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CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST Be able to explain the who, what, why, where, how, and significance of: The Civil War Dates; national, diplomatic, and military strategies of each side; strengths and limitations of each side in the conflict (refer to your chart) (OM 534-35; 538-39) Lincoln’s position on the Continental Association, Declaration of Independence, “perpetual nature of the union union,” “more perfect union” Confederate position on the Alliance to fight British; compact between states, 10th amendment nature of the union and states’ rights; “northern heresy” Competing meanings of CSA: “Bonnie Blue Flag,” states’ rights, property rights, economic “freedom” (what each side self-sufficiency, no submission to North was fighting for) Union: “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” “Gettysburg Address,” preservation of U.S. as free nation and model to world; death of slavery; equality before the law (Foner) Fort Sumter Charleston harbor; Robert Anderson; Abraham Lincoln; Jefferson Davis; how did the status of the fort become a symbol; significance of the attack including secession of additional states (OM 532-33) Border states Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri; why important to keep each in union; Lincoln’s actions to keep each in (OM 533-34) Diplomatic strategies during CSA: gain foreign recognition/support; cotton, embargo and the war consequences USA: block foreign recognition; Trent affair; why British did not help South; Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln and the Republican Why able to get it passed. Pacific Railway Act of 1862, Homestead economic program Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Department of Agriculture (OM 53638; 593) Manpower for the military CSA: first draft in American history; 18-35(45); substitutes; “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” and its meaning; USA: volunteers, draft in 1863, substitutes; New York City Draft Riots, 1863, factors that produced them; role played by African Americans in the military; problems faced by African American troops including discrimination (OM 540, 547-48, 553-54) Bull Run (First) Antietam First real battle; fought in Virginia near Washington; illusions about the war (OM 534) Bloodiest single day; 2 major consequences Anaconda Plan Winfield Scott; naval blockade (constitutional issue; Prize cases), retake Mississippi; U.S. Grant, Shiloh; David Farragut, New Orleans; turning point in west Vicksburg 1863 (OM 541-43) Vicksburg Control of Mississippi; U.S. Grant; turning point in west; 1863 (OM 555-56) Robert E. Lee; offensive-defensive strategy; turning point in east; 1863 (OM 555-56) 1864-65; Grant; William T. Sherman; March to the Sea; Wilderness Campaign; unconditional surrender (OM 556-58) Virginia; 1864; U.S.Grant; Robert E. Lee; war of attrition (OM 556-57) William T. Sherman; scorched earth/total war; Georgia and Carolinas (OM 556-57) U.S. Grant; Robert E. Lee; terms of surrender (OM 559) Rifles, ironclads (Monitor v. Merrimac), balloons, Martial law; suspension of writ of habeas corpus; ex parte Milligan; budget; naval blockade, Prize cases; call for troops in 1861; Emancipation Proclamation (did he have authority to do it); Lincoln and dissent (OM 535-36, 552; Foner) Lincoln’s position on slavery; Slaves running to freedom (contrabands); Emancipation Proclamation of 1863; purposes for issuing it; who was freed by it; significance of it; how all slaves ultimately freed; 13th amendment (OM 546-47, Greeley letter, Foner) Lincoln’s explanation of why the Civil War occurred; how similar to Julia Ward Howe’s “Battle Hymn of the Republic”; Lincoln’s conception of God (active in history, will can’t be changed by human beings, just); desire for reconciliation (“judge not,” no “malice,” responsibilities to those who fought Lincoln’s interpretation of the war (test, new birth of freedom); meaning of “under God,” “new birth of freedom,” “government of the people, by the people, and for the people” Borrowing/war bonds; Legal Tender Act, “greenback dollars;” new taxes; inflationary effect of greenbacks (OM 536-38) Gettysburg Total war strategy The Wilderness March to the Sea Appomattox New military technologies Lincoln and expansion of Presidential power Death of slavery Second Inaugural Address Gettysburg Address Methods used by USA to finance war Radical Republicans Goals; leaders (Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin Wade); dislike of Andrew Johnson (OM 573-75) Reconstruction (period) 1865-1877; 4 key issues involved in Reconstruction era and how they were handled; how the war changed the federal government (expanded power, national citizenship, conception of government as definer and protector of rights); the 3 Reconstruction amendments and what they accomplished; educating and assisting freed people (Freedmen’s Bureau; O.M. Howard) Presidential theory of Reconstruction Status of states; how they could be restored to active role; how Andrew Johnson implemented this approach; why he got into trouble with Congress over it (notes; OM 573); State suicide; how they could be restored to the Union; First Reconstruction Act of 1867 (notes; OM 575); Supreme Court Texas v. Congressional theory of Reconstruction White; factors leading to “Radical Reconstruction” (e.g., black codes) Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Disenfranchisement of African Americans and segregation Remembering the war Southern agriculture Southern Republicans Tenure of Office Act; political basis for impeachment vote; outcome of trial and consequences including precedent set (OM 575-76) use of violence and intimidation; Ku Klux Klan; literacy tests, poll taxes; grandfather clause; fusion tickets; segregation, Civil Rights cases of 1883, Plessy v. Ferguson, John Marshall Harlan human costs of the war; Memorial Day; “Lost Cause” Sharecropping, crop lien; role of local merchants; problems with cotton industry “carpetbaggers,” “scalawags,” and African Americans; goals of Republican state governments; successes and failures (OM 586-88) Southern white resistance and Ku Klux Klan, Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, Democrats’ role, “redemption” Supreme Court decisions that limited application of 14th amendment (OM 588-90) Women’s rights controversy over women voting; National Woman Suffrage Association (Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton), Revolution; American Woman Suffrage Association (Lucy Stone); Women’s Christian Temperance Union, “For God, home, and native land,” Frances Willard; struggle to get into professions; Belva Lockwood; Victoria Woodhull; free love; marriage (various positions on it); control over own body; Comstock law of 1873 (Foner, OM 57879, Susan Anthony speech) Southern poverty sources of capital; role of local merchants; crop lien system, tenant farming, and sharecropping; problems of cotton industry (OM 590592) Northern economy in Reconstruction era shift to factory system and dependence on industry over agriculture; centrality of railroads to economy; trans-continental railroads; role of Chinese; corruption; Credit Mobilier scandal (OM 592-94) Electoral crisis of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden; what caused electoral crisis; how it was resolved; Compromise of 1877 and end of Reconstruction (OM 596-97) Study Questions: 1.What were the dates of the Civil War? What issues unresolved by the Revolution were resolved by this war and how? How does the Civil War meet the three tests of what constitutes a civil war? 2.What was Lincoln’s first priority in conducting the war? How did this impact his position on slavery? What steps did Lincoln take to end slavery? 3.What factors made it difficult for Kentuckians to decide which side to support during the war? Why did Kentucky remain in the Union? 4.What was the cost of the Civil War in lives? How does this compare to other U.S. conflicts? What made the mortality rate so high? (technology, tactics, medical care) 5.What were the relative advantages and disadvantages of each side going into the war? 6.What connection was made between African American military service during the war and citizenship? Give a similar example from the Vietnam War. 7.How did the Civil War and Reconstruction change Americans’ conception of nationhood? (Notes; Foner 97-99; 107; 112-113) 8.What were the Reconstruction Amendments, what did they provide, and how did they change both the definition of freedom and the role of the Federal government? (OM 578, Foner 105-107) Be able to give the four key parts of Section 1 of the 14th amendment. (Reading Guide 4) 9.Why did sharecropping and the crop lien system come to dominate Southern farming? How did this lead to over-reliance on cotton and what were the long term consequences? What group benefited from this system and formed a new Southern elite? (OM 584; 590-92) 10.Explain these two ways of remembering the War: “waving the bloody shirt” and “the Lost Cause.” Which one won out in the end? Why? (Notes)