definitive form, Gullaume de Lorris writes
“Roman de la Rose”, first English musical round “Sumer is icumen in”, cotton
manufactured in Spain, End of Lalibela Emperor of Ethiopia
1226 Death of St. Francis of Assisi, death of Louis VIII of France – Louis IX the Saint
rules, End of Louis VIII and Louis IX (St. Louis) rules France to 1270, Louis VIII
of France dies and Louis IX has power in France (St. Louis), Louis VIII of France
dies, Blance care-giver of Louis IX, St. Francis of Assisi dies, Franciscans and
Dominicans established, Mongol conquest of Xixia is complete, Louis VIII of
France dies, Louis IX (age 12) reigns but regent queen commands - Later Louis
becomes St. Louis
1227 Death of Pope Honorius III – Pope Gregory IX, end of Anglo-French war, death
of Genghis Khan – empire divided among three sons, building of Toledo
Cathedral begins, Japanese potter Toshiro returns from China and starts porcelain
manufacturing, Death of Pope Honorius III, end of war between France and
England, Gregory IX pope to 1231, Henry III begins personal rule in England,
Death of Genghis Khan and empire divided among sons, Ghengis Khan dies in a
fall from a horse, Halley's Comet, Henry takes full governmental control, Pope
Honorius III dies 18 Mar, Pope Gregory IX (Ugolino dei Conti di Segni Anagni)
appointed 19 Mar, Teutonic Knights begin crusading against pagan Prussians,
Death of Chingis Khan on campaign in Jin empire of China
1228 5th Crusade – called for by Frederick II (GER/HRE), Sixth Crusade starts, led by
Emperor Frederick II, Francis of Assisi canonized, Sixth crusade led by Emperor
Frederick II to 1229 – recapture Jerusalem and Teutonic Knights begin
conquering Prussia, Begin 6th crusade, Frederick II bargains for Jerusalem, 5th
Crusade - called for by Frederick II (GER/HRE)
1229 Christians regain Jerusalem, Frederick II crowned King of Jerusalem signs treaty
with Sultan of Egypt, Aragon conquers Balearic Islands, Inquisition in Toulouse
forbids Bible reading by all laymen, founding of Toulouse U, Ogadai son of
Genghis elected Khan to 1241, End 6th crusade, Ogedai, son of Chingis, elected
the great Khan of Mongolia,Christians regain Jerusalem
1230 Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan
trade, German minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide dies, death of Ottokar I
King of Bohemia, Peace of San Germano between emperor and pope – Frederick
II being absolved from excommunication, Wenceslas I becomes King of Bohemia,
Leprosy imported to Europe by Crusaders, Founding of Berlin on site of former
Slav settlements, Death of Ottakar I King of Bohemia, Genghis Kahn's son retires,
Union of the kingdoms of Castile and León, Lübeck and Hamburg form alliance,
beginning of the Hanseatic league, Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in
Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade
1231 death of St. Antony of Padua (Portuguese), death of St. Elizabeth of Hungary,
Japanese shogun forbids parents to sell children into slavery, Mongol invasion of
Korea
1232 Ezzelino de Romano serves as Lord of Verona, Muhammad I founds Nasrid
dynasty in Granada, Antony of Padua (d. 1231) canonized, Earliest known use of
rockets in war between Mongols and Chinese, Inquisition founded by Pope
Gregory IX, Henry III of England dismisses Papal legate Hubert de Burgh, Hubert
de Burgh dismissed as advisor, Church sets up Inquisition to fight heresy
1233 Dominicans serve as Catholic inquisitors under Gregory IX, inquisition born,
Rebellion of Earl of Pembroke – aided by Welsh, “Great Halleluyah” penitential
movement in N Italy, coal mined for first time in Newcastle England
1234 Mongols annex Chin Empire, Louis IX, French King, marries Margueritte of
Provence, Jin capital of Kaifeng falls to Mongols, Earliest use of cast metal
moveable type in Korea
1235 Sun Diata founds Mali empire in W Africa, Rebellion of son Henry VII
suppressed by Frederick II – Henry imprisoned, Mainz Public Peace – first
imperial law in German language, Elizabeth of Hungary (d. 1232) canonized,
Frederick II sponsors translation of Aristotle into Latin also allows dissection at
Salerno school of medicine, Court jesters become popular, Sundiata Keita
becomes King of Mali until 1255, Ogedai Khan establishes Mongol capital at
Karakorum, Rise of the kingdom of Mali under Sun Diata Keita, Sun Diata
founds Mali empire in W Africa
1236 Alexander Nevski named Grand Duke of Novgorod, Arabs lose Cordoba to
Castile, death of Bavarian minnesinger Neidhardt von Reuenthal, Pope Gregory
IX excommunicates Frederick II, Theodoric of Luca pioneers anesthesias,
Alexander Nevski becomes Prince of Novgorod to 1263, Henry marries Eleanor
of Provence
1237 Frederick II defeats Lombard League at Cortenuova, Mongols conquer Russia and
take Moscow, Death of Jordanus Nemorarius the German scientist, Mongols raid
Europe, establish Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia, Mongol warriors under
Batu sweep Eastern Europe, Border between Scotland and England agreed upon Treaty of York, Mongols invade Russia and e Europe
1238 Golden Horde of Mongols reach Volga River, Simon de Montfort marries Henry's
sister Eleanor
1240 Russian Alexander Nevsky defeats Swedes at great battle on Neva river, Death of
Llywelyn Fawr of Wales, End of Mongolian conquest of Russia, Dafydd ap
Llywelyn named Prince of Snowdon, Crusade of Richard of Cornwall and Simon
de Montfort to Jaffa, border fixrd between England and Scotland, Italian poet
Guido Guinizelli establishes school of poetry, Roger Bacon returns to England
from Paris, Sundiata founds Mali Empire, Ghana overrun by Mali people ending
native Soninke rule – Sundiata Keita is King of Mali and a Mandingo, Battle of
the Neva, End of Empire of Ghana, Mongols destroy Kiev, Battle of Neva –
Alexander Nevski of Novgorod defeats Swedes, Mongols conquer Russia,
Chartres Cathedral rebuilt, Water- powered sawmills cone into use in Europe,
Russian Alexander Nevsky defeats Swedes at great battle on Neva river, Death of
Llywelyn Fawr of Wales
1241 Lubeck and Hamburg form a Hansa (association) for trade and mutual protection,
Snorri Sturluson the Icelandic poet and historian dies, death of Pope Gregory IX –
Pope Celestine IV reigns for 17 days and dies, Battle of Leignitz, Silesia –
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
Mongols defeat Germans, invade Poland and Hungary, but death of leader
Ughetai forces them to withdraw from Europe, Master of Naumburg sculpts at
Meissen, Mainz and Naumburg, German Hanseatic League introduces rudder and
bowsprit for sailing, Mongols withdraw from Europe following death of Ogadai
Khan, Pope Gregory IX dies, Pope Celestine IV appointed 25 Oct (Goffredo
Castiglioni) - dies 10 Nov. Death of Ogedai Khan - the Mongol, Mongols ravage
e Europe and annex Russian principalities, Lubeck and Hamburg form a Hansa
(association) for trade and mutual protection
Batu, grandson of Genghis Khan establishes “Golden Horde” warriors at Sarai on
lower Volga, first record of a ship convoy, Kiel established as town, Batu
establishes Mongol kingdom of “The Golden Horde” on lower Volga river,
Rebels in S of France rebel, put down by Louis IX, Earliest recorded use of
convoy system to protect merchant ships from piracy, Nobles of South France
rebel, put down by Louis the next year
Five year truce between England and France, Pope Innocent IV elected, Innocent
IV named Pope to 1254, Egyptians capture Jerusalem from Christians, Pope
Innocent IV appointed (Sinibaldo Fieschi), Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (Turkey)
becomes Mongol vassal state
Christians lose Jerusalem to Egyptian Khwarazmi, Louis IX of France survives
sickness and goes on crusade, Turks sweep into Jerusalem – Final Christian loss,
first “Dunmow Fitch” competition in England, Christians lose Jerusalem, Louis
IX of France survives sickness and goes on crusade, Turks sweep into Jerusalem Final Christian loss
Frederick II deposed by Council of Lyons, death of Alexander of hales the
English philosopher, choir and cloisters of Westminster Abbey in London built,
Innocent IV calls the Synod of Lyon which declares Frederick II deposed
Llywelyn Yr Ail (the Last) begins rule of Wales, death of Dafydd ap Llywellyn
Prince of Snowden, Frederick II seizes the vacant dukedom of Austria and Styria,
earlies German peasant romance written, erection of La Sainte-Chapelle in Paris,
Wernher der Gertenaere writes first German peasant romance, Llywelyn Yr Ail
(the Last) begins rule of Wales
The Hague founded, Robin Hood dies, War in Italy between Frederick and papal
allies to 1250
death of Arab scientist Ibn al-Baitar, Lombards defeat Frederick II at Parma,
Genoese takes Rhodes, Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX, death of Gonzalo de
Berceo the earliest Spanish poet, present Cologne Cathedral begun, work begins
on Alhambra in Granada, Start of Seventh Crusade by Louis IX of France to 1270,
Begin 7th crusade, Louis IX goes on crusade, wife accompanies, Cologne
Cathedral started, Louis IX (St. Louis) leads 7th crusade in Egypt
University College (Oxford) founded, Death of Alexander II of Scotlans and reign
of Alexander III, Louis IX lands in Egypt, University College in Oxford founded,
Roger Bacon records the existence of explosives – argues for science curriculum
at Oxford, French Crusades invade N Africa, Death of Alexander II of SCO –
Alexander III rules to 1286, Scotland: Alexander starts invasion of Western Isles
dies, succeeded by son Alexander III, University of Oxford founded, University
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
College (Oxford) founded, Death of Alexander II of Scotlans and reign of
Alexander III
Ayyubids out of power in Egypt, Colorado cliff buildings built, Kanem kingdom
in Lake Chad region begins to break up, last Ayyubid ruler in Egypt murdered,
Mamluks – soldiers from central Asia take power, Chimu people expand in Peru,
Maya revival as new capital built at Mayapan, Damietta surrendered to crusaders,
death of Fibonacci, Frederick II dies and is succeeded by Conrad IV, Valdeman I
becomes King of Sweden, Saracens capture Louis IX, “Easter Play of Muri” starts
German drama, establishment of four national colleges at Paris University, start of
high Gothic period in German art, building begins on St. Thomas Church in
Leipzig, Jaina Temple in Mount Abu, Johannes Church in Thorn (Torun) NW
India, Synagogues built at Toledo and Worms, beginnings of choral Passion
singers, portable small organ invented, Vincent of Beauvais publishes an
encyclopedia, Jordanus Rufus publishes veterinary manual, commercial and
industrial boom in northern and central Italian cities, hats come into fashion,
Goose quills used for writing, Roger Bacon invents magnifying glass, Yukinaga
Shinanozenji writes epic, Mamluks from Central Asia take power in Egypt,
Gunpowder introduced to Europe, Death of Frederick II the HRE and end of war
between HRE and papal allies, Conrad IV HRE to 1254, Saracens capture Louis
IX in Egypt and he is ransomed, Pope Innocent IV gains independence for Papacy,
End of Emperor Frederick II (France), Towns and ceremonial centers built in
Mississippi basin, Novelette Romance of the Rose written, Ayyubids out of power
in Egypt, Colorado cliff buildings built, Kanem kingdom in Lake Chad region
begins to break up, last Ayyubid ruler in Egypt murdered, Mamluks - soldiers
from central Asia take power, CHimu people expand in Peru, Maya revival as
new capital built at Mayapan, Damietta surrendered to crusaders
Ottokar Margrave of Moravia son of King Wenceslas I elected Duke of Austria,
Portugal seizes Algarve, Kublai Khan becomes Governor of China, farmer and
shepherd revolt in France and England
Alfonzo X the Wise rules Castille, Founding of Ahom kingdom in Assam,
Inquisition begins to use instruments of torture, completion of Church of St.
Francis Assisi, Golden florins minted at Florence, Hanseatic merchants establish
common rights at Flemish harbor of Bruges, Japanese sculptor Ono Goroemon
creates, Louis IX of France expels Jews, Inquisition under Pope Gregory IX
begins use of torture, French Queen, Blanche of Castile dies, Mongol conquest of
Song empire of China begins
Death of Tibaut IC King of Navarre and French poet, death of King Wenceslas I
King of Bohemia, Ottokar II becomes king of Bohemia, William of Rubruque
travels in central Asia and reports his experiences, Linen first manufactured in
England, Sorbonne founded, Zen master Dogen of Japan dies, Japanese priest
Nichiren founds Lotus Sutra Buddhism, Ottakar II the Great named King of
Bohemia to 1278, Commercial rivalry leads to war between Genoa and Venice,
both Florence and Genoa introduce gold coinage
Marco Polo born in Venice, death of Pope Innocent IV – Pope Alexander IV
elected, Louis IX returns to France from Palestine, Conrad IV dies, court chaplain
Robert de Sorbon founds the Paris School of Theology (later the Sorbonne), Great
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
Interregnum in Germany (struggle for crown) to 1273, death of Conrad IV HRE,
End of Hohenstaufens rule of HRE, End 7th crusade, Marco Polo born, Pope
Innocent IV dies 7 Dec, Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo de Conti di Segni) appointed
12 Dec, Interregnum in Germany inauguratesperiod of political chaos
Henry III of England accepts Sicily for his son Edmund, Ulrich von Lichtenstein
writes “Frauendienst” a poem about chivalry, death of author Thomas of Celano –
author of “Dies irae”, Prague and Stockholm become towns, End of Sundiata
Keita King of Mali
Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan becomes leader of Persia, “Hundred Years
War” between Venice and Genoa, founding of order of Augustine Hermits, Pope
Alexander IV founds Augustinian Order from groups of hermits, Prince
Llewellyn sweeps the English from Wales, Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan
becomes leader of Persia
Llywelyn assumes title of Prince of Wales, Richard of Cornwall elected King of
Romans and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Saadi the Persian poet (lived 107 years
–die 1291) writes “The Fruit Garden”
Salisbury Cathedral completed, Manifred, illegitimate son of Frederick II
crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, Mongols take Baghdad and overthrow
caliphate, establishment of House of Commons (Provisions of Oxford),
flagellation begins to try and prevent plagues, End of major Mongol Empire, King
Henry III forced by Simon de Montfort to agree to <i>Provisions of Oxford</i>
which is a rudimentary parliament, King forced to submit to the Provisions of
Oxford- nobles not subject to king, but council, Osman I- ancestor of Ottomans,
born, Mongols plunder Baghdad destroying Abbasid caliphate, English Barons, de
Montfort, rebel. List of grievances limit royal power, Mongols execute last
Abbasid caliph at Baghdad, Korea becomes Mongol vassal state, England's
Provisions of Oxford provides responsibility to the council of barons and not the
king - Simon de Montfort was head baron
Death of Ezzelino de Romano the Lord of Verona, Kublai Khan the governor of
China also starts ruling Mongolia, Llywelyn Prince of Wales establishes peace
between England and Wales, English and French sign Treaty of Paris
Mamluk commander Baybars takes over as sultan of Egypt, Khubilai grandson of
Genghis becomes Great Khan, Battle of Ain Jalut – Mongols halted by Mamluks
in Palestine, Sultan murdered by Baibars, Florentine Ghibellines defeat Guelphs
at Montaperti, first flagellant religious movements in southern Germany and N
Italy, Chartres cathedral consecrated, Cimabue creates “Madonna” for Trinita
church in Florence, first mastersinger school created in Mainz, Mongol Kublai
Khan becomes Emperor of China, Polo family sets out for China – 1 generation
before Marco, Kublai elected Khan by his army at Shan-tu China, Yuan (Mongol)
Dynasty in China to 1368, End of Abbasid dynasty at Baghdad, Mongols are
defeated by the Mamlukes at ‘Ain Jalut, Mamluk commander Baybars takes over
as sultan of Egypt, Khubilai grandson of Genghis becomes Great Khan, Battle of
Ain Jalut – Mongols halted by Mamluks in Palestine, Sultan murdered by
Baibars
Death of Pope Alexander IV – Pope Urban IV elected, Ottokar II obtains Styria,
Michael VIII Palaeologus regains Constantinople, Thaddeus Florentinus teaches
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
medicine at Bologna University, Greeks end Latin empire in Constantinople, King
Henry III violates <i>Provisions of Oxford</i> , Urban IV named Pope to 1264,
Latins driven out of Byzantine empire by Michael VIII who establishes Paleologi,
Henry repudiates Provisions of Oxford (Grievances), 25 May Pope Alexander IC
dies, 29 Aug Pope Urban IV appointed (Jacques Pantaléon Troyes), Byzantines
recapture Constantinople, fall of Latin Empire, End of French and Venitian
occupation of E. Roman empire as Latins driven out by Michael VIII who
founded Paleologi Dynasty
Iceland and Greenland come under Norwegian rule, Adam de la Halle writes the
first French operette – “Le Jeu de la Feuillee”, ALexandr Nevshy convinces
Tartars to reduce tributes and eliminate conscription, Iceland and Greenland come
under Norwegian rule
Scots defeat Vikings at Battle of Largs, end of Alezander Nevski the Grand Duke
of Novgorod, Haakon of Norway defeated by Scots at Largs – cedes Hebrides,
death of Alexander Nevshi, Balliol College at Oxford founded, Death of Prince of
Novgorod Alexander Nevski, Norway gives up Hebrides to the Scots, Scotland:
Alexander III defeats Viking army at Battle of Largs
Barons defeat king Henry III, but he continues to reign, Thomas Aquinas writes
“Summa contra Gentiles” Roger Bacon writes “De computo naturali” Merton
college at Oxford founded, death of Pope Urban, English woman has stay of
execution moments after being hung – rope cut and she lived for many years,
Civil war in England because king violates agreement, Henry III and Prince
Edward captured at Battle of Lwewsand Simon De Montfort takes temporary
control, Simon de Montfort (French and English) forces King Henry of England
to submit to <i>Mise of Lewes</i>, "Baron's War" de Montfort defeats Henry,
Pope Urban IV dies 2 Oct, Simon de Montfort forces King Henry to submit to
Council of Nine (with him in charge) in England
Simon de Montfort summons first parliament in Britain, Pope Clement IV elected,
Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix develop the musical form of the motet,
Philosopher Duns Scotus born in England, Albertus Magnus begins to be
skeptical about medival animal lore and publishes <i>Book of Minerals</i>,
Parliament called with house of Burgesses (honored citizens) summoned – Simon
de Montfort becomes known as father of the House of Commons – Simon de
Montfort killed at battle of Evesham by Prince Edward, Clement IV named Pope
to 1268, Simon de Montfort summons first English Parliament, Some barons rebel
against de Montfort and kill him at Battle of Evesham, 5 Feb Pope Clement IC
(Gui Faucoi le Gros) (Guy Foulques the Fat) appointed, Duns Scotus, philosopher,
born,
Manfred defeated and killed by Charles of Anjou at Benevento, Balban the Sultan
of Delhi rules, Roger Bacon writes “Opus maius”, Sanjuasangendo Temple at
Kyoto Japan built, English bakers begin marking loaves of bread to identify the
source of bad bread – thus establishing the trademark,
End of Chola dynasty in India, King Saint Louis goes out on crusade, but is
warned against it, guilds of goldsmiths and tailors of London firght each other in
fierce street battles, Roger Bacon predicts radiology steamship airplane television
and discovery of Western hemisphere – also describes magnetic needle reading
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
glasses and camera obscura, Kublai Kahn establishes Beijing, Roger Bacon a
Franciscan Monk writes about scientific experimentation – not published until
1700s, End of Chola dynasty in India, King Saint Louis goes out on crusade, but
is warned against it
Earthquake in Turkey Anatolia kills 60000 , Antioch falls to Baibars, death of
Pope Clement IV starts three years vacancy in the papacy, Death of Pope Clement
IV – Papacy vacant until 1271, Muslims from Egypt capture Antioch held by
Christians, Pope Clement IV dies, no replacement Pope until 1271, Hapsburgs
control Austria, Earthquake in Turkey, Antioch falls to Baibars
King James I of Antioch diverted from crusade by storm, Amiens Cathedral
rebuilt after burning in 1218, Ottokar acquires Carinthia and Carniola from
Hungary, first toll roads in England, Louis IX of France orders Jews to wear
purple badge, Polo family returns to Venice and then goes back to China with
Marco
death of Louis IX the Saint of France on Eighth Crusade – succeeded by Philip III,
rule of Stephen V of Hungary, death of Tannhauser the German poet and
minnesinger, birth of Giovanni da Casica the Italian composer, End of French
Crusades in N Africa, first use of firearms in China, End of Crusades (seventh and
eighth?), death of St. Louis (IX) King of France of plague while on final Crusade,
Philip III the Bold King of France to 1285, Louis IX of France dies besieging
Tunis, Philip III in power, Eighth crusade, Official end of the Crusades (1096),
Roger Bacon writes, St. Thomas Aquinas writes <i>Summa theological</i>,
invention of the mechanical clock, Death of Louis IX of France, reign of Philip III
- Champagne region under French rule due to marriage
Venetian explorer Marco Polo sets out for China (to 1295), end of three-year
vacancy in the papacy as Pope Gregory X elected, Marco Polo visits Kublai Khan
and stays to 1295, Pope Gregory X ends gap in Popes, Venetian Marco Polo
travels to Asia via land (Age 17)with uncle, 1 Sep, Pope Gregory X appointed
(Tebaldo Visconti Piacenza), Marco Polo leaves for China
End of King Henry III - Edward I returns from crusade and reigns, death of
Muhammad I the founder of Nasrid dynasty in Granada, death of Stephen V of
Hungary, death of Richard of Cornwall King of Romans, silk reeling machine
invented, Death of King Henry III of England and Edward I named to 1307,
Death of Henry III of England, Edward I rules England, Henry III dies, Edward I
learns he is king on way back from Crusades, Death of Henry III of England,
Edward I becomes king
Rudolph I becomes first Habsburg ruler of Austria at Aix-la-Chapelle, Death of
Djelaleddin Rumi the Persian poet and founder of the order of Dancing Dervishes,
Thomas Aquinas writes “Summa theological (Credo ut intelligam)”,
Persian/Turkish poet Rumi dies, First Habsburg Rudolf IV becomes King of GER
(basically HRE), Rudolf I becomes HRE to 1291 – end of “Great Interregnum”,
Rudolf I (Hapsburg) named Holy Roman Emperor - proceeds to conquer Austria,
Bohemia, Germany, Hungary and Spain which are controlled by Hapsburgs,
Death of Djelaleddin Rumi of Turki - founder of the order of Dervishes
Kyushu eruption, death of Nasir ed-Din et-Tusi the Arab scholar, Edward I
crowned at Westminster, Kublai Khan fails to conquer Japan, Thomas Aquinas
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
dies, death of Arab scientist Nasir ed-Din, First Mongol invasion of Japan –
Mongols fail to gain foothold, Synod of Lyons called by Pope Gregory X
recommends that conclaves should be secret to avoid corruption (more corruption
follows), St. Thomas Aquinas dies, St. Thomas Aquinas dies, Papal Council of
Lyon declares all Cardinals must meet within 10 days of a pope's death do elect
new one, plus seclusion, Edward I crowned, Attempted Mongol invasion of Japan,
Death of St. Thomas Aquinas, Kyushu eruption
Moses de Leon the Jewish theologian writes “Zohar” the fundamental work on
Jewish mysticism, William of Saliceto writes “Chirurgia” the earliest record of
human dissection, Marco Polo in the service of Kublai Khan, Amsterdam
chartered, Formation of rainbows explained by Theodoric of Freiburg, end of
Sung dynasty in China, Marco Polo serves Kublai Khan, Marco Polo meets with
Kublai Khan, then the Great Khan, Grandson of Ghengis, First mechanical clock
invented, Mexico's Quiché Maya conquer Pokomam Maya, Marco Polo arrives in
Peking
Death of James I of Aragon, year of the four popes – Gregory X dies, Pope
Innocent V, Pope Hadrian V and Pope John XXI (end 1277), Ottokar outlawed bu
Rudolph submits to him and keeps Bohemia and Moravia, Death of James I the
Conqueror King of Aragon, death of Pope Gregory X, Innocent V the first
Dominican becomes pope and dies after 5 months – Adrian V dies after five
weeks but revokes conclave rules, Pope John XXI dies after eight months in
office, Pope Gregory X dies, 21 Jan Pope Innocent V (Pierre de Tarentaise)
appointed, dies 22 Jun, 11 Jul Pope Adrian V (Ottobuono Fieschi) appointed, dies
18 Aug, 8 Sep Pope John XXI appointed (Pedro Hispano) of Portugal (first)
Mamluks in control of Egypt, Llywelyn Yr Ail of Wales defeated by British
Edward I, baibars dies by poisoning, Roger Bacon imprisoned for heresy until
1292, Pope Nicholas III elected, English Franciscan philosopher Riger Bacon
exiles for heresy until 1292, Nicholas III Pope to 1280 when Pope John XXI dies ,
Pope John XXI dies in collapse of roof. 25 Nov Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni
Gaetano Orsini) appointed, Mamluks in control of Egypt, Llywelyn Yr Ail of
Wales defeated by British Edward I, baibars dies by poisoning
Death of Nicola Pisano the Italian sculptor, death of Ottokar II king of Bohemia
as he is defeated bu Rudolf and killed at Durnkrut – succeeded by Wenceslas II,
Death of Martin of Troppau the chronicler and historian, St. Maria Novella church
built in Florence, 278 Jews in London hanged for clipping coin but Christians
guilty of same offense fined. Invention of glass mirror, death of Ottokar II the
Great King of Bohemia
Louis IX of France canonized, Southern Song Dynasty falls to Mongols - Yuan
Dynasty begins, End Song dynasty of China, Mongol Yuan dynasty takes charge
under Khubilai Khan
death of Albertus Magnus the German philosopher, death of Pope Nicholas III,
Eric II of Norway rules, Asen dynasty of Bulgaria extinguished – country
becomes subject to Serbs, Greeks and Mongols, Kublai Khan founds Yuan
dynasty in China, Ruteberf writes “Oeuvres” French lyrical and satirical poems,
Rebellion of textile workers of Flanders against their exploiters, Death of Albertus
Magnus the German philosopher and scientist, End of the Sung dynasty of China,
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
Pope Nicholas III dies 22 Aug, Foundation of the Ottoman Turkish state, End of
great socialist experiment in China, last Sung monarch throws homself into the
sea, Kublai Khan becomes emperor of China starting the Mongol Dynasty,
approximate birthdate of William of Occam
Kyushu eruption, Typhoon in sea of Japan destroys Mongols, Mongols driven
away from Japan by “divine wind”, Election of Pope Martin IV, Japanese
Samurai repel Mongols, Second Mongol invasion of Japan ends in disaster, Pope
Martin IV to 1285, Second attempted invasion of Japan by Mongols, 22 Feb Pope
martin IV appointed (Simon de Brion), Kyushu eruption, Typhoon in sea of Japan
destroys Mongols, Mongols driven away from Japan by "divine wind"
Edward I of England begins to conquer Wales as Llywelyn rebels against Edward
I, Sicilian Vespers – massacre of French in Sicily, Rudolf invests sons Albert and
Rudolf with Austria, Styria and Carniola, end of Sung Academy in China,
Florence becomes leading European city in commerce and finance, End of the
Paleologi of Byzantium, Andronicus II becomes emperor, Edward invades N
Wales and defeats Prince Llywelyn, Death of Michael VIII of Constantinople,
Rule of Andronicus II (weak), Edward I of England begins to conquer Wales as
Llywelyn rebels against Edward I,
Death of Saadi the popular Persian poet, The Teutonic Order completes subjection
of Prussia, a false Emperor Frederick II appears in Germany, erection of
Caernarvon Castle, Edward I conquers Gwynneth, Edward I defeats and kills
Llewellyn Prince of Wales and executes Llewellyn’s brother David – Wales
remains conquered, Alfonzo X King of Castile and León creates book on chess,
dice and backgammon
Edward I of England conquers Wales, Peterhouse, the first college of Cambridge
U founded, Sequins coined in Venice, Italy, death of Alfonso X the Wise of
Castille, Genoa defeats Pisa – start of Pisa’s decline, “Pied Piper of Hamelin”,
first sequins coined in Venice, Gianciotto Malatesta of Rimini kills brother and
wife – married 1275 Francesca daughter of Prince of Ravenna, Edward I of
England captures Wales, Account of Pied Piper leading 130 children out of
Hamelin Germany – possible pedophile, Edward conquers Wales for good, Welsh
independence ends, Statute of Wales puts Wales under English control, Edward I
of England conquers Wales, Peterhouse, the first college of Cambridge U founded,
Sequins coined in Venice, Italy
Death of Philip III – Philip IV the Fair rules, Death of Pope Martin IV – Pope
Honorius IV elected, Adam de la Halle composes “Jeu de Robin et Marion”,
smog problems start to develop in London, Richard of Holdingham produces
“Hereford Map” showing winged salamanders weird birds and quadrupedal
people in Africa, death of Philip III the Bold King of France, death of Pope
Martin IV by indigestion, Philip IV becomes King of France to 1314, Honorius
IV Pope to 1287, Death of Philip III of France, Philip IV becomes king, 28 Mar,
Pope Martin IV dies, 2 Apr Pope Honorius IV appointed (Giacomo Savelli)</
Alexander III of Scotland falls over a cliff and dies and granddaughter (or infant
niece) Margaret Maid of Normandy reigns under six guardians, death of BarHerbraus the Syrian lexicographer, Alexander III of SCO dies and lists
granddaughter Margaret (age 3) as heir to 1290, Scotland: Alexander dies, leaving
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
kingdom to 4 year old granddaughter Margaret, Alexander III falls over a cliff and
dies and granddaughter Margaret Maid of Normandy reigns
North Sea flood - St. Lucia’s flood in Netherlands and storm surge kills 50-80k,
death of Adam de la Halle the French composer of musical plays, Balban Sultan
of Delhi dies, death of Pope Honorius IV, Rudolf proclaims public peace at Diet
of Wurzburg, Mongol invasion of Burma, death of German poet Conrad of
Wurzburg who write “The Trojan War”, Death of Pope Honorius IV, Pope
Honorius IV dies, Mongols destroy Burmese capital of Pagan, North Sea flood
Osman I founds Ottoman Empire, Pope Nicholas IV elected, Nicholas IV named
Pope to 1292, Pope Nicholas IV (Girolamo Masci Ascoli) appointed
Founding of Montpellier U, block printing practices in Ravenna, Friar John of
Montecorvino becomes first archbishop of Peking
Earthquake in Gulf of Chihili, Invention of spectacles in Italy, end of reign of
Margaret in Scotland who was supposed to marry King Edward of England,
Chinese earthquake kills 100k est. 6.7, Kaikobad Sultan of Delhi murdered –
succeeded by Jalaluddin, Dante writes “La Vita Nuova”, Lisbon University
founded, spectacles invented, Cable bridges used in the Andes, Travels of Marco
Polo published, England expels all Jews, Margaret of SCO dies (age 7) and 13
men lay claim on throne – interregnum until 1292. England arbitrates and
appoints John Balliol king, but he rebels and Edward rules SCO for 10 years, end
of dynasty of slave kings in India, Turkish leader Firuz founds Khalji Dynasty in
Delhi until 1320, Merchants introduce Islam into Indonesia and Malaysia,
Earthquake in Gulf of Chihili, Invention of spectacles in Italy, end of reign of
Margaret in Scotland, Chinese earthquake
Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from
Hapsburgs, Death of Rucolf I, Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz and
Unterwalden, Mamelukes conquer Acre ending Christian rule in the East, end of
Crusades – Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus, building of nave of
York Minster, Saracen Muslims capture Acre from Christians – last Christian
stronghold – end of crusade era, death of Rudolf I HRE, Scots acknowledge
Edward I of England as suzerain and he arbitrates in succession dispute,
Christians lose last possessions in Palestine, The city of Acre (Israel) falls to
Muslims, Rudolf I (Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor) dies, Margaret dies.
Edward I of England asked to pick successor, Crusaders expelled from Holy Land,
Mamlukes capture Acre - fall of kingdom of Jerusalem, Acre, Christians have lost
most possessions in East, Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for
independence from Hapsburgs
John Baliol chosen king of Scotland – removed from throne by Edward I of
England, end of service of Marco Polo in service of Kublai Khan, end of
imprisonment of Roger Bacon, death of Pope Nicholas IV, Adolf Count of Nassau
elected German King – crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Return of Roger Bacon from
exile for heresy, death of Pope Nicholas IV, John Balliol King of Scotland on
nomination of Edward I to 1296, Adolf Count of Nassau HRE to 1298, Conflict
between French families over papal election leads to election of illiterate hermit
peasan farmer Peter of Morone as Celestine V – resigns in 5 months and
imprisoned by Pope Boniface VIII, Edward chooses John Balliol new king of
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
Scotland, Pope Nicholas IV dies 4 Apr, no Pope until 1294, Sir Roger Bacon dies,
John Baliol chosen king of Scotland – removed from throne by Edward I of
England
Japan quake kills 30000 and tsunami followed, Osman I - Turkish chief in
Anatolia, founds Ottoman dynasty, Earthquake in Japan
Death of Roger Bacon – greatest scientist of his time, Death of Kublai Khan the
Governor of China and Mongolia, Hanseatic cities recognize Lubeck as their
leading member, Pope Celestine V elected then renounces the throne, Pope
Boniface VIII elected, Death of Roger Bacon - inventor of experimental method,
Boniface VIII elected pope but forced to resign, and Benedict XI elected and dies,
probably poisoned, Death of Kublai Khan, Celestine V the hermit Peter of
Morrone named Pope – resigns after five months, Boniface VIII named pope –
lawyer diplomat and practiser of magic arts to 1303, Roger Bacon dies, Kublai
Khan dies, Begin papacy of Boniface VIII 24 Dec (Benedetto Caetani Anagni)
Alliance between France and Scotland, early English miracle play “The
Harrowing of Hell” Death of Dutch poet Jacob van Maertant, Cinabue creates
“Madonna with St. Francis at Assisi”, Marco Polo returns to Italy, Model
parliament convenes in London, but most of the clergy quits, First representative
Parliament in England, Marco Polo returns from China and is captured and begins
to write adventures, Model Parliament of Edward I, Temur Oljaitu (Ch’eng Tsung)
grandson of Emperor of China to 1307, Model Parliament of Edward I – knights
and burgesses from English shires and towns summoned – first representative
parliament, First parliament summoned in England, Marco Polo, Model
Parliament is summoned, Balliol refuses to join with Edward and allies with
French "Auld Alliance Marco Polo returns to Italy from China, First regular
summoning of Parliament in England, Marco Polo returns to Venice
Edward I defeats Scots at Dunbar and captures John Baliol of Scotland – Stuart
alliance with France (Auld Alliance), Frederick II becomes King of Sicily,
Jalaluddin of Delhi murdered – succeeded by Alauddin Khilji, Scottish coronation
stone moved from Scone to Westminster, John of Luxembourg, son of Henry VIII
born and named future King of Bohemia, building of Florence Cathedral started,
Marco Polo writes in prison, End of John Balliol as King of Scotland when
deposed by Edward I of England – Interregnum in Scotland until 1306, Conflict
between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VII over Papal powers in France
to 1303, Edward invades Scotland and deposes king. Removes stone of Scone to
Westminster, Edward I defeats Scots at Dunbar and captures John Baliol of
Scotland - Stuart alliance with France (Auld Alliance)
Scots rise against English rule under William Wallace and defeat Edward at
Sterling Bridge, first Irish parliament meets in Dublin, Genoese defeat Venetians
in sea battle at Curzola, Moas die out in New Zealand , William Wallace tries to
free SCO from ENG rule – Battle of Cambuskenneth, King confirms certain
liberties to people, Scots rebel against English rule. Led by William Wallace,
defeat Edward, Marco Polo publishes, King Edward I of England confirms
liberties in charter - foundation of no taxation without representation, Scots rise
against English rule under William Wallace and defeat Edward, first Irish
paraliament meets in Dublin
1298 William Wallace of Scotland defeated at Falkirk but starts guerilla war to 1305,
King (Saint) Louis canonized by Rome, death of Adolf Count of Nassau the
German King, Marco Polo begins to dictate his memoirs in Genoese jail, Adolf of
Nassau dethroned by electors and killed in Battle of Golhleim – succeeded as
German king by Albert I of Austria, Jacobus de Baragine author of “The Golden
Legend” dies, spinning wheel invented, longbow revolutionizes warfare at Battle
of Falkirk, Marco Polo imprisoned in Genoa and writes account of travels in Asia,
End of Adolf Count of Nassau as HRE, Edward I defeats William Wallace at
battle of Falkirk and reconquers Scotland, Edward invades Scotland, defeating
William Wallace, Marco Polo publishes account of his travels in Asia, William
Wallace of Scotland defeated at Falkirk but starts guerilla war to 1305, King
(Saint) Louis canonized by Rome
1299 Death of Eric II of Norway, Treaties between Venice and Turks, France and
Germany, Palazzo Vecchio built in Venice
1300 Ife culture of W Africa produces brasses, Osman I founds Ottoman dynasty in
Turkey, Incas begin to expand throughout Andes, Hawaiians start to develop class
structure as a result of economic growth, Stone temples (marae) erected on
Raratonga, Cook Islands, Huge stone statues erected on Easter Island, Tower of
London completed, Jubilee year pronounced by Pope Boniface VIII, Edward I
invades Scotgland, Wenceslas II of Bohemia elected king of Poland, “Aucassin et
Nicolette” famous French love story written, development of Chinese drama,
Giovanni Pisano created “Madonna”, Building of St. Mary the Virgin at Oxford,
professional musical entertainers in France - “Jongleurs”, apothecaries become
popular in German cities, Urine analysis becomes diagnostic means, temporary
end of European slave trade, Trade fairs at Bruges, Antwerp, Lyons and Geneva,
Start of Bubonic plague outbreak lasting until the 1720s, European monks invent
escapement clock, Founding of Ottoman Empire under Osman, eyeglasses first
used commonly in Europe, This era Minamoto shoguns in Japan diminish as
Ashikaga shoguns rule, Osman the Turk founds territory and followers become
Ottomans, Wenceslas II becomes King of Poland, Anasazi Cliff Dwellers decline,
Aztec empire starts, East African city-states founded, Decline of the Mayan
civilization, rise of the Aztec civilization, Renaissance begins in Italy, Fremont
and Anasazi disappear from Utah, Papal jubilee in Rome, SW N American
farming cultures in decline after period of drought, Italian merchants develop
double-entry bookkeeping, European population reaches 73 million, decline of
Anasazi and other farmers of SW deserts, Renaissance era begins, Ife culture of
W Africa produces brasses, Osman I founds Ottoman dynasty in Turkey, Incas
begin to expand throughout Andes, Hawaiians start to develop class structure as a
result of economic growth, Stone temples (marae) erected on Raratonga, Cook
Islands, Huge stone statues erected on Easter Island
1301 Andrew III of Hungary last of the Arpads dies, Osman defeats Byzantines at
Baphaion, Edward I’s son becomes Prince of Wales, pulpit in the Posa Cathedral
created by Giovanni Pisano, Osman defeats Byzantines, Edward I of England
invests baby son Edward as Prince of Wales, Edward makes son Prince of Wales,
Papal bull against Philip of France burned by Philip
1302 Death of Florentine painter Cimabue, Anglo-Scot truce, First meeting of French
States General, Dante exiled from Florence, Papal bull “Unam sanctam” re-asserts
papal supremacy, Dominican John of Paris defies authority of papacy, Battle of
Courtrai (Golden Spurs or Kortrijk) Burghers of Flanders defeat the flower of
French chivalry and save country from French occupation, Papal Bull Unam
Sanctam declares papal authority to be supreme, French Knights defeated at
Courtrai by Flemish, Fall of Ruad - Crusaders expelled from Holy Land,
Territorial expansion of Muscovy, French knights defeated by Flemings at
Courtrai, second Papal Bull against Philip of France
1303 Pope Boniface VIII quarrels with Philip IV of France and dies a prisoner in the
Vatican, Rome U founded, Bernard of Gordon makes first medical reference to
spectacles, start of “little ice age”, Edward I increases free trade in England,
Death of Pope Boniface VIII ends conflict between Pope and France, Gullaume
de Nogaret an emissary of Philip IV of France captures Pope Bomiface VII at
Anagni ITAL and ill-treats him – Pope rescued by citizens of Anagni but dies
soon after – Benedict XI Pope to 1304, Halley's Comet, Knights Templar last to
leave out of Palestine, 11 Oct End papacy of Boniface VIII who tried to tax
Europe, 22 Oct Clement V new pope
1304 death of RUdiger Manesse the collector of minnesingers’ songs, Giotto di
Bondone begins painting frescos at Arena chapel, Death of Pope Benedict XI,
Petrarch the Italian poet born,
1305 William Wallace of Scotland captured and beheaded by England, Death of
Wenceslas II of Bohemia Poland and Hungary, Pope Clement V elected, Giotto
paints “Life of Christ” and “Last Judgement”, Edward I standardizes yard and
acre, William Wallace of SCO executed by English, Clement V moves Papacy to
France – start of Babylonian Captivity until 1377/8 for next 7 popes, Clement V
named Pope (Bertrand de Got Archbishop of Bordeaux) to 1314, Frescoes of
Arena Chapel in Padua painted by Giotto William Wallace executed in London,
"Babylonian Captivity" (papacy in Avignon) begins Pope Clement V (Bertrand de
Got Bordeaux) elected Jun 5, William Wallace of Scotland captured and beheaded
by England
1306 Robert Bruce assumes Wallace’s role and is crowned at Scone Scotland in
defiance of English – defeated by English at Methuen and Dalry, becomes Robert
I, Wenceslas III last of the Premyslids dies – Albert invests son Rudolf with
Bohemia, death of Jacopone da Todi author of “Stabat Mater”, Philip IV expels
Jews from France, Pietro d’ Abano becomes professor of medicine at Padua U,
Delhi Sultanate expels Mongols, expands through India, Robert Bruce seeks to
free SCO from ENG after execution of William Wallace – Robert named King of
Scotland ending interregnum, Philip IV expels Jews from France, Robert Bruce
crowned king of Scotland, Robert Bruce assumes Wallace's role and is crowned at
Scone Scotland in defiance of English, becomes Robert I
1307 End of Edward I of England, Begin Edward II of England, legendary Rutli vow of
the three Swiss cantons, Dante composes “Divina Commedia” Archbishopric of
Peking set up, completion of Lincoln Cathedral tower, Kankan Mansa Musa
becomes King of Mali to 1332, death of Edward I King of England on march to
crush Robert Bruce, Edward II King of England to 1327, Edward restricts Papal
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
ability to collect taxes, Edward I dies, Edward II becomes king, Edward attempts
to invade Scotland, dies en route, Edward II becomes king, Bruce begins
movement to drive English out, Wins battles, Dante writes <i>The Divine
Comedy</i>, Parliament of Carlisle restricts papal power in England, Death of
Edward I of England, war between Scotland and England, Edward II reigns
Papal court moves to Avignon, Great Schism follows, Montaillou France, last
refuge of Cathar Christians, suffers from corrupt Catholic priest – 2 million die in
crusade against Cathar heretics, Clergue (the priest) seducing women, end of
Albert I of Austria ruling as German king when he is murdered – Henry VII
Count of Luxembourg elected German king, coronation of Edward II, death of
Duns Scotus the Scottish theologian, King Philip IV purchases Hotel des Nesle
and builds early indoor tennis court, Philosopher Duns Scotus of England dies,
Corpse of Sister Chiara de Montefalco dissected by fellow nuns in Umbria. They
describe stones in the gallbladder and crucifix in the heart, Henry VII names HRE
to 1313, Duccio paints, Edward's favourite, Piers Gaveston, exiled Scotland:
Bruce ravages lands of Earl of Buchan, Death of Roger Bacon, scholar, death of
Duns Scotus, philosopher, Papal court moves to Avignon, Great Schism follows,
Montaillou France, last refuge of Cathar Christians, suffers from corrupt Catholic
priest - 2 million die in crusade against Cathar heretics, Clergue (the priest)
seducing women
Clement V (Frenchman) fixes papal residence at Avignon – start of “Babylonian
Captivity”, Doge’s palace in Venice built on site of earlier palaces, Marchettus of
Padua pleads for introduction of counterpoint into musical composition, founding
of Orleans U, Pope Clement V moves to Avignonm begins "Babylonian
Captivity" , Giotto de Bondone finishes painting frescoes, Pope Clement V moves
papacy from Rome to Avignon France, Gaveston returns from France, Douglasses
join with Bruce in Scotland to fight English, Knights of St John capture Rhodes,
Clement V (Pope) runs away to France to escape Italian turmoil
One of the “Good Men” Pierre Autlier burned in France, John of Luxembourd
born 1296 finally rules as King of Bohemia, Council of Ten established in Venice,
Edward II forced to appoint Lords Ordainers for better ruling of England, First
use of mechanical clocks, Shoes began to be made for right and left feet, English
barons appoint 21 peers – Lords Ordainers – to manage Edward II’s household,
Parliament sets up committee of Lords to regulate King. Cousin Thomas, Earl of
Lancaster in control, Scots recapture towns held by English, Knights Templar
burned at the stake, Hospitallers (St. John) established on Rhodes, John of
Luxembourg becomes king of Bohemia, One of the "Good Men" Pierre Autlier
burned in France
Death of Arnold of Cillanova the Italian physician and alchemist, Scots plunder N
England, Pope Benedict XI convenes Council of Vienne, Edward II of England
forced to accept rule of Barons
Treaty of Vienne – Lyons encorporated into France, Henry VII of Luxembourg
crowned emperor in Rome, Canary islands rediscovered by Genoa, Order of
Knights Templars abolished for malpractices, Piers Gaveston kidnapped and
killed, Mansa Musa rules Mali, Order of Knights Templar dissolved
1313 Henry VII of Luxembourg dies, death of Hugo von Trimberg the German poet,
German Grey Friar Berthold Schwartz (re) invents gunpowder, Dante's <i>Divine
Comedy</i> begun
1314 Scots defeat England at battle of Bannockburn, death of Philip IV the Fair –
succeeded by three sopns Louis X Philip V and Charles IV, death of Pope
Clement V – vacancy for two years, double election of Frederick of Austria and
Louis of Bavaria, Battle of Bannockburn – Robert Bruce’s Scots rout English
under Edward II, Jacques de Molay Grand Master of the Templars burned at the
stake in Paris for alleged heresy, Completion of old St. Paul’s Cathedral in
London, Dante begins Divine Comedy in Italy, Edward II leads army to crush
rebellious Scots under Robert Bruce and is defeated at Battle of Bannockburn –
Scottish independence, death of Philip IV the Fair King of France – Louis X the
Quarrelsome rules to 1316, death of Pope Clement V, Louis IV HRE to 1347 in
civil war with rival Frederick of Austria, Battle of Bannockburn between Scotland
and England where Scots get independence, Edward & English beaten at Battle of
Bannockburn by Robert Bruce. Scottish independence, Pope Clement V dies, no
Pope until 1316, War between Wittelsbachs and Habsburgs ends with victory for
Louis IV of Wittelsbach, Battle of Bannockburn between England and Scotland
results in defeat for English, Scots defeat England at battle of Bannockburn
1315 Belfast Ireland suffers three years of late freezes, Leopold of Austria defeated at
Morgarten – Swiss league renewed, Lyons silk industry developed by Italian
immigrants, flood and starvation in England - Start of Great European Famine
killing 7.5 million until 1317, height of Mali Empire, Swiss defeat Leopold of
Austria at Battle of Morgarten, Edward Bruce, Robert's brother accepts crown of
Ireland, Belfast Ireland suffers three years of late freezes
1316 End of Louis X of France, Edward Bruce crowned king of Ireland, Muberak
becomes last of Khilji rulers of Delhi, Pope John XXII elected, Modinus'
Anatomy published in Italy, Search for Prester John in Ethiopia a legendary
Christian emperor – friars sent by Catholic Church, death of Louis X the
Quarrelsome of France Joun I rules briefly then Philip V until 1322 John XXII
Pope to 1334, Pope John XXII elected, Jacques d'Euse (French)
1317 End of Ireland crop freezes, Death of King Louis X, Salic Law excluding women
from succession to throne adopted in France, End Great European Famine killing
7.5 million, Pope John XXII condemns alchemy, France adopts Salic Law
excluding women from rule, Christian Makkura overthrown by Muslims in Africa,
End of Ireland crop freezes, Death of King Louis X
1318 Edward Bruce killed in Battle of Faughart near Dundalk, truce between Swiss
League and Hapsburgs, death of German mastersinger Heinrich Frauenlob von
Meissen, Swiss make peace with Habsburgs
1320 Inquisition re-heats in France “Convert or Die”, Declaration of Arbroath Nobles
and church in Scotland pledge to support Robert, death of Giovanni Pisano the
Italian sculptor, death of Henri de Mondeville the French surgeon and anatomist,
death of Muberak of Delhi and end of Khilji line, Peace of Paris between Flanders
and France, Vladislav I Lokietek crowned King of Poland in Krakau, First
European use of cannons, End of Khalji Dynasty in Delhi – Tughluk Dynasty
founded by Turk Ghidyas-ud-din Tughluk to 1413, Welsh barons Hugh
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
Despenser get favor, Declaration of Arbroath asking for Pope to recognize
Scotland signed and sent, Edward II forced to abdicate by queen and her lover
Roger Mortimer - Edward III becomes king, Edward II murdered, Inquisition reheats in France "Convert or Die", Declaration of Arbroath Nobles and church in
Scotland pledge to support Robert
Tughluq dynasty founded in Delhi, Brunings begin in French inquisition, death of
Dante Alighieri right after penning Paradisio, Monte Cassino becomes bishopric,
Dante Alighieri dies, <i>Divine Comedy</i> published, Tughluq dynasty founded
in Delhi, Brunings begin in French inquisition
Death of Chao Meng-fu the Chinese painter of the reansitional era between Sung
and Yuan dynasties, death of Philip V of France, Battle of Muhldorf – Frederick
of Austria defeated and taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria, pope forbids use of
counterpoint in church music, Charles IV the Fair King of France to 1328, Baron's
rebellion crushed
Thomas Aquinas canonized, Truce between Edward II and Brude doesn't stop
fighting
Emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa, makes pilgrimage to Mecca, death of Parco Polo,
Death of Pope John XXII, Burgos Cathedral consecrated, Mansa Musa's Hajj,
Marco Polo dies, Emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa, makes pilgrimage to Mecca
Aztecs found city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), Louis of Bavaria accepts
Frederick of Austria as coregent, development of No plays in Japan, organ pedals
come into use, “Tournai Mass” the first polyphonic mass still existing, Beginning
of the Italian Renaissance (approx), Tenochititlan (Mexico City) founded by
Aztecs – traditional date, Tenochtítlan established by the Aztecs (Future Mexico
City)
Death of Mondino di Luzzi the Italian astronomer, death of Osman I the founder
of Ottoman Empire, Isabella wife of Edward II and her lover Roger Mortimer
invade England and capture the king, founding of Oriel College in Oxford and
Clare College in Cambridge, First Polish War – Teutonic Knights defeat Poles to
1333, Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer sail from France with army to rebel
against Edward II of England, Cannon first used in Europe by Florentine army,
Osman I (Ottoman) dies, Edward's wife, Isabella, leaves him for lover Roger
Mortimer. They seize power and put Despensers to death,
Edward II murdered and Edward III reigns, Death of Meister Eckhart the German
preacher and mystic, Aztecs establish Mexico City, great fire of Munich, Grand
Canal constructed in China, England, Parliament declares Edward II deposed and
son Edward III rules – Edward II murdered, HRE Louis IV invades Italy and
declares Pope John XXII deposed, in this time Roger Mortimer was lover of
Queen Isabel of England whose brother was King of France, Petrarch meets Laura,
Queen of England's lover, Roger Mortimer forces king to abdicate and Edward III
rules - Edward II murdered shortly thereafter, Edward deposed by Edward III,
murdered by wife Isabella, Stot Bruce invades England to get England to
recognize independence, Edward II forced to abdicate by queen and her lover
Roger Mortimer - Edward III becomes king, Edward II murdered
Treaty of Edinburgh where English formally recognize Bruce as king of Scotland,
death of Charles IV of France – last Capet- succeeded by Philip VI of the House
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
of Valois, Louis IV of Bavaria crowned emperor in Rome and declares Pope John
XXII deposed for heresy, Ivan I Grand Duke of Russia makes Moscow his capital,
invention of the sawmill, Moscow becomes seat of Russian Church, ENG
recognizes SCO independence with Robert Bruce as king, end of Charles IV the
Fair King of France – Philip VI rules to 1350 as first king of House of Valois,
Death of Andronicus II, French wins Flemish from Cassel, last French male heir
dies, Edward III claims French throne, French choose Philip of Valois (Philip VI),
English recognize independence of Scotland - Treaty of Edinburgh, Bruce
recognized King of Scots, End of the Capetian dynasty of France, Death of
Andronicus II of Constantinople, French knights win against Flemings at Cassel,
Treaty of Edinburgh where English formally recognize Bruce as king of Scotland
Death of Robert Bruce (Robert I) of Scotland - rule of David II, Compact of Pavia
– separation of Bavaria and Palatinate, Philippe de Vitry coins the name “Ars
nova” for new contrapoint style of music, Death of Robert I the Bruce of Scotland
– David II rules after his father to 1371, Robert Bruce of Scotland dies of Leprosy,
David II (son) becomes king, Death of Robert Bruce (Robert I) of Scotland, rule
of David II
Death of Frederick of Austria – in the treaty of Hagenau the Hapsburgs recognize
Louis IV of Bavaria as emperor, monastery of Ettal Bavaria founded, Paris
Musicians’ Guild created – Menetriers (443 years), Starting year of world’s
deadliest plague pandemic killing 75 million by 1351, Edward takes power from
Mother and Roger Mortimer, Dultanate of Delhi maxed under Muhammad ibn
Tughluk
Stephen IV Dushan – founds Greater Serbia, disputed imperial succession in
Japan leads to civil war against Hojo regents, first record of weaving in England
at York, Serbian empire of Stephen Dushban dominates Balkans Black Death
begins in E Asia
Deadliest flood and famine in China, Edward Baliol crowned King of Scots –
recognizes Edward III as overlord, Lucerne joins Swiss League, First record of
Parliament being divided into two houses, company of mastersingers formed at
Toulouse, Bubonic plague wave originates in India, End of Kankan Mansa Musa
the King of Mali, Edward Balloil son of John attempts to take Scottish crown with
help of English – droven back to England, Parliament divided into houses of
Lords and Commons, Edward Balliol invades Scotland and forces David II into
exile, Deadliest flood and famine in China
Chinese famine, Death of Vladislav I Lokierek King of Poland dies, Casmir III of
Poland rules, Yusuf I Caliph of Granada – zenith of Arabic civilization in
Granada, End of Kamakura period of Japan with end of Hojo clan – Emperor
Daigo II overthrows Hojo family and rules to 1336, end of First Polish War with
Teutonic Knights defeating Poles, Edward III invades Scotland and defeats Scots
at battle of Halidon Hill, End of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, Scottish army
defeated by English, Go-Daigo of Japan tries to restore direct imperial rule, Noh
drama of Japan founded under Kan'ami Kiyotsugo (born this year), Turks control
East Empire minus one strip of Constantinople, Chinese famine
Death of Pope John XXII – Pope Benedict XII elected, palace of the popes built
in Avignon, Giotto begins to build campanile at Florence, Death of Pope John
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
XXII – Benedict XII to 1342, 4 December Pope John XXII dies, 20 Dec Pope
Benedict XII elected (French - Jacques Fournier Saverdun)
Ashikaga Takauji (Japanese general) rebels against Emperor, Louis IV invests the
Hapsburgs with Carinthia, Pope Benedict XII issues reforms for monastic orders,
Ashikaga Takauji (Japanese general) rebels against Emperor
Hindu empire of Vijayanagar in India founded by Harihara I becomes center of
resistance to Islam, End of Emperor Daigo II of Japan – Revolution with
Ashikaga family ruling as shoguns and Daigo II exiled – civil war to 1392 and
Ashiga family to 1568, Beginning of the Ashikaga shogunate of Japan, Hindu
empire of Vijayanagar in India founded by Harihara I becomes center of
resistance to Islam
Edward III of England claims French throne, start of 100 years war (to 1453),
death of Italian painter Giotto, Death of Frederick II King of Sicily, Edward III
claims French crown and assumes title of King of France, William Merlee of
Oxford attempts first scientific weather forecasts, Start of Hundred Years' War,
Start of Hundred Years’ War – first period characterized with England conquering
much of France until 1360, Edward III provoked by French attacks on territories –
War ends 1453, France and England begin Hundred Years' War, Start of 100
year's war in France, English attention over the channel, Death of Mansa Musa of
Mali, Hundred Years War begins, Unofficial start of conflicts called Hundred
Years War between France and England, Edward III of England claims French
throne, start of 100 years war (to 1453)
Japanese generals overthrow emperor forming the Ashikaga shoguns, French burn
Portsmouth, Alliance of Coblenz between Louis IV and Edward III, founding of
Pisa U, Hundred Years’ War to 1453 – Declaration of Rense – electors of HRE
declare empire independent from papacy, treaty of Coblenz between England and
HRE, Japanese generals overthrow emperor forming the Ashikaga shoguns
Venice conquers Treviso and gains first mainland possession, Founding of
Grenoble U
English defeat French off Sluys – French occupy Guienne, Guillaume de Machaut
named the greatest musician of his day, Queens College at Oxford founded,
Attachers catapult deat horses at castle of Thun L’Eveque in France, First
European paper factory in Italy, Naval victory at Sluys gives England command
of English channel, Parliament passes statutes providing taxes only by Parliament,
Edward III of England receives allegiance of 3 cities of Flanders, Naval battle off
Flemish coast, Edward III receives oath of allegiance from cities of Flanders,
naval engagements at Flemish coast between French and English results in French
defeat
Death of Ivan I Grand Duke of Russia, Petrarch crowned poet on the Capitol in
Rome, Black Plague hits China, Francesco Petrarch made poet laureate of Rome,
Mali Kingdom under Sulaiman to 1360, Andrew Christie-Cleek the Scottish
cannibal lived at this time, Sulaiman becomes King of Mali to 1360, Italian poet
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarxa) crowned Poet Laureate at capitol in Rome, John
Cantacuzenus usurps Byzantines, David II invades Scotland, Balliol expelled,
Usurper John Cantacuzens calls Turks in to help take over East e
1342 Death of Pope Benedict XII – Pope Clement VI elected, Louis of Bavaria son of
Louis IV marries Margaret of Tirol (the Ugly Duchess) and acquires Tirol and
Carinthia, Death of Pope Benedict XII – Clement VI Pope to 1352, 25 Apr Pope
Benedict XII dies, 7 May, Pope Clement VI appointed (Pierre Roger Limoges French Pope)
1343 William of Ockham argues for separation of church and state, Black plague eases
in China, William of Occam's Dialogus published, Peace of Kalisch gives
Teutonic Knights land barring Poland from accessing Baltic Sea
1344 Death of Simone Martini the Italian painter, Philip VI invests his son Philip with
the newly created dukedom of Orleans, St. Vitus’ Cathedral in Prague begun by
Matthew of Arras, First known use of term Hanseatic League
1345 Bankruptcy of the great Florentine banking houses of Bardi and Peruzzi, Ottoman
Turks cross into Europe to help Byzantine Emperor John Cantacuzene with civil
war, Truce in 100 Years' War ends
1346 English defeat French at Battle of Crecy, Plague outbreak begins through 1353,
Battle of Neville’s Cross where Scotland attacks England but fails and king David
II is captured until 1357, death of John of Luxembourg as king of Bohemia,
French defeated at Crecy, Tartars attack Caffa and send plague-infected bodies
over the wall, Edward III invades France and defeats large army under Philip VI
at battle of Crecy with help of longbows, Stephen Dushan King of Serbs crowned
King of Serbs and Greeks, Battle of Neville’s cross – David II of Scotland
defeated and captured by English, English capture Caen , David II of Scotland
invades England, but defeated and captured 11 years, French defeat, Begin Black
Plague (total of 24 million die 46-51), Louis IV of Wittelsbach loses imperial title
to Charles of Luxembourg, English land at Normandy, heightening the conflict,
Battle of Crecy results in English Victory, English defeat French at Battle of
Crecy, Plague outbreak begins through 1353, Battle of Neville’s Cross where
Scotland attacks England but fails and king David II is captured until 1357
1347 Bubonic plague reaches Europe, death of Louis of Bavaria, Calais surrenders to
Edward III, Cola di Rienzi the tribune rules Rome, Louis IV dies and Charles IV
of Luxembourg succeeds him as emperor, house of prostitution with medical
examinations established in Avignon to reduce VD, Black plague begins to
devastate Europe, Catherine of Siena born, Black Plague reaches Cyprus – Ship
from Kaffa docks in Sicily filled with plague victims, End of Louis IV HRE –
Charles IV to 1378, English capture Calais, Italian patriot Cola da Rienzi assumes
power in Rome but soon driven from office, English siege of Calais, Truce
initiated, Start of a plague epidemic, Edward captures Calais, Plague begins and
reaches Baghdad, devastates Europe, England captures Calais, Bubonic plague
reaches Europe
1348 Egypt devastated by plague, Death of Spanish poet Juan Manuel, “false
Valdemar” gains rule of Brandenburg before being exposed as swindler two years
later, Edward III founds Order of the Garter, Boccaccio writes “Decameron”,
Prague U founded by Charles IV, GOncille and Caius College at Cambridge
founded, Jews blamed and persecuted for causing black death, but Pope Clement
VI declares Jews innocent of causing Black Death, Black Plague reaches FRA
ITA GER ENG and ravages Europe to 1351, Edward III establishes Order of the
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
Garter, Black death hits England, Scotland, Boccaccio writes the
<i>Decameron</i>, Black death sweeps Europe, Egypt devastated by plague
Black plague reaches England and kills a third, Persecution of Jews in Germany,
William of Ockham the English philosopher dies, death of Andrea Pisano the
Italian sculptor, King Edward III bans all sports but archery to increase peasant
skills, Germans start persecution of Jews, Black Plague reaches POL SCAN SCO,
Persecution of Jews in Germany, William Occam devises logical reasoning,
Plague ravages Europe, Black Death, Death of William of Occam, era of Black
Plague in England
Last Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit begins to spread in SE Asia, Maoris
flourish in N Island New Zealand, start of “Little Ice Age” period, false Valdemar
exposed as swindler in Brandenburg, Philip VI of France dies and is succeeded by
John II, Treaty of Bautzen – Charles IV cedes Brandenburg and Tirol to the
Wittelsbachs, Cola di Tienzi imprisoned in Prague, Li Hsing Tao writes the
famous play “The Chalk Circle”, cathedral at Palma in Majorca, Completion of
Bergamo Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral, Edward III of England begins to
rebuild Windsor Castle, center of French music moves from Paris to Cambrai,
Lute playing popular in Europe, Mastersinger movement in Germany, popular
German figure Till Eulenspiegel dies, Shogun of Japan prohibits drinking of tea,
Rise of Humanist philosophy, Death of Philip VI King of France – John II rules to
1364, Pedro the Cruel King of Castile to 1369, John the Good becomes King of
France, Beginning of the Renaissance, Black Death (ending), Marine premium
insurance begins in Genoa, John the Good becomes king of France, Turks start
attacking Eastern Europe, Last Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit begins to
spread in SE Asia, Maoris flourish in N Island New Zealand, start of "Little Ice
Age" period
Zurich joins Swiss league, Firoz Shah, Sultan of Delhi, Leopold III Duke of
Austria, Jan de Weert of Ypres the Dutch Poet writes, Petrarch writes his
autobiography “Epistle to Posterity” Tennis becomes an open-air game in
England, 75 million have died due to black death, Black Plague reaches RUS,
English remove Pope’s power to give English benefices to foreigners, Gian
Galeazzo of Visconti rules Milan, Petrarch- Italian poet, moves from Rome to
Provence and begins to write <i>Rime</i>, Gian Galeazzo rules the House of
Visconti in Milan - Duke of Milan
Ibn Battuta begins survey of Africa, End of plague outbreaks, Death of Pope
Clement VI, Glarus and Zug join Swiss League, Rienzi extradited to Rome, Pope
Innocent VI elected, Arab geographer Ibn Battuta explores Sahara desert, Corpus
Christi College in Oxford founded, Death of Pope Clement VI, Gian Galeazzo of
Visconti rules Milan, Petrarch- Italian poet, moves from Rome to Provence and
begins to write <i>Rime</i>, Gian Galeazzo rules the House of Visconti in Milan
- Duke of Milan
Ibn Battuta finishes survey of Africa in writing, end of seven years of plague,
Bern joins Swiss League, Rupert I elector palatine, death of Nicholas
d’Autrecourt the French philosopher, Statute of Praemunire – English Parliament
forbid appeal to Pope, Ibn Battuta finishes survey of Africa in writing, end of
seven years of plague
1354 Death of Yusuf I Caliph of Granada, Rienzi murdered in Rome after another
attempt to establish tyranny, Turks take Gallipoli, mechanical clock at Strasbourg
Cathedral created, Rienzi returns to power in Rome and is killed by opponents,
Ottoman Turks settle in Gallipoli, Turks make their first permanent settlement in
Europe at Gallipoli
1355 Death of Stephen IV Dushan founder of Greater Serbia, Scots defeat Emglish at
Nesbit, Charles IV of Luxembourg crowned emperor at Rome, Stephin Dushan of
Serbia dies, Doge Marino Falieri executed in Venice, St. Mary’s Church at
Nurenberg started, death of jean de Muris the French composer, Death of John
Cantacuzenus usurper of Byzantine, End of truce in 100 years' war, End of
usurper John Cantacuzens in Constantinople, resume war between England and
France, Edward (Black Prince) of Wales plunders Europe
1356 Black Prince defeats French at Poitiers – John II and son Philip taken prisoners,
Charles IV issues “Golden Bull” settling election of German kings, Switzerland
quake kills 1000 est. 6.5, John Mandeville publishes fictional “Travels”
describing the phoenix, vegetable lamb, gold-guarding griffins and gold-digging
ants, Golden Bull – new constitution for HRE with seven electors, Edward the
Black Prince son of Edward III defeats French at Potiers and captures King John,
John marched south and meets Black Prince (Edward of Wales), Renaissance
unofficially begins, Black Prince defeats French, Charles IV issuses Golden Bull
ending papal role in imperial elections, King John of France fights Black Prince
Edward, English win and take John the Good and son prisoner
1357 David II of Scotland released from English prison, Revolution in Paris against the
Dauphin, led by Marcel and Robert le Coq, Hugo von Montfort the German poet
from Styria born, French Estates-General led by merchant Etienne Marcel
attempts reforms, David II released, returns to Scotland with huge ransom (King's
ransom?), David II of Scotland released from English prison
1358 Jacquerie Revolt – peasant uprising in north of Paris, death of French scholar Jean
Buridan, The Hapsburgs – twice defeated at Zurich – sign peace treaty with Swiss
league, Poet Giovanni Boccacio of Italy publishes<i> decameron</i> The
<i>Jacquerie</i> revolt by French peseants/ suppressed by regent Charles – son
of John II, French peasant revolt -Jacquerie, Jacquerie rebellion in N Paris France,
French peasant revolt
1359 Hailstorm in Chartres France - see 1360, treaty of London restores French
possessions once held by Henry II of England to English crown, nave of St.
Stephens in Vienna started, Hailstorm in Chartres France - see 1360
1360 Hailstorm in Chartres, FRA stops English soldiers under Edward III, Treaty of
Calais between Edward III and Philip of Burgundy, Ca d’Oro created in Venice,
Alcazar de Seville created, beginnings of clavichord and cembalo instruments,
first francs coined in France, Peace of Bretigny suspends 100 Years' War, Death
of Sulaiman King of Mali Empire, End of first phase of Hundred Years’ War as
Treaty of Bretigny signed granting much of France to ENG – next 36 years see
French regaining territory – Edward gives up claim to French throne, Peace of
Brétigny pauses 100 years' War, Peace of Bretigny between England and France,
Hailstorm in Chartres, FRA stops English soldiers under Edward III
1361 Philippe de Vitry the French composer dies, Black Death reappears in England,
Japanese quake and tsunami, From capital at Samarkand Timur the Lame leads
resurgence of Mongol power
1362 North Sea flood, Iceland volcano eruptions, death of Pope Innocent VI – Pope
Urban V elected, Dimitri IV Donskoi named Grand Duke of Moscow, “Piers
Plowman” poem created in Middle English, England - Langland's <i>Piers
Plowman</i> poem, Pope Innocent VI dies 12 Sep, Pope Urban V appointed
(Guillaume Grimoard) 28 Sep, North Sea flood, Iceland volcano eruptions,
possible visitation of Swedes and Norwegians to Americas according to disputed
Kensington Runestone
1363 Rudolf IV of Austria obtains Tirol, Timur the Lame (Tamerlaine) begins conquest
of Asia, Guy de Chirac writes “Chirurgia magna” regarding surgery in the middle
ages, Plague lessens in Europe, Guy de Chaulic's Great Surgery, Tamerlane
(Timur the Lame) begins conquest of Asia, Philip the Bold son of John II
becomes Duke of Burgundy, David II Scot unable to keep paying ransom, returns
to England to bequeath Scot throne to Edward III
1364 John II of France dies and Charles V rules, Papct of succession between Hapsburg
and Luxembourg dynasties signed at Brno (Moravia), revolts in Crete against
Venetian rule, Guillaume de Machaut writes “Mass for four voices” for the
coronation of Charles V at Rheims, Aztecs of Mexico build capital Tenochtitlan,
Death of John II of France, Charles V the Wise becomes King of France after
father dies in captivity to 1380, Charles the Wise (V) becomes king of France,
Parliament refuses to accept David II's ransom deal, Charles V the Wise rules
France
1365 Charles V crowned king of Burgundy at Arles, Leopold III named duke of Austria,
founding of Vienna U, Aztec mercenaries for Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco,
Adrianople taken by Murad the Turk
1366 Statute of Kilkenny enforces writ of English law in Ireland, Adrianople made
Turkish capuital, English Parliament refuses to pay feudal dues to the pope,
Petrarch writes “Canzoniere”, Meier Abdeli completes El Transito Synagogue at
Toledo, the Fuggers come as weavers to Augsburg, Statute of Kilkenny enforces
writ of English law in Ireland
1367 400,000 in India massacred after Delhi Sultanate defeats Hindu Vijayanager,
Confederation of Cologne – 77 Hanse towns prepare for struggle with Denmark
1368 Mongols driven out of China – Zhu Yuanzhang founds Ming dynasty as Yuan
dynasty ends, Mongol Yuan dynasty in China overthrown by national Ming
dynasty, Timur ascends throne of Samarkand, restoration of Great Wall of China,
Ming Dynasty expels Mongols, Ming Dynasty begins in China to 1644 with end
of Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty when overthrow led by Chu Yuan-chang, Ming
Dynasty of China begins as Mongol rule overthrown, Start of Ming dynasty of
China by Zhu Yuanzhang
1369 Venice repels Hungarian invasion, Chaucer writes “The Book of the Duchesse”,
building of the Bastille in Paris, End of Peace of Bretingy, re-start 100 Years' War,
death of Blanche of Lancaster and husband John of Gaunt (Ghent) 3rd son of
Edward III of ENG takes her titles and virtually rules ENG, death of Pedro the
Cruel King of Castile, Tamerlane becomes king of Samarkand, start of second
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
stage of Hundred Years War between England and France, Charles V of France
sets to re-conquer territories, France begins to reorganize its territories;
Construction begins on first Great Wall of China
Geoffrey Chaucer writes Book of the Duchess, Acamapitchtli chosen as king of
Aztecs, Death of Casmir III of Poland, Black Prince sacks Limoges, Casimir III of
Poland last of the House of Piasts dies – Louis of Hungary elected king, Death of
Pope Urban V – Pope Gregory Xi elected, Carthusian monks build the
Charterhouse in London, steel crossbow used as weapon of war, first use of the
word “million”, Japanese playwrights Kanami Kiyotsugu and Zeami Motokiyo
establish, Theologian Nicole Oresme publishes book detailing natural phenomena
discouraging attribution to God or demons, Peace of Stralsund establishes power
of Hanse towns with right to veto Danish kings, Edward the Black Prince sacks
Limoges, Gregory XI pope to 1378, Pope Urban V dies, 30 Dec Pope Gregory Xi
appointed (Pierre Roger de Beaufort Limoges) French, Turkish Timur the Lame
terrorized Middle East, Sicán state (Andes) conquered by Chimú, Kingdom of
Vijayanagara dominates southern India, Geoffrey Chaucer writes Book of the
Duchess, Acamapitchtli chosen as king of Aztecs
Death of David II of Scotland – rule of Robert II and House of Stewart, English
defeat Flemings at Bourgneuf, Death of David II of Scotland, Robert II rules to
1390 – first Stuart monarch, David II Scot dies. Nephew Robert Stewart crowned
Robert II, hands power over to son John, Earl of Carrick, Death of David II of
Scotland - – rule of Robert II
French defeat English and take Poitiers, Angouleme and La Rochelle, Owen-apThomas the self-styled Pricne of Wales aided by French – captures Guernsey,
Oxford becomes spiritual center of England, French troops recapture Poitou and
Brittany, Naval battle of La Rochelle – French regain control of English Channel,
English fleet defeated at La Rochelle
Treaty of Anglo-Portuguese friendship lasts over 600 years, John of Gaunt
invades France from Calais to Bordeaux, Charles IV gains Brandenburg from the
Wittelsbachs, Tunnage and poundage imposed on merchants in England, John of
Gaunt Duke of Lancaster son of Edward III leads English invasion of France,
Treaty of Anglo-Portuguese friendship lasts over 600 years
Death of Petrarch (Francesci Petrarca) the Italian poet, death of Ni Tsan the
Chinese painter and poet, unexplained dancing mania hits Aix-la-Chapelle –
possibly St. Vitus’ Dance, Possible and strange date for Pied Piper event in
Hamelin GER based on town chronicle written in 1384, death of Petrarch the
Italian poet, John of Gaunt returns to England and takes charge of government –
Edward III in his dotage and the Black Prince ill, Poet Petrarch dies
Giovanni Boccacio the Florentine novelist dies, Truce of Bruges between England
and France, Mamelukes take Sis – end of Armenian independence, John Barbour
writes “The Bruce” “Robin Hood” appears in popular English literature,
Hanseatic League regulates weights and measures, Truce of Bruges ends
hostilities between England and France
death of The Black Prince, Wenceslas son of Charles IV crowned king of Romans,
Plague of rats in Hamelin GER becomes confused with Pied Piper story, Good
Parliament in England called by Edward the Black Prince – government reform,
1377
1378
1379
1380
Death of Edward the Black Prince, John Wyclif prints <i>Civil Dominion</i>
calling for Church reforms, England's "Good Parliament" summoned to give more
$$ for the war, St. Catherine of Siena persuades Papacy to return to Rome,
Parliament gets power to impeach Lords - Alice Perrers, mistress, dismissed,
Death of Edward, black prince, Wycliffe's translation of the Bible, "Good
Parliament" of England seeks for reform
Death of Edward III of England - Richard II rules in England, death of French
poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut, Pope of Gregory XI returns to Rome
from France – end of Babylonian captivity, center of music returns to Rome from
France woth Pope, Playing cards displace dice in Germany, End of Babylonian
Captivity as papacy moves back to Rome, Edward II and Edward the Black Prince
of ENG die leaving John of Gaunt as regent and Richard II King to 1399, Pope
Gregory XI returns from Captivity to Rome, Death of Edward III of England,
Richard II becomes king, Composer Guillaume de Machaut dies, Edward III dies
of stroke, Richard II formally in power, but uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of
Gloucester really rule. Pope Urban VI elected, as well as Pope Clement VII,
Richard II reigns in England, Return of Papacy to Italy when Catherine of Siena
persuades pope to return, but Gregory XI died soon after, Death of Edward III of
England, Richard II rules in England
Death of Charles IV of Luxembourg emperor – son Wenceslas IV rules, death of
Pope Gregory XI – Great Schism begins when two popes are elected – Urban VI
at Rome and Clement VII at Avignon, renewal of Anglo-French war, End of
Papal "Babylonian Captivity" Great Schism - rival Popes compete for power,
Pope Gregory XI dies in Rome and is followed by Popes Clement VII and
Benedict XIII the Antipopes, death of HRE Charles IV, Great Schism until 1417
when rival popes elected – Pope Urban VI elected but is corrupt and cruel to 1389
and Clement VII antipope at Avignon to 1394, Wenceslas IV HRE to 1400, Great
Schism - public demanded the Pope should be Italian - Pope Urban VI was
overbearing, so declared not fairly elected, Pope Clement VII also elected - one in
Italy one in Avignon, Papacy moved back to Rome by Gregory XI, End of
"Babylonian Captivity" Begin "Great Schism" Pope Gregory XI dies 26 Mar, 8
April, Pope Urban VI appointed (Bartolomeo Prignano), Great Schism - Italian vs.
French Pope Urban VI crowned and began to censure the church, college of
cardinals declared his election invalid, Pope Clement VII (French) elected and
went to France Popefight!
Treaty of Neuberg – Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories
between them, William of Wyleham founds New College at Oxford, Scottish earl
Henry Sinclair takes control of Orkney on behalf of Norwegian King Hakon VI
Magnusson, Halley's Comet
Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river mouth region of Zaire, Death of
Charles V of France and Charles VI the Mad rules, Dimitri IV of Mosc ow defeats
Mongols at Kulikov, Timur begins campaigns to Persia, Georgia, Russia, Egypt
etc., death of Catherine of Siena, Mongol Tamerlane conquers Persia, begins
expansion, death of Catherine of Siena, John Wyclif translates Bible into English,
Geoffrey Chaucer begins Canterbury tales, Death of Charles V the Wise of France,
Charles VI named to 1422, John Wycliffe begins translation of New Testament
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
from Greek to English 1300s, John Wycliffe condems Pope as Anti-Christ,
Muscovites inflict major defeat on Golden Horde at Kulikovo, Hans Fugger
founds banking concern at Augsburg - becomes largest financial house by 1500,
Death of Charles V of France, death of Bertrand du Guesclin of France - chief
soldier, Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river mouth region of Zaire
Peasants’ Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler, Anglo-French truce for six eyars,
Venice wins “Hundred Years War” against Genoa – start of flourishing of
commerce, arts and sciences, Chaucer writes “House of Fame”, Peasants' Revolt
in England, Peasants’ Revolt in England, Peasant revolt in England, Poll tax,
peasants revolt England, - Emergence of John Wycliffe and Lollards, Peasant
uprising in England, Peasants' Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler
Death of Louis of Hungary/Poland, Leopold III of Austria acquires Trieste, Turks
capture Sofia, Wycliffe expelled from Oxford for doctrines condemned by
London synod, Canterbury UK - 5.8 quake strikes during synod – some saw as
portentous, John Wyclif expelled from Oxford because of opposition to Church
doctrines, John I King of Portugal to 1433 founder of Avis Dynasty, Scots with
French army attack England, William of Wykeham founds Winchester College
Japan's No Drama begins
Death of John Wyclif the English church reformer, Anglo-Scot war renewed,
Jadviga daughter of King Louis I crowned “king” of Poland, Chaucer writes “The
Parlement of Foules” Incorporation of Fishmongers’ Company in London, Truce
between England, Scotland and France. Scots won't recognize truce. Wars again
with England, John Wycliffe dies
Anglo-French war renewed, Chaucer writes “Troilus and Cryseide” first French
court ball at wedding of Charles VI and Isabella of Bavaria, Heidelberg U
Chartered
Death of Leopold III Duke of Austria – killed by Swiss at Sempach, Grand Prince
Jagiello of Lithuania marries Jadviga of Poland and becomes Vladislav II King of
Poland, work starts on Milan cathedral, Heidelberg U founded, John of Gaunt
leads expedition to Castile to overthrow John I (fails), Start of Ming dynasty in
China, Battle of Sempach – Swiss defeat and kill Leopold III of Austria,
Chaucer's <i>Canterbury Tales</i>
Sigismund of Brandenburg son of Charles IV becomes King of Hungary by
marriage, Jean d’Arras writes a French romance, Chaucer begins “Canterbury
Tales”, Dukes and Lords control government, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
describes a merry friar who spends time with women and drink
Battle of Otterburn results in Scottish victory over English, death of Firoz Shah
the Sultan of Delhi, Scots defeat English at Battle of Chevy Chase (Otterburn),
Cologne U founded, first English bible completed, Parliament regains control in
England, Dukes and Lords control government of England, Scots defeat England
in battle, Parliament of England regains control over king, Battle of Otterburn
results in Scottish victory over English
Christian Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks at Kosovo, death of Hafiz the Persian
poet, death of Dimitri IV Donskoi the Grand Duke of Moscow, William of
Wukeham named Lord Chancellor of England, Truce between England, Scotland
and France, Bajazet I Emir of the Turks, Pope Boniface IX elected at Rome –
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
third pope, Truce in Hundred Years’ War only temporary, end of Pope Urban VI
– Boniface IX pope to 1404, Truce between England French and Scots – Richard
II assumes power ENG?, Dukes and Lords control government, 15 Oct, Pope
Urban VI dies, Pope Boniface IX appointed 2 Nov (Pietro Tomacelli), Ottoman
armies crush Serbs at Kosovo making Serbians vassals, Christian Serbs defeated
by Ottoman Turks at Kosovo
Ottoman Turks complete conquest of Asia Minor, Viracocha becomes 8th Inca
ruler, myth tells how he travels to Pacific and never returns, death of Robert II of
Scotland and rule of Robert III, death of Italian poet Antonio Pucci, Death of
Rupert I as palatine, death of Robert II of Scots – Robert III rules, Byzantines lose
last possessions in Asia Minor to Turks, Wyclif’s writings reach Bohemia,
Alhambra fortress completed in Granada Spain, Turks conquer all of Asia Minor,
death of Robert II of Scotland – Robert III rules to 1406, Ottoman Turks complete
conquest of Asia Minor, Viracocha becomes 8th Inca ruler, myth tells how he
travels to Pacific and never returns, death of Robert II of Scotland and rule of
Robert III
Priests call for mandatory conversion of Jews in Spain
Charles VI goes crazy – brother Louis becomes Duke of Orleans, Succession
dispute in japan – the Ashikagas become shoguns of Muromachi, foreigners in
England forbidden to retail goods, Jacques Gringonneur designs playing cards,
Metal type first used in Korea, End of Koryo Period in Korea, end of civil war in
Japan, The I Dynasty in Korea to 1910, Charles VI of France becomes insane,
Robert II of Scotland dies and succeeded by son John, who becomes Robert III.
Power delegated to younger brother Earl of Fife/ Duke of Albany
Bajazet subdues Bulgaria, King Wenceslas has St. John of Nepomuk murdered in
Prague, Gothic Town Hall of Thorne built
Richard II starts on expedition to Ireland, Wenceslas taken prisoner by cousin
Jobst of Moravia, Constance of Castile and Leon the wife of John of Gaunt of
ENG dies and he marries mistress Katherine Swynford and their children
surnamed Beaufort and declared legitimate after marriage, end po antipope
Clement VII, Benedict XIII antipope at Avignon to 1423, Prince Henry the
Navigator born, Richard II leads expedition to subdue Ireland, Richard leads army
to recapture Ireland, Prince Henry the Navigator begins to reign
Ireland rulers do homage to Richard II – receive amnesty, Richard II returns to
England after campaign in Ireland
Richard II of England marries Isabella of France at Calais – Anglo-French truce
extended to 28 years, Bajazet defeats Christian army under Sigismund of Hungary
at Nicopolis, Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence – beginning of
revival of Greek literature in Italy, birth of Michelozzo di Bartolommeo early
Renaissance architect, Truce in Hundred Years’ War only temporary – end of
French regaining territory and start of short peace. Next phase begins in 1415,
Richard II marries seven-year-old Princess Isabella of France, Ottoman Turks
conquer Bulgaria, Ottoman Turks defeat Burgundian-Hungarian Crusaders at
Nicopolis, attle of Nicopolis in Bulgaria between Turks and Crusaders
Kalmar Agreement unites three Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, death of Francesco Landino the Italian poet and organist, Duke of
Gloucester murdered, Union of Kalmar between Sweden Denmark and Norway,
death of Italian composer Francesco Landino, Bank of Medici founded in
Florence, Manuel Chrysoloray of Constantinople becomes first professor of Greek
at Florence University starting the seeds of the renaissance, Union of Kalmar
unites Norway Denmark and Sweden under king Eric of Pomerania, Richard II
regains control in England, Richard takes revenge against Lords, Union of Calmar
unites Scandinavia under Danish crown (Sweedish, Danish and Norwegians),
Richard regains parliment in England, Kalmar Agreement unites three
Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, Sweden
1398 Tamerlane sacks Delhi, killing 100,000 Hindu, Timur conquers Delhi, Confrerie
de la Passion at Paris performs religious plays, Jan Hus lectures on the theology at
Prague U, Richard II executes dissident lords, Tamerlane ravages Delhi with
massacre of 100,000 prisoners, absolute rule of Richard II of England, Chaucer
finishes Canterbury Tales, Tamerlane sacks Delhi, killing 100,000 Hindu
1399 Richard II of England deposed and cousin Henry (of Lancaster) Plantagenet IV
son of John of Gaunt rules, Death of John of Gaunt – his son Henry IV of
Bolingbroke (Lancaster) overthrows Richard II (Plantagenet) of ENG rules to
1413 – first English king to speak English, Tamerlane returns home after
slaughtering in Delhi, Geoffrey Chaucer is friends with Philippa daughter of John
of Gaunt and mother of Henry the Navigator during this time period, Abdication
of Richard II of England when Henry of Lancaster plots to overthrow, Henry
named Henry IV, Henty Bolingbroke becomes Duke of Lancaster, but Richard
seizes possessions. Deposed, Henry IV returns from France, claims throne,
Abdication of Richard II of England, cousin Henry PlantagenetIV rules
1400 Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe in S Africa thrives on gold trade, Gold from
Zimbabwe exported to Asia, Engaruka community farms land in Tanzania, Pueblo
people abandon northern sites, expansion of Aztec empire in Mexico, Expansion
of Inca, Tongans build major center at Mu’a, widespread cultivation of wet taro in
Hawaii, death of Geoffrey Chaucer, Henry IV suppresses rebellion of the barons,
Richard II murdered, Wenceslas IV deposed and succeeded by Rupert III of the
Palatinate, Ascent of the Medici in Florence, Flourishing of ecclesiastical drama
in Italy, earliest known literature written in Cornish tongue, Jean Forissart writes
“Chronicles”, Development of Middle and Upper Mississippi phases of Moundbuilders in N America, Early Renaissance begins, Alt-Neu Synagogue in Prague,
first mention of the dulcimer, alchemy becomes more and more a field for
swindlers, John Wyclyffe publishes English translation of the Bible, Rise of
Aztecs and Incas, Mongol expansion through Mesopotamia and Northern India,
windmills used in Holland, oil-based paints developed, Mali decline under
onslaughts of neighboring tribes, start of diminishment of Hanseatic League (of
guilds), end of Wenceslas IV HRE as he is deposed for drunkenness, Richard II
murdered at Pontefract Castle – Owen Glendower proclaims self Prince of Wales
and begins rebellion, Practice of electing a Hapsburg as HRE practiced, Turks
conquer Baltic peninsula, Richard I dies in prison from self-inflicted starvation,
Geoffrey Chaucer dies, "Age of Exploration" begins, End of Great Zimbabwe
kingdom of Africa, End of Delhi Sultanate in N India, Renaissance spreads north
of Alps, Feudalism begins to disappear, Tradition begins of naming Hapsburg as
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
Holy Roman Emperor, Turks have conquered all of Balkan Peninsula, John
Wyclif publishes English translation of Bible, Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe in S
Africa thrives on gold trade, Gold from Zimbabwe exported to Asia, Engaruka
community farms land in Tanzania, Pueblo people abandon northern sites,
expansion of Aztec empire in Mexico, Expansion of Inca, Tongans build major
center at Mu'a, widespread cultivation of wet taro in Hawaii
Owain Glyndwr opens campaign for Welsh independence – makes treaty with
France, Timur conquers Damascus and Baghdad, Klaus Stortebeker the pirate
executed at Hamburg, England gives the Church power over heresy, Tamerland
conquers Damascus and Baghdad killing 20,000, and according to legend makes
towers of 70,000 skulls in Ispahan, Begin persecution of Jews in Spain, Irish
revolts start Owain Glyndwr, Owain Glyndwr opens campaign for Welsh
independence – makes treaty with France
Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia defeats Ottomans at battle of
Ankyra in Turkey, Robert III of Scotland hands government to Regent – Duke of
Albany, Timur defeats Bajazet at Ankara and takes him prisoner, Seville
Cathedral begun, Work begins on Brussels Town Hall, Venice imposes
quarantines to stall Black Death, Tamerlane the Mongol overruns much of
Ottoman Empire, Henry IV enters Wales in pursuit of Glendower, Death of Gian
Galeazzo of Milan, Manuel II, Byzantine Emperor, visits England, Ottomans
defeated by Timur at Ankara, Tartar hordes under Tamerlane enter Asia Minor,
somewhat restoring Eastern Roman empire, Death of Gian Galeazzo, Duke of
Milan, Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia defeats Ottomans at
battle of Ankyra in Turkey, Robert III of Scotland hands government to Regent
– Duke of Albany
20,000 chapter Encyclopedia called the <i>Yongle Dadian</i> or <i>Yung Lo Ta
Tien</i> started to be compiled in China, Ghiberti sculpts human body in realistic
style for bronze doors of Florence baptistery, heralding the Renaissance, Henry
IV defeats rebel lords in England, Death of Bajazer I Emir of the Turks – son
Suleiman I rules, Henry IV subdues Northumberland, Lorenzo Ghiberti begind
work on porches of Florence baptistery, Battle of Shrewsbury – rebellion by the
Percy family – Henry IV defeats and kills Harry Hotspur Percy, 20,000 chapter
Encyclopedia called the <i>Yongle Dadian</i> started to be compiled in China,
Ghiberti sculpts human body in realistic style for bronze doors of Florence
baptistery, heralding the Renaissance, Henry IV defeats rebel lords in England,
Percy family rebellion of North Unberland defeated
Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Death of Pope Boniface
IX – Pope Innocent VII rules (disputed papacy still), important Chinese play “Pi
Pa Ki” or Story of the Lute created, Innocent VII Pope at Rome to 1406, Glyndwr
sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Glyndwr treaty with France,
Pope Boniface IX dies 1 Oct, Pope Innocent VII elected 17 Oct (Cosimo Gebtuke
Migliorati Abruzzi)
Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for
Ming leaders, End of Timor as king of Samarkand – succeeded by Shah Rokh,
death of French poet Eustache Deschamps, erection of Bath abbey, Konrad
Kyeser writes “Bellifortis” or book of military technology, Yung Lo orders
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
China’s first sea expedition, Death of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) the Tatar ruler,
French soldiers land in Wales to support Glendower with initial successe, Second
Percy rebellion, Duchy of Burgundy, Florence captures Pisa (sea outlet), Chinese
Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming
leaders
Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland but is imprisoned in
England, death of Pope Innocent VII – Pope Gregory XII elected – disputed –
abdicates later, Venice acquires Padua and Florence subdues Pisa, mausoleum of
Timur created in Samarkand, Forbidden City of China started, End of Pope
Innocent VII - Gregory XII Pope to 1415, James I King of Scotland – captive in
England to 1423 – rules to 1437, Henry Prince of Wales defeats Welsh, Death of
Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland, Henry gets leprosy (like illness),
James, son of Robert III of Scotland taken prisoner by pirates on way to France,
taken to London, Henry IV confines him for 18 years, James' father dies of the
shock, in Jame's absence, Uncle Duke of Albany rule, 6 Nov, Pope Innocent VII
dies, Pope Gregory XII appointed 30 Nov, (Angelo Correr)
Louis Duke of Orleans murdered by Burgundians – start of Civil War in France,
Bethlehem Hospital in London (Bedlam) becomes institution for the insane,
Catholic Church bans English Vulgate Buble, Catholic Church bans English
Vulgate Bible
Cardinals of Avignon and Rome meet to end schism, Donatello carves “David”
and “St. John”, Third Percy rebellion
Abdication of Pope Gregory XII – Council of Pisa elects Pope Alexander V – still
some disagreements, Venice rediscovers Dalmatia, Leipzig U founded by German
refugees from Prague, John Hus begins campaign against Church corruption.
Pope Alexandder V publicly burns John Wycliffe’s writings, College of Cardinals
at Council of Pisa deposes pope and antipope electing Pope Alexander V to 1410
– three popes now exist – start of great(er) schism, Council of Pisa tries to settle
two Popes, Pope Alexander V elected when both popes declared heretics, To try
and heal the Great Schism, a council declared both popes deposed and elected a
new pope. Now three popes. Council of Cardinals (Council of Pisa) sets to
resolve two pope problem, council calls both popes heretics and elects third pope,
Alexander V
Death of Jean Froissart the French chronicler, Death of Rupert III of the Palatinate
– Bohemian king, death of Pope Alexander V – Pope John XXIII elected, but
termed antipope, Hus and followers excommunicated by Archbishop of Prague,
death of King Rupert, Ptolmey’s works published into Latin renews round earth
hypothesis, Baldassare Cossa (sp) pirate turned "holy man" (Cosa) Charged with
piracy, murder, rape, simony and incest Medici backed with $$ from priest to
cardinal (Antipope) Elected Pope John XXIII – at death of Pope Alexander V –
continuation of great schism, Sigismund named HRE to 1437, Battle of
Tannenberg as Ladislaus II of Poland defeats Teutonic Knights, John XXII
(Baldassare Cossa) antipope at Pisa to 1415
Reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, death of Suleiman I, Sigismund
King of Hungary son of Charles IV elected German King and crowned emperor,
Pope John XXIII excommunicates Jan (John) Hus for preaching against simony,
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
London Guildhall built, founding of St. Andrews U in Edinburgh, Huss, follower
of Wyclif excommunicated, London Guildhall construction starts, Donatello,
Florentine sculptor, born, John Huss (follower of Wyclif(fe)) excommunicated,
Reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat
Joan of Arc born, Filippo Brunelleschi publishes “Rules of Perspective”
Donatello carves “St. Peter” “St. George” and “St. Mark”, Medici bank made
official in Council of Constance 1412 under Emperor Sigismund, birth of Jeanne
d’Arc
Henry IV dies and Henry V renews 100 years war, Disputation of Tortosa (Spain)
as Joseph Albo defends Jewish faith, John Hus writes “On Simony”, End of
Tughluk Dynasty in Dehli, Death of Henry IV King of England – Henry V rules
to 1422, Death of Henry IV of England, Henry V rules, Henry IV dies, Henry V
becomes king, Henry IV of England dies, Henry V reigns, John Hus (Preacher)
writes "On Simony" - later executed, Henry IV dies and Henry V renews 100
years war
Council of Constance to settle “cause unionis reformationis fidei” re:
reformationists, Thomas a Kempis writes “Imitatio Christi”, Medici of Florence
become bankers to the papacy, Council of Constance to 1417 called by John
XXIII – John deposed Gregory XII resigns and Benedict XIII isolated, Second
council of Constane deals with three Popes, Gregory resignes, John XIII was
removed, Benedict XIII refuses to resign - deposed, Begin Council of Constance try and sort out the pope-perplexion, Medici of Florence become Papal bankers,
Second Council of Pisa strives to fix the three pope problem
John Hus, Bohemian religious reformer burned at the stake, Henry V defeats
French at Agincourt and takes Harfleur, death of Jan Hus the philosopher, end of
antipope John XXIII as he is deposed – Pope Benedict XIII?, Hus burned at the
stake at Constance for heresy, Henry V wins Battle of Agincourt, English take
Paris, Start of third phase of Hundred Years’ War as Henry V reclaims French
throne and makes Charles VI acknowledge he is heir – Battle of Agincourt.
Marries Catherine of France and leaves baby at death. Period ends in 1422,
Prince Henry the Navigator helps capture North African port of Ceuta from
Moors, death of Pope Gregory XII at Rome, end of Antipope John XXIII
Baldassare Cossa in Pisa, John Huss burned for heresy, House of Hohenzollern
comes to power in Prussia/Brandenburg (Lutherans), Irish revolts end, Plot
thwarted to replace Henry with Edward Mortimer, cousin Earl of March, war
against France renewed, wins chief battles, Battle of Agincourt, Pope Gregory XII
abdicates due to the council of Constance, which was called by his opponent,
Pope John XXIII. Earlier he confirmed validity of conference. Officially, no
Pope until 1417, Portugese capture Moroccan port of Cetua , Battle of Agincourt,
Lollard John Huss burned at Council of Pisa, Pope Gregory resigns, Pope John
XIII was removed from office, but Pope Benedict XIII (French) refuses to resign
and was deposed, Hohenzollerns of Germany given power by HRE, John Hus,
Bohemian religious reformer burned at the stake, Henry V defeats French at
Agincourt
Jerome of Prague – follower of Hus burned for heresy, Dutch fishermen first to
use drift nets, Death of Owen Glendower of Wales, Death of Owain Glyndwr
1417 End of Great Schism in Catholic church, a single pope elected in Rome as
Council of Constance deposes Pope Benedict XIII who holds out as pretenderpope until his death, Pope Martin V elected officially, Henry V takes Caen,
Council of Constance ends Great Schism, Council of Constance deposes Pope
John XIII (Cossa the pirate) The council also gets Pope Gregory XII to resign and
wins support of Pope Benedict XIII of Avignon and new pope Martin V elected.
Four popes?! End of Great Schism, Normandy invaded - Battle of Agincourt,
Council elects Martin V and Schism ends, End of "Great Schism" 11 Nov Pope
Martin V appointed (Oddone Colonna), Council of Constance ends great Schism
of Papacy, Invasion of Normandy, Pope Martin V elected by Council of Pisa, End
of Great Schism in Catholic church, a single pope elected in Rome
1419 Korea prospers under King Sejong, Rouen capitulates to Henry V – Henry allies
with Philip II of Burgundy, War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites, Exking Wenceslas dies – Sigismund obtains Bohemia, Filippo Brunelleschi designs
the Foundling Hospital in Florence Boccaccio publishes, Prince Henry the
Navigator starts African explorations, Henry V of Portugal founds navigation
school, John the Fearless - Duke of Burgundy murdered during peace conference
with Armagnacs, Korea prospers under King Sejong
1420 Portuguese sailors explore west coast of Africa, Songhai people in Gao region of
W Africa begin raids in Mali empire, Ming capital moves to Beijing, Treaty of
Troyes – Henry V recognized by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne
– marries Catherine of France and enters Paris, Hussites defeat Sigismund at
Bysehrad, erection of Great Temple of the Dragon in Peking, Brunelleschi creates
cupola of Florence Cathedral, Ming capital moves to Beijing, Chinese ships reach
East Africa, Treaty of Troyes – Henry V acknowledged as heir to French throne –
marries Charles VI’s daughter Catherine, Henry Treaty of Troyes named heir of
France under Charles VI, Henry marries Cathrine of France, England controls
France, Hussite wars begin in Bohemia, Crusade proclaimed against the Hussite
heretics in Bohemia, Brunelleschi builds dome on Florence cathedral, Europeans
navigate into Indian ocean by sea, Portuguese sailors explore west coast of Africa,
Songhai people in Gao region of W Africa begin raids in Mali empire, Ming
capital moves to Beijing
1421 North Sea Floods, Henry the Navigator of Portugal and colleagues pioneer
navigation, Prince Henry (VI) born, Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici rules Florence
to 1429, North Sea Floods
1422 Henry V of England dies - nine-month-old Henry VI reigns, Death of Charles the
Mad IV of France – succeeded by Charles VII, blind Hussite general John Ziska
of Trocnov defeats imperial army near Prague, Forces attacking Karlstein
Bohemia launch cadavers over castle walls , Start of final phase of Hundred
Years’ War characterized with English victories until Joan of Arc and French
resurgence until 1453, death of Charles VI King of France, death of Henry V of
England, Henry VI King of England to 1461 and Charles VII King of France to
1461 – Dauphin to 1429, Henry V dies suddenly, Henry VI becomes king,
England loses control of France ~`Owen Tudor married Henry V's widow
Catherine of Valois, Both Henry V and Charles VI die, leaving Henry's son
Henry VI as king, John, duke of Bedford, Regent in France. Humphrey, Duke of
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
Gloucester, Regent in England, jan van Eyck - Netherlandish painter - born,
Henry V dies at Viciennes, Henry VI becomes king of England and France, but
French won't submit, Henry V dies, Henry VI reigns
James I of Scotland released by English, Doge’s Palace in Venice enlarged,
Fabriano's <i> Adoration of the Magi</i>, End of captivity of James I King of
Scotland
Chartier's <i>La Belle Dame Sans Merci</i> in France, John Duke of Bedford
serves as regent for Henry VI of England – defeats French at Cravant, James I
returns to Scotland
Scotland introduces reforms, John VIII named Byzantine Emperor, struggles in
Bohemia between Ziska’s followers the Utraquists and the radical Taborites,
Alain Chartier writes French poem “La Belle Dame sans merci”, Quiché maya
dominates Guatemala highlands under Quicab, Scotland introduces reforms
Aztec, Death of Hubert van Eyck the Dutch painter, Holland becomes the center
of European music, Louvain U founded, London Guildhall complete, Van Eyck
brothers begin the Ghent altarpiece
Itzcoatl King of Aztecs in Mexico enlarges empire, Lincoln College in Oxford
founded
Masaccio the Italian painter dies, Treaty of Delft – peace between England and
Flanders, Joan of Arc leads French armies against England, Venetian condottiere
Carmagnola conquers Brescia and Bergamo, Japanese farmers and workers revolt,
English begin siege of Orleans, Reign of Itzcóatl, beginning of Aztec expansion
Joan of Arc leads French at Siege of Orleanss at Tenochtitlan form triple alliance
with Texcoco and Tlacopan, Henry VI begins to expel French from England, Joan
of Arc raises siege of Orleans – Charles VII crowned in Rheims, Henry VI
crowned at Westminster, Philip of Burgundy creates Order of the Golden Fleece,
Joan of Arc defeats English siege of Orléans, Charles VII King of France goes
from being Dauphin to King, Joan of Arc appointed military commander and
raises siege of Orleans, Charles VII crowned king of Frane at Rheims, King
Charles VII rules France when clowned by help of Joan of Arc, Joan of Arc has
vision of Mary telling her to lead French to victory, routs the English, turning
point of Hundred Years War, King Charles VII claims French throne away from
Henry VI of England, Joan of Arc fights, Charles VII formally crowned, Joan of
Arc leads French at Siege of Orleanss at Tenochtitlan form triple alliance with
Texcoco and Tlacopan, Henry VI begins to expel French from England
Sultans of Kilwa on E Africa begin grand building program, Collpase of Khmer
empire in SE Asia, Joan of Arc captured by Burgundians at Compiegne, Modern
English develops from Middle English, height of Spanish author Perez de
Guzman, “Mad Marjorie” the great cast-iron gun invented, Gutenberg
experiments with moveable type, Beginning of first Dutch school of music, Siege
of Paris – Joan of Arc sees visions, is captured by Burgundians and is sent to
ENG, Azores discovered, claimed for Portugal, Joan of Arc captured by
Burgundians, Sultans of Kilwa on E Africa begin grand building program,
Collpase of Khmer empire in SE Asia, Gutenberg experiments with moveable
type
1431 Angkor Wat abandoned after being sacked by Thai army, Zheng He makes his
final voyage and reaches East coast of Africa, Joan of Arc burned at the stake,
Terrible freeze as part of Little Ice Age results in famine for several years, death
of Joan of Arc, death of Pope Martin V – Pope Eugene IV elected, Joan of Arc
burned at the stake at Rouen, Henry VI of England crowned King of France in
Paris, First German peasant revolt at Worms, Universities of Caen and Poitiers
founded, Andrea Mantegna the Italian painter born, François Villon, father of
French poetry born, Jeanne d’Arc burned as a witch at Rouen, Eugene IV Pope to
1447, Henry VI of England rowned king of Frane in Paris, Khmer ity of Angkor
abandoned, May 14 Joan D' Arc burned, Council called to deal with Bohemian
heretics sparked by destruction of John Huss, Joan D'Arc burned as a witch and
heretic 30 May, Pope Martin V convenes Council of Basel and dies 20 Feb. Pope
Eugenius IV appointed 3 Mar (Gabriele Condulmer), John of Arc burned, Council
called by Church to deal with heretics, Pope Eugenius IV elected, Angkor Wat
abandoned after being sacked by Thai army, Zheng He makes his final voyage
and reaches East coast of Africa, Joan of Arc burned at the stake, Terrible freeze
as part of Little Ice Age results in famine for several years
1432 Portuguese sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores
1433 Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Donatello sculpts “David”, doubleeagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors, Hussite wars end in
Bohemia, van Eyck paints <i>Man in a Red Turban</i>
1434 Reign of Christian emperor Zera Yacub in Ethiopia, death of Vladislav II of
Poland (formerly of Lithuania) – Vladislav III becomes King of Poland, Taborites
defeated at lipan – ruler Prokops killed, Cosimo de’ Medici becomes ruler of
Florence, Revolt in Rome – Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence, Florence Cathedral
completed, Joao Diaz the Portuguese explorer rounds Cape Bojador, African
slaves brought to Portugal, Cosimo de Medici rules Florence, First drawings
demonstrating perspective in Italy, Donatello carves David, De Medici, Cosimo
1434-1464 - son of a merchant Giovanni Medici rules in Florence – Exiled and
city starts crumbling under Albizzi, Medici family comes to power in Florence,
Triple alliance between Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopan, Reign of Christian
emperor Zera Yacub in Ethiopia,
1435 Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy, Swedish Parliament
(Riksdag) meets for first time, Togier van der Weyden paints “Descent from the
Cross”, Leon Alberti of Italy gives mathematical laws for drawing perspective,
Duke of Burgundy allies with Charles VII, Donatello creates <i>David</i>,
Three-masted square-rigged ocean ships invented, Rogier van der Weyden creates
<i>Descent from the Cross</i> (wooden altarpiece painted), Duke of Burgundy
makes alliance with Charles VII of France
1436 End of war between Empire and Bohemian Hussites, English troops withdraw
from Paris, Scots defeat English near Berwick, Compact of Iglau ends Hussite
Wars and Emperor Sisidmund acknowledged King of Bohemia, Fra Angelico
works his arts at the San Marco Monastery in Florence, Leon Battista Alberti
formulates aesthetics of Renaissance painting,
1437 Murder of James I of Scotland and James II rules, death of Sigismund of
Brandenburg as King of Hungary, death of Sigismund King of Hungary, Germany,
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
and emperor – son-in-law Albert V rules as emperor, John Dunstable develops
counterpoint in musical composition, All Souls’ College founded in Oxford,
Mongol astronomers publish <i>Tables of Ukugh Beg</i> for astronomy , End of
rule of James I of Scotland as he is murdered in Perth – James II rules to 1460,
end of Sigismund HRE, Henry VI assumes personal reign, James I of Scotland
assassinated James II becomes king
Inca emperor Viracocha dies, successor Pachacuti expands Inca empire, death of
Jacopo della Quercia the Italian sculptor, Nine-years truce between England and
Scotland, Pachacutec founds Inca rule in PeruJamma Musjid Mosque of Husain,
Jaunpur built, Inca Empire established in Peru, Albert II HRE to 1439, Hapsburgs
begin rule of Holy Roman Empire under Albert II, Gutenberg refines moveable
type, Albert II crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs),
Peruvian emperor Pachacutec begins rapid Incan expansian, Inca emperor
Viracocha dies, successor Pachacuti expands Inca empire
Heirs to the French throne receive title Conte du Dauphine, Henry the Navigator
of Portugal opens sailing school at Sagres, Florence becomes Renaissance center,
Prince Henry the Navigator retires to Sagre POR and founds college of navigation,
Council of Basle deposes Pope Eugene IV – Felix V the antipope to 1449, Great
Church Council at Florence
Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and
warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, Frederick of Styria and Catinthia elected
German King, Platonic Academy in Florence founded, Montezuma I expands
Aztec power, Kirtticasa's <i>Ramayana</i> written in India, Frederick III HRE to
1493, Johannes Gutenberg invents printing from moveable metal type, Gutenberg
creates printing press, Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor
Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, death of Gilles de Rais –
French occultist and serial killer of 80-200 children
Death of Jan van Eyck the Dutch painter, Eton college and King’s College in
Cambridge founded, Portuguese navigators find first Negroes near Cape Bland in
W Africa and start slave trade again, Flemish Jan van Eyck dies, Portugese slave
trade with W Africa begins
End of reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, Hornbooks (reading
primers) first developed in England (Used until circa 1800), End of reign of
Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat
Janos Hunyada the Hungarian national hero defeats the Turks at Nish, English
plague order on quarantine and cleansing, Workmen digging at St. Stephen’s
Cathedral in Vienna find huge femur (mammoth?) Which is inscribed and chained
to the doors
Death of Joseph Albo Spanish defender of Jewish faith, Death of Vladislav III
King of Poland as he is killed by Turks at Battle of Varna, Hans Rodenplut is one
of the early mastersingers of Nuremberg, death of Leonardo Bruni the Italian
humanist, Cosimo de; Medici founds Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in
Florence , Eastern Roman empire shrinks
Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou, Portuguese navigator Diniz
Diaz discovers Cape Verde, Copenhagen becomes Danish capital, Cape Verde
explored by Europeans
1446 Death of Leonardo Giustiniani the Italian poet, Janos Hunyady elected regent of
Hungary, death of Leonardo Guistiniani the Italian poet, death of Filippo
Brunelleschi the Italian architect, Building of King’s College Chapel at
Cambridge, Koreans develop 28 letter alphabet, Korean alphabetical script
replaces Chinese script in Korea
1447 Casimir IV of Poland unites Polish kingdom with Grand Dutchy of Lithuania,
death of Shah Rokh, death of Pope Eugene IV – Pope Nicholas V the renowned
scholar elected, Scanderbeg defeats Murad II and gains independence for India
Persia and Afghanistan, Nicholas V Pope to 1455, Pope Eugenius IV dies, 6 Mar
Pope Nicholas V appointed (Tommaso Parentucelli), Humanism rises in Italy,
Pope Eugenius IV dies, Gutenberg begins to use moveable type, Casimir IV of
Poland unites Polish kingdom with Grand Dutchy of Lithuania
1448 Thailand expands under King Trailok, begins reforms, Death of John VIII the
Byzantine Emperor, Anglo-Scot war renewed – Lancaster and York forming the
two rival groups in England, Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of
Sweden, Murad II defeats Janos Hunyady at Kossovo, Constantine XI
Palaeologus becomes the last Byzantine Emperor , Barsarab Dracul killed and son
Vlad named prince, Thailand expands under King Trailok, begins reforms
1449 Rule of shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa in Japan begins, English break truce with
France – Captures Fougeres, birth of Lorenzo de; Medici (Il Magnifico), War
renewed at Bordeaux, French, English war renewed, Rule of shogun Ashikaga
Yoshimasa in Japan begins
1450 End of reign of King Sejong of Korea, script money issued, Building of Great
Zimbabwe of S Africa at height, Inca city of Machu Picchu built in Peru, death of
Alain Chartier the French poet, death of Pisanello (Antonio Pisano) the Italian
painter, Francesci Sfirza enters Milan and assumes title of duke, Jack Cade’s
rebellion in England, Incas subdue the Indians of Chimu in northern Peru, Vatican
library founded, Gutenberg prints “Constance Mass Book”, Florence under the
Medici becomes center of Renaissance and humanism, death of Pisanello the
Italian painter, Mocha in southwestern Arabia becomes main port for coffee
export, Louis XI of France directs creation of weirdest musical instrument – pigbased keyboard, Pope Nicholas V authorizes subjugation of pagans by Portuguese,
Johannes Gutenberg develops moveable type, End of first printing press, End of
Great Mali Kingdom of Africa, Depopulation causes decline of Mississippian
towns, European population reaches 50 million (was 73 million in 1300), End of
reign of King Sejong of Korea, script money issued, Building of Great Zimbabwe
of S Africa at height, Inca city of Machu Picchu built in Peru
1451 Mohammed II becomes Sultan of the Turks, death of Stephen Lochner the
Cologne painter, birth of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci, Glasgow
U founded, Mohammed II ascends Ottoman throne and becomes Sultan of Turkey
to 1481, Christopher Columbus born to 1506
1452 Borso, Marquis of Este created Duke of Modena and Reggio by Frederick III –
Frederick III crowned emperor, George of Poderbrad elected Regent of Bohemia,
Ghiberti completes Gates of Paradise at Florence baptistery, Leonardo da Vinci
born, metal plates used for printing, Hapsburg German Frederick III made Holy
Roman Emperor, Eruption of Kuwae Vanuatu in S Pacific, Mohammed II lays
siege to Constantinople, Emper Frederic III HRE crowned in Rome, Siege of
Constantinople by Mohammed II, French reclaim lands from English rule,
Mohammed II begins to levy tariffs
1453 Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople, Death of John Dunstable the
English composer, death of Constantine XI Palaeologus – last Byzantine Emperor,
Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of Hundred
Years’ War between England and France – England gives up all possessions
except Calais, Turks convert St. Sophia Basilica in Constantinople into a mosque,
blind German organist Conrad Paumann publishes collection of organ music dies, Gutenberg and his financier Johannes Fust print 42-line (Mazarin) Bible at
Mainz, French victory at Castillon ends Hundred Years' War, Ottoman conquest
of Constantinople (now Istanbul) ends Byzantine Empire, Turks conquer
Constantinople and depose Eastern Emperor, end of Hundred Years’ War with
English only holding Calais, Siege of Constantinople – Ottoman Turks take the
city and ends Byzantine empire, Byzantine scholars flee to West marking end of
Middle Ages, Henry VI becomes insane, END OF MIDDLE AGES, Mohammed
II conquers Constantinople May 29, End of 100 Years War with France
victorious, Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople and take control of Greece,
End of Byzantine Empire, End of 100 years war - English driven out of France,
Byzantine empire falls to the Ottoman Turks, Constantinople falls, Constantinople
taken by Moslem Turks (May), Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople
1454 Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan, Richard Duke of York named
“Protector of England” during insanity of Henry VI – Edward son of Henry
named Prince of Waled, Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data,
First metal moveable type in GER with Gutenberg, Richard Duke of York made
regent of England while Henry VI is insane, Henry ill, Richard, Duke of York,
made protector, Gutenberg invents moveable type, Construction of Ottoman's
Topkapi palace begun at Constantinople
1455 Printing press invented, beginning of Bible printing in Europe, Huge temple built
to Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli in Tenochtitlan, James II of Scotland defeats
Black Douglas family of nobles at Arkinholm, death of Fra Angelico the Italian
painter, Death of Pope Nicholas V, Duke of York – excluded from Council –
defeats royal forces at St. Albans and becomes again “Protector” – start War of
the Roses – Lancaster (red) vs. York (white), Death of artist Lorenzo Ghiberti,
erection of Palazzo Venezia in Rome, Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores
Senegal river, War of the Roses begins in England, Gutenburg Bible printed,
Moveable type invented by Gutenberg, War of Roses begins between York under
Richard and Edward and Lancaster houses under Henry VI – Regent Richard
deposed as Henry VI recovers from insanity – Richard replaced by Somerset and
excluded from Royal Council – Battle of St. Albans – Somerset defeated and
killed, Calixtus III Pope (uncle of Borgia), death of Pope Nicholas V, Cadamosto
the Venetian explorer discovers Cape Verde Islands and explores West Africa to
1457, Halley's Comet, "War of the Roses" begins between ruling houses in
England, Duke of York dismissed, Fights Lancasterian forces. In York vs.
Lancaster, York wins, James II of Scotland overcomes Black Douglas family, 24
Mar, Pope Nicholas V dies, 8 Apr Pope Callixtus III (Alonso de Borgia)
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
appointed First Spanish Pope, first European printing shop at Mainz <i>Gutenberg Bible</i> printed, Europeans reach mouth of Gambia river,
Printing press invented, beginning of Bible printing in Europe, Huge temple built
to Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli in Tenochtitlan, James II of Scotland defeats
Black Douglas family of nobles at Arkinholm,
First Gutenberg Bibles printed in Europe, Earthquake in Naples Italy, trial of Joan
of Arc annulled, Turks conquer Athens, death of Janos Hunyady after repelling
Turks at Belgrade, Francois Villon writes “Le Petit Testament” Paolo Uccello
paints “The Battle of San Romano”, Cape Verde Islands discovered off W Africa,
Turks capture Athens, Gutenberg prints Mazarin Bible - first in Europe, Crusaders
defend Belgrade against Ottomans, Botticeli paints <i>Primavera</i>, Earthquake
in Naples Italy
Death of Ladislas V Posthumus the King of Hungary and Bohemia – Frederick III
inherits Upper and Lower Austria, End of Cadamosto’s exploration of West
Africa
Hussite leader George of Podebrad becomes King of Bohemia, Matthias Corvinus
son of Janos Hunyady becomes King of Hungary, death of Spanish poet Marques
de Samtillana, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II, Turks sack the
Acropolis, Pius II Pope to 1464, Matthias Corvinus made King of Hungary to
1490, George Podiebrad King of Bohemia to 1471, Pope Callixtus III dies, Pope
Pius II appointed (Enea Silvo Piccolomini)
Renewal of civil war in England, Ottoman Turks conquer Serbia, War is renewed,
Yorks defeated, Parliament declares York a traitor, Vlad Dracul has 30,000
impaled in one Transylvanian city
Imperial porcelain works at Jingdezhen in China exports Ming pottery, Death of
James II of Scotland (killed at Roxburgh) and begin rule of James III, death of
Dutch composer Gilles Binchois, Death of James II of Scotland, Richard of York
defeats Henry VI at Northampton but is defeated and killed by Queen Margaret at
Wakefield, completion of Winchester Cathedral, the Palazzo Pitti in Florence
begun, Production of clear glass perfected in Italy, Ming porcelain first exported
from China, Cosimo de Medici had <i>Corpus Hermeticum</i> translated to
Latin – covers alchemy, astrology, medicine, botany etc. Published 1471, death
of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, end of James II King of Scotland
killed at Battle of Roxburgh – James III rules Scotland to 1488, Battle of
Westfield as Richard of York defeated and killed in War of Roses, Earl of
Warwick (the Kingmaker) captures London for the Yorkists, Battle of
Northampton – Henry VI captured by Yorkists, Turks conquer Morea, jthen
cardinal Rodrigo Borgia reported to pope Pius II for holding dances with naked
ladies, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal dies, Yorks led by Richard Neville
of Warwick. Wind. Henry VI captured, Margaret escapes, Richard of York rules,
Margaret raises army and kills Richard; Scotland james II killed, succeeded by
son James III, Henry of Portugal dies, Death of Prince Henry the Navigator of
Portugal, Imperial porcelain works at Jingdezhen in China exports Ming pottery,
Death of James II of Scotland and begin rule of James III, Vlad Dracul impales
10,000 Transylvanians in one day
1461 Death of Henry VI of England - Edward IV reigns, death of Charles VII of France,
death of Austrian mathematician and astronomer Georg Purbach, Edward – son of
Richard of York crowned Edward IV King of England, Charles VII of France dies
– succeeded by Louis XI, Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania, Leonardo da
Vinci becomes pupil of Berrocchio, House of York takes throne in England as
War of Roses continues and Edward rules until 1470 – Battles of Mortimer’s
Cross and Towton – Edward of York defeats Lancastrians and becomes King
Edward IV of England to 1483, Deaths of Henry VI of England and Charles VII
of France, Louis XI King of France to 1483, Turks conquer Trebizond the last
surviving Greek state, End of Hundred Years' War, Louis Xi French Bourbon
king rules, Henry deposed by Edward (IV), Reign of Louis XI of France begins,
End of skirmishes known as Hundred Years War in England and France, Louis XI
becomes Bourbon king, Death of Henry VI, Edward IV reigns
1462 Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai and goes on to build and empire, Reign of
Ivan III Grand Prince of Muscovy, Ivan III (The Great) ends Russian tribute to
Golden Horde, Ivan III the Great named Duke of Moscow to 1505, Castile
captures Gibraltar from Arabs, Ivan the Great rules Russia, Lancaster revolts
suppressed, Ivan the Great begins to rule the Muscovy (Moscow/Russians),
European explorers approach the equator on west coast of Africa, Sonni Ali
becomes ruler of the Songhai and goes on to build and empire, Reign of Ivan III
Grand Prince of Muscovy, Vlad Dracul impales 20,000 after a battle
1463 War between Ottoman Turks and Venetians lasts 6 years, French poet Francois
Villon dies after this date, Emperor Grederick III recognizes Matthias Corvinus of
Hungary who recognizes Hapsburg claims to succession, Turks conquer Bosnia,
Francois Villon the writer saved from gallows and disappears, construction of
Sultan Mohammed II’s mosque in Constantinople, Monte di Pieta at Orvieto –
money loaned to poor people at low interest, Death of France's François Villon
(poet), Portugese caputre coastal cities in W Africa, Ottoman Turks and Venetians
at war until 1479, Lancaster revolts suppressed, Venice loses Euboea and Greek
islands to the Ottomans, War between Ottoman Turks and Venetians lasts 6 years
1464 death of Dutch painter Rogier van der Weyden, death of German philosopher
Nicholas of Cusa, Death of Cosimo de’ Medici as ruler of Florence, death of Pope
Pius II – Pope Paul II elected, Peace between England and Scotland, death of
Nicholas of Cusa the German philosopher, Louis XI establishes French royal mail
service, End of Cosimo de Medici Piero De Medici (the Gouty) ruled, End of
Marimid Dynasty in Morocco since 1196, end of Pope Pius II – Pope Paul II to
1471, Edward IV marries Elizabeth Woodville, Edward marries Wlizabeth
Woodville, a common widow, offending Duke Warwick, 15 Aug Pope Pius II
dies, 30 Aug Pope Paul II appointed (Pietro Barbo), Songhai eclipses Mali as
chief power in W Africa, Piero De Medici (the Gouty) rules
1465 First printed music, Edward IV passes edict forbidding “hustling of stones” and
other bowling-like sports, Rise of Songhay Empire (Africa), Henry VI imprisoned
by Edward IV, Leage of Public Weal as Dukes of Alenc,on Berri Burgundy
Bourbon and Lorraine conspire against Louis XI
1466 Birth of Erasmus, Dutch scholar, death of Francesco Sforza the Duke of Milan,
Death of Donatello the Italian sculptor, Johann Mentel prints first German Bible
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
(Strasbourg), rival families try for coup over Medici, Peace of Thorn – Poland
gains much of Prussia from Teutonic Knights, Warwick’s quarrels with Edward
IV begin – Warwick allegiance with Louis XI, Montezuma II (Nephew of I) rules
Aztec empire? Moctezuma II born, Birth of Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Rival
families try to overthrow Medici’s under Piero De Medici (the Gouty)
Onin war in Japan begins – civil war over shogun succession, Philip II of
Burgundy dies – succeeded by Charles the Bold, Turks conquer Herzegovina, first
ballad about the Swiss national hero William Tell, Scottish Parliament decrees the
“fute-ball and golfe not to be used” Japanese and Chinese art blend, Charles the
Bold becomes duke of Burgundy and rival to Louis XI… and Flanders Brabant
Belgium and Artois, start of civil wars in Japan for 100 years, Charles the Bold of
Burgundy defeats France, Japanese Onin War - rise of daimyo and feudalism,
Charles the Bold of Burgundy inherits Netherlands and defeats France, Onin war
in Japan begins civil war over shogun succession
End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I, death of Johann Gutenberg, inventor of
printing in Europe, Death of Scanderbeg Prince of Albania, Bishopric of Vienna
established, death of Johann Gutenberg, Sonni Ali captures Tumbuktu - Songhai
Empire founded in West Africa, Margaret of York marries Charles the Bold, End
of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I
Death of Fra Filippo Lippi the Italian painter, Ferdinand of Aragon marries
Isabella of Castille, Lorenzo de’ Medici “Il Magnifico” rules Florence, Lorenzy
"The Magnificent" Medici rules Florence, First printed version of Pliny the
Elder's <i>Natural History</i>, Birth of Nanak, founder of Sikhism, Pliny’s
<i>Natural History</o> published in Venice, Lorenzo de Medici ruled until 1492,
Ferdinand son of John II of Aragon marries Isabella the half-sister of Henry IV of
Castile – Ferdinand and Isabella, Christian I gives Shetland to Scottish king James
III as a dowry, Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella - begin modern Spain,
Montezuma I dies, Ferdinand and Isabella married uniting kingdoms of Aragon
and Castile, Warwick falls out with Edward and defeats him, Margaret, Henry and
Warwick vs. Edward, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile marry, starting
modern kingdom of Spain
Collapse of Chimu culture in N Peru, death of Knutson Bonde (King Charles VIII)
of Sweden, The first French farce “Maitre Pathelin” written, Portuguese
navigators discover Gold Coast West Africa, first French printing press set up at
the Sorbonne in Paris, House of Lancaster under Henry VI takes throne in ENG
until 1483 as War of Roses continues – Warwick turns Lancastrian – defeats
Edward IV and restores Henry VI, Turks seize Negroponte from Venetians,
Warwick banished, Makes peace with Margaret, helps restore Henry VI to throne,
Andean Chimú empire conquered by Incas, Collapse of Chimu culture in N Peru
Emperor Topa Inca expands Inca empire into Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, death
of Thomas a Kempis the German mystic, Death of Hussite leader George of
Podebrad as King of Bohemia, death of Pope Paul II – Pope Sixtus IV elected,
Edward IV King of England defeats and kills Richard Earl of Warwick at Barnet
– defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkwsbury and enters
London – Henry VI murdered in the Tower, death of King George of Bohemia –
succeeded by Vladislav II, Jakob Obrecht composes “St. Matthew Passion”,
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
Portuguese take Tangier from Muslims, death of King George Podiebrad of
Bohemia, Battle of Barnet – Edward IV defeats and kills Warwick – Henry VI
dies (probably murdered) in Tower of London, Sixtus IV Pope to 1484,
Portuguese under Alfonso V take Tangier from Muslims, Vladislav of Poland
elected King of Bohemia, Edward defeats Warwick, Margaret defeated, sone
Edward Prince of Wales killed, Henry VI murdered - tower of London, Begin
reign of Henry VII Tudor of England, 26 Jul Pope Paul II dies, 9 Aug Pope Sixtus
IV appointed, Francesco della Rovere, Birth of Albrecht Durer.European
explorers cross equator in exploration of Africa's coast, Emperor Topa Inca
expands Inca empire into Bolivia, Chile and Argentina
Orkney and Shetland annexed by Scotland, Ivan III of Moscow marries Sophia
Palaeologus the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor, Dante’s Divine Comedy first
printed at Foligno, Memling paints the altarpiece at Danzig “The Last Judgement”,
Danish navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have found Newfoundland, Venetians
destroy Smyrna, Battle of Otluk-beli – Turks under Mohammed II defeat Persian
Uzan Hasan an ally of Venice, Portuguese discover island of Fernando Po
(Bioko),, Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland islands form Norway, Orkney
and Shetland annexed by Scotland
Tenochtitlan absorbs neighboring Aztec cities, Cyprus comes under Venetian rule,
Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandenburg,
Fuggers of Augsburg begin business dealings with the Hapsburgs, Sistine Chapel
built by Giovanni de Dolci, Tenochtitlan absorbs neighboring Aztec cities
Death of Dutch composer Guillaume Dufay, Isabella I Queen of Aragon rules,
William Caxton printes first book in English at Bruges, Henry IV of Castile dies
leaving sister Isabella as ruler, Louis XI wars against Charles the Bold, alliance
between Charles the Bold and Edward IV of England, Triple alliance of Florence
Venice and Milan, War between Charles the Bold and Swiss Confederation,
nautical almanac explains finding longitude by using lunar distances – by German
astronomer Regiomontanus, Edward grants privileges to N Germany for trade
Death of Dirk Bouts the Dutch painter, birth of Cesare Borgia the son of future
Pope Alexander VI, death of Bartolomeo Colleoni the Italian condottiere, Kiva
Han – first coffee house opens in Constantinople, Turks conquer Crimea, Edward
IV invades France, Peace of Piequigny between England and France, Leonardo da
Vinci born
End of the Medici family as bankers to the papacy, William Caxton sets up
printing press at Westminster, William Caston sets up printing press, William
Caxton sets up first press in Londin
Japan Onin war ends Ashikaga shogunate’s authority, death of Charles the Bald
of Burgundy - Maximilian son of Emperor Frederick III marries Mary of
Burgundy – heiress of Charles the Bold – Hapsburgs acquire the Netherlands,
Coxton prints Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Botticelli paints “Primavera” Michael
Pacher paints the altar at St. Wolfgang Austria, Viet Stoss carves altar at St.
Mary’s at Krakow Poland, Edward IV bans cricket game, French under Louis XI
and Swiss defeat Charles the Bold at Battle of Nancy, Spanish inquisition
renewed, Charles the Bold killed at Lorraine in Battle of Nancy against Swiss,
Maximilian son of Frederick III marries Mary – daughter of Charles the Bold,
1478
1479
1480
1481
Charles the Bold dies, Mary of Burgundy rules, aided by husband Maximilian of
Hapsburg, Death of Charles the Bold of Burgundy / Netherlands, Onin war ends
Ashikaga shogunate's authority
Rule of Renaissance patron Lorenzo de Medici – Start of Spanish Inquisition –
roots, Grand Prince Ivan III (Ivan the Great) of Moscoq subdues Novgorod,
Giuliano de’ Medici murdered at Florence Cathedral, Isabella of Castile begins
Inquisition against converted Jews and heretics, Pazzi Conspiracy - Pazzi family
and Archbishop of Pisa stab Giuliano and Lorenzo De Medici in the church on
Easter Sunday. Giuliano dies and Lorenzo was stabbed. Result was lynching of
Pazzi family and archbishop, Spanish Inquisition established in Spain under
consent of Sixtus IV to punish Jews who claimed conversion, Ivan III conquers
Novgorod and combines it with duchy of Moscow, Hungary gains Moravia and
Silesia, Turks conquer Albania, Pope Sixtus IV turns control of Inquisition to
Spain, Spanish Inquisition started, Lorenzo de' Medici rules Florence, Edward
falls out with brother George. George found murdered, Botticelli paints,
Foundation of Spanish Inquisition, Sir Thomas More born, Rule of Renaissance
patron Lorenzo de Medici – Start of Spanish Inquisition – roots, Pazzi
Conspiracy – Giuliano and Lorenzo de Mecidi stabbed in Church on Easter
Sunday – Pazzi family eventually lynched as Lorenzy lives
End of war between Ottoman Turks and Venetians ends with Turks triumphant,
Crowns of Aragon and Castille united under Ferdinand and Isabella, Copenhagen
U founded, After destruction of Arras- Brussels becomes the center of European
tapestry industry, Ferdinand inherits Aragon and thereby Ferdinand and Isabella
rule all Spain but Navarre and Granada, end of war between Ottoman Turks and
Venetians, Treaty of Constantinople – Venice agrees to pay tribute to Ottoman
Empire for trading rights in Black Sea, End of war between Turks and Venetians,
End of war between Ottoman Turks and Venetians ends with Turks triumphant,
Crowns of Aragon and Castille united under Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy among converted Jews, Ivan III
names self Czar of Russia, Ludovico Sforza becomes regent of Milan, death of
Jean Fouquet the French painter, Feonardo da Vinci invents the parachute,
German magician Georg Faust born – prototype of the Faust legend, Aztec's Sun
Stone calendar created, first use of plus and minus signs, Leonardo da Vinci
begins inventingconceives the parachute, helicoptor and wheel-lock musket, Ivan
III the Great ends allegiance to Tartars, Turks besiege Rhodes – held by Knights
of St. John, Extinction of the house of Anjou, Giovanni Cabotto moves to
England and convinces Henry VII to let them go to New World, Columbus begins
asking for money, Columbus starts asking for money, Giovanni Cabotto (John
Cabot) moves to England and convinces King Henry VII to let him cross,
Russians led by Moscow stop paying tribute to "Golden Horde" and oust Mongols,
Civil wars rage in N Mayan states, Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover
heresy
Death of Mohammed II Sultan of the Turks – Bajazet II rules. Beginning of the
Spanish Inquisition under joint direction of church and state, frescoes painted in
the Sistine chapel in Rome by Botticelli, Ghirlandajo, Perugino, Pinturicchio and
Signorelli, Verrocchio creates the statue of Bartholomeo Colleoni in Venice,
Death of Mohammed II Sultan of Turkey and founder of Ottoman Empire, Spain
begins inquisition
1482 Portuguese explore Congo river estuary, Death of Italian sculptor Luca della
Robbia, Peace of Arras between Louis Xi and Hapsburgs, death of Dutch painter
Hugo van der Goes, End of Portuguese' conquest of W Africa, Portuguese settle
Gold Coast of Africa – Diego Cao explores Congo River, Spain wars with Moors,
Botticelli paints <i>The Birth of Venus</i>, Scot's Berwick lost to England,
Portuguese explore Congo river estuary
1483 Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building Silver Pavilion Temple at Kyoto, Japan,
death of Edward IV of England, Edward V reigns and he and his brother
disappear – probably murdered by uncle Richard of Gloucester who claims the
throne as Richard III, Death of Louis XI of France – Charles VIII reigns, Russians
begin to explore Siberia, Dante’s tomb created at Ravenna, John II of Portugal
refuses to finance Columbus’ voyage, Birth of Martin Luther, Tomas de
Torquemada leads Spanish Inquisition, Theophrastus’ work on botany published,
Edward IV of ENG dies and Edward V deposed by uncle as he and brother
murdered in Tower of London – uncle Richard becomes Richard III and War of
Roses continues – see 1485, Deaths of Edward IV of England and Louis XI of
France, Charles VIII King of France to 1498, Birth of Martin Luther, Death of
Louis XI of France, Charles VIII leads France, End reign of Louis XI of France,
Edward IV dies, Edward V new king May 4 - Uncle Richard regent until Jun 22
(Coronation) June - Edward and Richard declared illegitimate because father
betroved to one and married another, parliament decided Richard of Glouster
should become king, Two princes disappear from tower of London never to be
seen again, Richard III king, Duke of Buckingham appointed Constable of
England, Rebellion crushes, College of Arms founded, "Golden Legend" (History
of Saints) Written, Henry Tudor (Lancashire) agrees to marry Elisabeth of York,
Martin Luther born, Columbus petitions Portugal for backing - refused, Birth of
Martin Luther, Death of Louis XI of Bourbon dynasty, son Charles VIII rules,
Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building Silver Pavilion Temple at Kyoto, Japan,
death of Edward IV of England, Edward V reigns and is deposed, Richard III
reigns
1484 Spanish Inquisitors enter Aragon to denounce Jews, death of Pope Sixtus IV –
Pope Innocent VIII, Death of Italian poet Luigi Pulci, Papal bull “Summis
desiderantes” against witchcraft and sorcery, Botticelli paints “Birth of Venus”
Surer paints “Self Portrait”, Johannes de Tinctoris composes “De inventione et
usu musicae” Portuguese navigator Diego Cam discovers mouth of Congo river,
Richard III reforms law, trade and tax collection, Papal bull against pagan
practices and witchcraft, Veldener’s herbal volume published, alternate pied piper
date of serial killer in Hammel GER but with no documented evidence, Caxton
printe <i>Morte D’Arthur</i> legends compiled by Sir Thomas Malory, Pope
Innocent VIII to 1492, Birth of Huldreich Zwingli, Widow of Edward IV under
Richard's care, military headquarters established at Nottingham, Death of Edward,
Richard's son, John de la Pole appointed Lord Liertenant (heir) in Ireland,
compulsory gifts to the monarch abolished, papal decree against *witchcraft*
Richard III creates Council for the North to rule north territories, Richard helps
1485
1486
1487
1488
James III stop revolt in Albany, bail created for court cases, Parliamentary statutes
finally written in English, 12 Aug Pope Sixtus IV dies, 29 Aug, Pope Innocent
VIII (Giovanni Battista Cybo) appointed, Columbus petitions Spain for backing refused, Malory writes <i>Morte d'Arthur</i>, Spanish Inquisitors enter Aragon
to denounce Jews, Papal Bull changes focus of Inquisition to witches
Henry VII becomes first Tudor king of England and Wales after defeat of Richard
III Plantagenet at Battle of Bosworth, Spanish Inquisitor assassinated, Death of
Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, death of Welsh bard Dafydd Nanmor, Matthias
Corvinus captures Vienna, Rudolf Agricola the humanist at Heidelberg U dies,
establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England, End of England's War of the
Roses, Henry VII begins Tudor dynasty, Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morete
D'Arthur printed in England, Battle of Bosworth Field has Henry VII Tudor
winning war of Roses. He marries Edward IV’s (York) daughter combining
houses – start of Tudors, Hungary captures Vienna and lower Austria – Hungary
now most powerful state in central Europe, Tudor Supremacy established in
England with King Henry VII's defeat of Richard III at Battle of Bosworth marries Elizabeth of York, Columbus asks Ferdinand and Isabella for money,
Richard's wife, Queen Anne dies, Henry Tudor in W Wales in August, gathers
support, Richard defeated. End of War of the Roses as Henry VII becomes king,
Henry creates Yeoman of the Guard, Columbus first petitions Ferdinand and
Isabella for money, End of the "Dark Ages," House of Tudor rules England as
Henry VII ascends to the throne ending the War of the Roses when he marries
into the house of York, establishment of England's Tudor supremacy with rise of
Henry VII when he defeats Richard III at Battle of Bosworth, Henry VII marries
Elizabeth of York, ending war of Roses, Henry VII becomes first Tudor king of
England and Wales after defeat of Richard III Plantagenet at Battle of Bosworth,
Spanish Inquisitor assassinated
Rule of Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl begins, Henry VII marries Elizabeth, daughter
of Edward IV, uniting York and Lancaster, Maximilian I elected German king,
Antoine de la Sale writes “Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles”, Portuguese discover
Angola, Maximilan of Habsburg King of Germans, Henry marries Elizabeth of
York, uniting the Houses, Diaz blown around Capr of Good Hope in Africa, Rule
of Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl begins, Henry VII marries Elizabeth, daughter of
Edward IV, uniting York and Lancaster
Rebellion of Lambert Simnel – defeated at Stole-on-Trent, Spanish conquer
Malaga from the Arabs, Pope Innocent VIII names Torquemada grand inquisitor,
Henry VII of England removes right of accused to know accusers, Dias leaves to
sail around Cape of Good Hope, Henry revives the Court of Star Chamber,
defeats a revolt by a rival, Bertholomew Dias leaves under Portugese flag
Ming emperors open rebuilding of Great Wall to defend China, Death of James III
of Scotland and James IV begins to rule, Death of Andrea del Verrocchio the
Italian painter and sculptor, Revolt of Florence towns against Maximilian of
Germany, Construction of Henry VII’s famous ship “Great Harry”, first
dispensary (Apothecary) in Berlin, Diaz completed journey around Cape of Good
Hope in Africa, James IV King of Scotland to 1513, Bartholomew Dias rounds
Cape of Good Hope, Battle of Sauchieburn means James III of Scotland
assassinated. James IV king, Bartholemew Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope,
Africa, Ming emperors open rebuilding of Great Wall to defend China, Death of
James III of Scotland and James IV begins to rule
1489 Typhus outbreak in S Spain, symbols plus + and minus – come into use,
Benedetto da Majano begins to build Palazzo Strozzi in Florence, Hans
Waldmann the Mayor of Zurich executed as dictator, Caterina COrnaro Queen of
Cyprus forced to cede kingdom to Venice, Yasuf Adil Shah – former slave –
becomes ruler of Bijapur, India, Inquisitors Kramer and Sprenger publish
<i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> as handbook for witch hunting, Typhus putbreak in
S Spain
1490 death of King of Hungary Matthias Corvinus son of Janos Hunyady - Vladislav II
of Bohemia elected to succeed him, Maximilian I of Germany acquires the Tirol,
“Corpus Christi Play” of Eger Bohemia, start of Spanish drama, beginnings of
ballet at Italian courts, Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in
small-bore tubes, first orphanages in Italy and Holland, Death of King of Hungary
Matthias Corvinus, King Nzinga Nkuwu of Congo becomes Christian
1491 Ruler of Congo kingdom baptized Christian by Portuguese, Five-year truce of
Coldstream between England and Scotland, Treaty of Pressburg – Vladislav II of
Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges Hapsburg right of succession, Copernicus
studies at Krakow U, About this time Cesare Borgia kills grandfather and puts
head on pole before his father the Pope stating “This is the head of my
grandfather who prostituted his daughter to the pope”, Charles VIII of France
marries Ane of Brittany, Henry invades France - Treaty of Etaples agrees to
withdraw for $$, Perkin Warbeck attempts to overthrow Henry VII, Bourbon king
Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany marry, expanding Franch territory, Henry VIII,
Menno Simmons and Ignatius Loyola born, Ruler of Congo kingdom baptized
Christian by Portuguese
1492 Sikander Lodi, sultan of Delhi annexes Bihar and moves his capital to Agra to aid
conquest of Rajasthan, End of rule of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Christian Spanish
capture Granada in Spain from Muslims – extinguish Moorish kingdom –
consolidating monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella, expulsion order of Jews from
Spain, beginning of plagues in Americas spread by Europeans, death of Lorenzo
de’ Medici (The Magnificent) ruler of Florence – son Piero rules Florence,
Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France, Casmir IV king of Poland dies and
succeeded in Poland by John Albert and in Lithuania by Alexander, Henry VII of
England invades France after French support Perkin Warbeck a Flemish-born
imposter as claimant to English throne, Peace of Etaples – France expels Warbeck
and pays England indemnity of 159 thousand pounds, Albert duke of Bavaria
joins Swabian League and undertakes to uphold authority of Holy Roman Empire,
Bajazet II of Turkey invades Hungary and defeats Hungarians at Save River,
Sikander II Lodi the Sultan of Delhi annexes Bihar, Spanish novel of courtly lobe
“La carcel de amor” or Prisoner of Love, Pope Innocent VII dies – Roderigo
Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI through bribes then uses his position to
benefit his family, including his son Cesare Borgia, Elio Antonio Nebriha written
– Spanish-Latin dictionary, Spanish Jews given three months to convert or leave
by Torquemada the inquisitor-general, Johann Reuchlin the German humanist
begins to study Hebrew, Bramante starts building choir and cupola of S. Maria
della Grazie at Milan, Carlo Crivelli paints “The Immaculate Conception”
Leonardo da Vinci draws flying machine, death of Piero della Francescea the
artist, “Opera” theory on music written by Boethius, Antoine Busnois the FrenchFlemish composer dies, first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg
geographer Martin Behaim, Columbus sails, then lands at the Bahamas – “Santa
Maria” wrecked off Haiti, profession of book publisher emerges – type setters
printers and book sellers, Ferdinand V and Isabella defeat Moors, unite Spain,
Columbus reaches W Indies, War between Pliny and anti-Pliny scholars ensues
via pamphlets, death of Lorenzo de Medici – Piero de Medici rules Medici clan,
200,000 Jews expelled from Spain and Ferdinand and Isabella capture Granada
ending Muslim influence, Alexander VI (Rogerigo Borgia) Pope to 1503,
Columbus’ boats named for Barcelona prostitutes, Columbus leaves Canary
islands Aug 3, Columbus leaves Aug 3, leaves Canary Islands Sep 6, lands in
theBahamas Oct 12, Christians take Grenada, Pope Innocent VIII dies, Pope
Alexander VI appointed 11 Aug (Rodrigo de Lanzòl-Borgia, nephew of Callixtus
III) Last Moorish stronghold conquered in Granada (Spain), Death of Lorenzo de'
Medici, Michaelangelo begins to study anatomy, Fall of Grenada completes reChristianization of Spain, Grenada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain is
conquered, Columbus sites land in the Bahamas, Philosopher Lusi Vives born,
Pope Alexander VI - bribed his way to popedom. He uses his position to benefit
his family, including his son Cesare Borgia, End of Papacy of Alexander VI,
Sikander Lodi, sultan of Delhi annexes Bihar and moves his capital to Agra to aid
conquest of Rajasthan, End of rule of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Christian Spanish
capture Granada in Spain from Muslims, expulsion order of Jews from Spain,
beginning of plagues in Americas spread by Europeans
1493 End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru, Death of Frederick of Styria and
Carinthia as German King and HRE – Maximilian I reigns as HRE, Pope
Alexander VI publishes Papal bull “Inter cetera divina” dividing the New World
between Spain and Portugal, Statute of Piotrkow grants Polish aristocracy
privileges at expense of burghers and peasants, First Bundschuh (peasant’s revolt)
in Alsace and southwest Germany, Turks invade Dalmatia and Croatia,
Macimilian I invests Lodovico (Il Moro) Sforza with the duchy of Milan, Charles
VIII of France prepares to invade Italy, Maximilian I marries Biance Maria Sforza,
Lucretia Borgia daughter of Pope Alexander VI marries Giovanni Sforza, but
marriage annulled 1497, Nuremburg chronicle – history from creation to present
time published in Latin and German, Richard Pynson prints first dated book
Henry Parker’s “Dialogue of Dives and Pauper”, Pope Alexander VI appoints son
Cesare Borgia a cardinal, Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples publishes “Paraphrasis in
Aristotelis octo physicos libros”, Tilman RIemenschneider the German sculptor
carves “Madonna”, Maximilian I appoints court organist and composer,
Columbus returns to Palos and leaves Spain on second voyage where he discovers
Puerto Rico, Dominica and Jamaica, horse reintroduced into N America, Newly
discovered lands divided between Spain and Portugal by Pope Alexander VI,
height of Songhai Empire under Askia Mohammed who takes over much of the
Mandingo Empire, Maximilian I HRE to 1519, Maximilian I elected HRE, Mar 4
Columbus leaves the New World, Columbus leaves New World, Pope establishes
line of Demarcation, End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru
1494 Death of musician Johannes Okegham, death of Dutch painter Hans Memling,
Domenico Ghirlandajo the Italian painter died, death of Pico de Mirandola the
Italian humanist, Treaty of Tordesillas where Spain and Portugal divide the New
World between them, Charles VIII begins invation of Italy – enters Florence,
deposes Piero de’ Medici and enters Rome – Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in
Castel Sant’ Angelo, Henry VII of England sends Edward Poynings as deputy to
Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck – Poynings’ Laws make Irish
legislature dependent on England, Future Suleiman “The Magnificent” sultan of
Ottoman empire born, Maximilian I HRE recognizes Perkin Warbeck as king of
England, death of Ferdinand I of Naples (Ferrante), Parliament of Drogheda
marks subservience of Ireland to England, Matteo Maria Bogardo the Italian poet
and humast dies, Sebastian Brant publishes “Das Narrenschiff” (Ship of Fools),
John Lydgate publishes “The Fall of Princes” Walter Hulton the English mystic’s
work “Ladder of Perfection” published posthumously (d. 1396), Giovanni Pico
della Mirandola the Italian humanist dies, Aemilius Paulus of Cerona appointed
historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France, Johan Reuchlin publishes study of
cabalism, Theocracy of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence, Politician (Angelo
Poliziano) the Italian humanist dies, King’s College in Aberdeen founded, Sandro
Botticelli creates “Calumny”, Da Vinci finishes “Madonna of the Rocks”,
Ghirlandajo the Italian painter and decorator dies, Hans Memling the GermanFlemish painter dies, Ulm Minster finished, Jean Mauburnus publishes study of
musical instruments, Luca di Pacioli publishes “Algebra”, Goods Lottery (Pots of
Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement, Grand Prince Ivan III of
Moscow closes Hanseatic trading office in Novgorod, Bosch paints “Garden of
Worldly Delights”, French writer François Rabelais born, Statute of Drogheda
(Poyning’s Law) declares all English laws apply to Ireland, Treaty of Tordesillas
splits Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal moving popes line of
demarcation further west, Charles VIII invades Italy, Portugal claims Brazil,
Charles VIII of France claims to rule Naples, Beginning of Italian Wars between
France and Habsburgs of Spain, Treaty of Tordesillas divides world between
Spanish and Portugese claims, Charles VIII, Bourbon king of France crosses
ALPS into Italy to conquer, treaty of Tordesillas splits New World between
Portugal and Spain
1495 Poyning’s Law – no Irish parliament without English consent, Syphilis outbreak
in Naples, Italy – may have been from Columbus’ crew but spreads from Naples
through Europe by French soldiers, Sir William Stanley – Lord Chamberlain to
Henry VII executed for complicity in Warbeck’s conspiracy, Charles VIII enters
Naples and is crowned King of Naples then retreats toward northern Italy, Pope
Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy
– forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo – Holy League ends and Charles VIII
returns to France, Imperial Diet of Worms – proclaims perpetual peace – sets up
Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal and imposes common penny as general
tax, Perkin Warbeck fails to land at Kent and moves court of James IV of
Scotland – received at Stirling, Ferdinand II reconquers Naples and French fleet
captured at Rapallo, English Parliament frames new statute of treasons and an act
against vagabonds and beggars, Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of
Portugal, Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent,
foreshadows idea of balance of power in Europe, “Arcadia” the Italian romance
written by Jacopo Sannazzaro, Sutch morality play involving the everyman, Aldus
Manutius begins printed books of Greek classics, Italian romantic epic by Mattea
Mario Boiardo published, Jews expelled from Portugal, Hieronymus Bosch paints
“The Garden of Worldly Delights”, Da Vinci paints “The Last Supper” Surer
opens studio at Nuremberg, Mantegna paints “The Holy Family with St. Elizabeth
and the young St. John”, Perugino paints “The Entombment” death of Cosimo
Tura the Italian painter, Josquin des Pres appointed organist for Cambrai
Cathedral, Dry dock invented at English Portsmouth, Jews expelled from Portugal,
Christopher Columbus taxes natives of Hispaniola, Charles VIII enters Naples –
Holy League between Milan Venice Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI and
Ferdinand V – forces him to withdraw, Bosch and Da Vinci (<i>Last Supper</i>)
paint, Another Diet of Worms creates Imperial Chamber of the HRE, Diet of
Worms unite German Princes, Poyning's Law - no Irish parliament without
English consent, Syphilis outbreak in Naples, Italy - may have been from
Columbus' crew
1496 James IV of Scotland invades Northumberland in support of Perkin Warbeck,
Teneriffe becomes Spanish, death of Ferdinand II of Naples – succeeded by
Frederick III, Philip the Handsome – Duke of Burgundy –son of Maximilian I
marries Juana heiress of Spain, Juan del Encina creates “Cancionero” an Easter
play, Johann Reuchlin creatsw latin comedy “Sergius”, John Colet lectures at
Oxford, Jesus College at Cambridge founded by John Alcock, Marino Sanudo
begins diary of Venetial life and politics, Michelangelo’s first stay in Rome,
Perugino creates “Madonna with the Saints of Perugia”, Franchino Gafori creates
treatise on music composition, Henry VII commissions Venetian navigator John
Cabor and his son Sebastian to discover new route to Asia, Columbus returns
from second voyage, Romano Pane – monk who accompanied Columbus
describes tobacco plant, Henry VII of England joins Holy League, Commercial
treaty between England and the Netherlands, Gustavus I Vasa king of Sweden,
Columbus founds Santo Domingo on Hispanola, Pope Alexander VI titles
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain "the Catholic," Their child Philip I marries Joan
of Castile, Columbus founds Santo Domingo on Hispanola, King Gustavus I
Vasa born (SWE)
1497 End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I, Portuguese Vasco de Gama rounds
Cape of Good Hope and sails on to India, Rising in Cornwall – Lord Audley’s
rebellious army defeated by Henry VII at Blackheath, Perkin Warbeck arrives in
Cork from Scotland but finds no support – goes to Cornwall and attempts to take
Exeter – captured by royalist troops at Taunton, King Manuel of Portugal marries
Infanta Isabella of Spain, King John II of Denmark defeats Swedish army at
Brukeberg – enters Stockholm and revives Scandinavian union, Lucrezia Borgia
(divorced from Giovanni Sforza in 1493) marries Alfonso of Naples, John the
Infante of Spain marries Margaret of Austria, John Alcock publishes “The Hill of
Perfection”, Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna, Savonarola
excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI, death of Benedetto
da Maiano the Italian architect, Filippino Lippi paints “Meeting of Joachim and
Anne at the Golden Gate”, Michelangelo sculpts “Bacchus”, Death of English
composer and organist Henry Abyngdon, Cabots reach east coast of North
America, severe famine in Florence, Girolamo Savonarola Dominican priest
noted for banning anything considered immoral including books, new art opposed to Rodrigo Borgia and the Medicis. Bonfire of the vanities in 1497 was
collection of mirrors, cosmetics, sculptures etc. including Botticelli works.
excommunicated and executed 1498, Jews expelled from Portugal, John Cabot
discovers Newfoundland, Cabot reaches Canada, Vasco de Gama leaves for India,
John Cabot first European to reach America mainland since Leif Ericson, John
Cabot (Giovanni Cabotto) reaches Newfoundland and Massachusetts, Vasco de
Gama heads to India for Portugal, First voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, Voyage of
John Cabot, End of reign of Aztec ruler Moctezuma I, Portuguese Vasco de Gama
rounds Cape of Good Hope and sails on to India, “Bonfire of the Vanities” as
Dominican priest Girolamo Savonarola bans books art and mirrors
1498 Italian religious reformer, Savanarola, burned at stake, Tsunami hits Japan, death
of Torquemada the Spanish Grand Inquisitor, death of Michael Pacher the
Bavarian painter and woodcarver, death of Girolamo Savonarola the Italian
preacher, end of Charles VIII of France, death of John Cabot, death of Charles
VIII of France – son Louis XII Duke of Orleans and Valois, Perkin Warbeck
makes public confession of his treason and is imprisoned in Tower of London,
Infanta Isabella of Spain dies in childbirth, comedies of Aristophanies published
in Venice, Commines “Memoires” published, Latin comedy “Henno” by Teuchlin
published, Dutch animal epic published by Alkmar, Erasmus of Rotterdam
teaches at Oxford, Da Vinci produces numerous scientific drawings, Durer creates
“Self Portrait” and other works, Michelangelo carves “Pieta”, Columbus
discovers Orinoco river on third voyage, Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to
India – arrives on Malabar coast, first German pawn shop at Nuremburg, Vasco
de Gama reaches Calicut, India, Girolamo Savonarola the Dominican priest
executed, Vasco de Gama sails to India from Europe, Columbus discovers
Trinidad and South America, death of Charles VIII of France, Louis VII King of
France to 1515, Vasco de Gama reaches India, First bristled toothbrush in China,
Charles VIII of France dies, Louis XII rules, Second trip for John Cabot - he
disappears, de Gama reaches India, Da Vinci finishes <i>The Last Supper</i>,
De Gama arrives in India - Malabar coast and Calcut, John Cabot lost on second
voyage, Savronarola executed at Florence, Charles VIII of Bourbon kingship dies,
Louis XII becomes King of France, Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea, Italian
religious reformer, Savanarola, burned at stake, Tsunami hits Japan, Dominican
priest GIrolamo Savonarola executed after Bonfire of the Vanities 1497, First
bristled toothbrush in China
1499 Plague in England causes Henry VII to flee to Calais. Ludovico Sforza the Regent
of Milan dies, Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany, widow of Charles
VIII to keep duchy of Brittany for the French crown, Partition of Milan –
Lodovico Sforza flees to the Tirol – French take Milan – Louis XII enters the city,
War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons ends with the Peace of Basel –
the Swiss establishing their independence, War between Turks and Venice –
defeat of Venetian fleet at Sapienza – Lepanto surrenders to the Sultan,
Comspiracy of Perkin Warbeck to escape from the Tower of London discovered –
tried for treason and finally executed, Fernando de Rojas creates “Celistina a
Spanish comedy, Willibald Pirckheimer writes “Bellum Helveticum”, death of
Italian philosopher and scholar Marsilo FIcino, Spanish inquisitor general
Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros introduces forced mass conversions of Moors –
cause of great Moorish revolt in Granada, U of Alcala founded, Durer paints,
Giorgione paints “Portrait of a Young Man”, first political cartoons appear – on
French-Italian war, Signorelli creates frescoes at Orvieto Cathedral, U of Oxford
institutes degrees in music, Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain
on voyage of discovery to S. America, Antimony first produced and exported
from Hungary, Francisco Jimenez forces mass conversion on Moors, Louis XII
captures Milan, Treaty of Basle, Louis XII of France invades Italy, Perkin
Warbeck, attempted usurper, put to death, War between Ottomans and alliance of
Venice and Hungary, Vespucci explores ne coast of Brazil, Plague in England
causes Henry VII to flee to Calais