Download Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан

Титульный лист программы
дисциплины (SYLLABUS)
Форма
Ф СО ПГУ 7.18.4/19
Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан
Павлодарский государственный университет им. С. Торайгырова
Промышленное, гражданское и транспортное строительство
ПРОГРАММА ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ (SYLLABUS)
Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык (английский язык)
Павлодар, 2013 г.
Лист утверждения программа
дисциплины (Syllabus)
Форма
Ф СО ПГУ 7.18.4/19
УТВЕРЖДАЮ
Декан АСФ
___________ Кудерин М.К.
«___»____________20___г.
Составитель: преподаватель ________________Г.А. Жукенова
Программа дисциплины (Syllabus)
Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык (английский язык)
для студентов очной формы обучения
специальностей: 5В010700 –
Изобразительное исскуство и черчение, 5В012000 – Профессиональное
обучение, 5В042000 – Архитектура, 5В042100 – Дизайн, 5В072900 –
Строительство, 5В073000 – Производство строительных материалов, изделий и
конструкций, 5В073100 – Безопасность жизнедеятельности и защита
окружающей среды, 5В074500 – Транспортное стротельство.
Программа разработана на основании
утверждённой «___» _________20__г.
рабочей
учебной
программы,
Рекомендована на заседании кафедры от «_____»____________20__г.
Протокол №_____.
Заведующий кафедрой ____________ Саканов К.Т. «____» ________20__г.
Одобрена
учебно-методическим
советом
архитектурно-строительного
факультета «____»______________20__г. Протокол №____
Председатель УМС ________________
Жукенова Г.А. «____» ________20__г.
1. Паспорт учебной дисциплины
иностранный язык (английский язык)
Дисциплина обязательного компонента
Профессионально-ориентированный
Количество кредитов и сроки изучения
Всего – 2 кредита
Курс: 1
Семестр: 2
Всего аудиторных занятий – 90 часов
Лекции – н/п
Практические/семинарские занятия – 30 часов
Лабораторные – н/п
СРО – 60 часов
в том числе СРОП – 15 часов
Общая трудоемкость – 90 часов
Форма контроля
Экзамен – 4 семестр
Пререквизиты
Для освоения данной дисциплины необходимы знания, умения и навыки
приобретённые при изучении следующих дисциплин:
- Английский язык
- Введение в специальность.
Постреквизиты
Знания, умения и навыки, полученные при изучении данной дисциплины,
необходимы для освоения следующих дисциплин:
- Английский язык (профессиональный)
2. Сведения о преподавателях и контактная информация
Жукенова Гюльнара Абаевна
Кафедра «Промышленное, гражданское и транспортное строительство»,
аудитория 313
Телефон: +77021219811
Е-mail: [email protected]
3. Предмет, цели и задачи
Предмет дисциплины – профессионально-ориентированный английский
язык.
Цель преподавания дисциплины – формирование коммуникативной
компетенции специалиста, способного решать средствами английского языка
актуальные задачи общения в различных сферах профессиональной
деятельности.
Задачи изучения дисциплины
- овладение системой базовых понятий и терминологии теории перевода;
- овладение системой прагматических единиц речевого уровня;
- обогащение фоновых знаний энциклопедическими и интеллектуальнокультурными сведениями о специальности;
- развитие умений и навыков написания и защиты учебно-научной работы
по специальности;
- развитие деловой и учебно-научной речи студентов в диалогической /
монологической, устной / письменной форме.
4. Требования к знаниям, умениям, навыкам и компетенциям
В результате изучения данной дисциплины студенты должны:
иметь представление о:
- об особенностях функционирования речевых единиц (эмоциональноэкспрессивных и стилистических) в соответствии с условиями общения;
- о языке и речи переводчика, способах невербальной коммуникации;
- о стилях и типах речи / общения в различных сферах профессиональной
деятельности;
знать:
- социокультурные условия Казахстана и особенности функционирования
английского языка;
- сферы, обстановки, ситуации общения, социальные и статусные роли
участников речевой коммуникации;
- языковую систему и стилистические ресурсы на лексикограмматическом уровне;
- минимум общенаучной книжной лексики и терминов, минимум речевых
тем в рамках специальности;
- речевые особенности делового общения (обращение в официальной
обстановке общения, минимум этикетных формул и правил при выражении
просьбы, отказа, согласия / несогласия, благодарности, поздравления и др.);
- виды и жанры учебно-научной и служебно-деловой речи;
уметь:
- определять приоритетные коммуникативные интенции и задачи;
- строить стратегию общения для достижения успешной коммуникации;
- осуществлять отбор лексико-грамматических стилистических единиц в
соответствии с экстралингвистическими условиями речевой коммуникации;
- продуцировать (создавать, порождать) и правильно интерпретировать
высказывания научного, делового, публицистического стилей на актуальные
темы в области профессиональной деятельности;
приобрести практические навыки:
- оперировать языковыми, речевыми и стилистически окрашенными
средствами адекватно прагматическим условиям общения;
- вести официальные и полуофициальные служебно-деловые беседы /
переговоры в соответствии с правилами русского речевого этикета;
- правильно оформлять научную работу по переводческому делу и
служебно-деловую документацию.
быть компетентным:
- в области профессиональной английской речи.
5. Тематический план изучения дисциплины
Распределение академических часов по видам занятий
№ п/п
Наименование тем
Количество
аудиторных
час. по видам
занятий
практические
(семинарские)
СРО
Введение
2
4
в том
числе
СРОП
1
CIVIL ENGINEERING
2
4
1
CONSTRUCTION WORKS
2
4
1
SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS
2
4
1
5
MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS
2
4
1
6
MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS
2
4
1
7
8
9
10
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
11
12
13
14
SILICATE INDUSTRY
ASBESTOS
AIR – CONDITIONING
ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND
FUNCTIONS
BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
GREAT SPHINX
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
15
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE
2
30
4
60
1
15
1
2
3
Всего
4
Всего: 90 (2 кредита)
6. Содержание практических занятий, их объем в часах
ТЕМА 1
CIVIL ENGINEERING
I. Listen, read and remember.
Appliance
Приспособление, прибор
Apply
Обращаться за чем-л
Branch
Ветвь, филиал, отрасль
Concern
Касаться, относиться, интересовать
Conflict with nature
Противоречить природе, бороться с
природой
Deal (with)
Иметь дело с чем-л, кем-л
Divide (into)
Делить. разделять
Distinguish (from)
Отличать
Execute
Выполнять
Harbour
Гавань
Lead (to)
Вести (к)
Protect oneself against
Защищаться от чего-л
sustain
Поддерживать, выдерживать
II. Read and translate the text.
Civil Engineering
The term "engineering" is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the
explanation of the word "engineering" as the practical application of scientific and mathematical
principles. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or
using engines. But this word is now applied *in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art
of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other
mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of
them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.
While the definition "civil engineering "dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil
engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to
understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the
development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the
materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times.
The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict
with nature.
First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a nonmilitary purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century
there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. The former included all those
branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the
constructions of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the
applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.
But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of
science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of
mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to
differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.
It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a
number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics
and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering,
and were called "mechanical engineers".
With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the
engineering — electrical engineering. It is divided now into two main branches: communications
engineering and power engineering.
In the middle of the 20th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering—
nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on
the achievements of modern science and engineering.
At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another,
branched off from civil engineering.
The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes
all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the
present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.
Here are some fields of civil engineering:
1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.
2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their
foundations.
3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.
4. The construction of railroads.
5. The construction of harbours and canals.
6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.
The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.
III. A few explanations to the text
1. ... in a more extended sense — в более широком смысле
2. The former..., while the latter... - первый (имеется в виду из двух упомянутых)..., тогда
как последний... (из двух упомянутых)
3. Here are some fields of civil engineering. — Вот некоторые области строительства.
IV. Answer the questions
1. What does the word "engineering" mean?
2. Is engineering a science?
3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?
4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?
5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?
6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?
7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?
8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?
9. When was electrical engineering developed?
10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?
V. Read the text and tell the group what is a home for you?
What is home?
(after Ernestine Schumann-Heink)
A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind? Floors to keep out the cold?
Yes, but home is more than that. It's the laugh of a baby, the song of a mother, the strength of a
father. Warmth of living hearts, light from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship.
Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they learn what is right, what is good
and what is kind. Where they go for comfort when they are hurt or sick.
Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and mothers are respected and loved. Where
children are wanted. Where the simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where
money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the tea - kettle sings from happiness.
That is home. Sweet home.
God bless it.
ТЕМА 2
CONSTRUCTION WORKS
I. Read following words and word-combinations and find centences containing them in the text.
Basement
фундамент, основание, подвал
beam
балка, балансир
cause
причина, сторона
coat
покрытие, -ing слой (краски)
commission
пускать в эксплуатацию
contractor
подрядчик
designed performance
проектная мощность
foundation
основание, фундамент
framework
конструкция. Структура
girder
поясная балка, прогон
precommissioning works
предпусковые работы
spare parts
запасные части
timber
лесоматериал, строевой лес, балка
followed its progress with interest
с интересом следил за его ростом
basic and detailed engineering
выполнение проектной документации
starting up and adjustment operation
пуско-наладочные работы
II. Without translating find information in the text to the following questions.
1. What purpose is the natural stone used for?
2. What are the buildings made of stone and brick?
3. Should the coverings tie the walls?
4. What must every building be?
5. What are the main parts of a building?
6. What are their functions?
7. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis?
8. What are the responsibilities of the contractor?
9. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking?
10. How is a turnkey contract usually won?
11. What can the Completion Certificate tell us about?
12. What building professions have you come across in the text?
Construction Works
The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and,
therefore, were very simple—a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.
The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing
or for industrial purpose.
As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and
concrete types. The brick is an artif-ical material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural
stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. The
buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.
The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors. These may be of
timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes.
The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep 6ut rain and wind and to
preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and
give strength and firmness to the construction.
Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior
should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple
without any excesses.
Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.
Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after
it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called
drainage or sewerage.
II
Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and *fol-lowed its progress with interest1.
First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and
protected by several coats of paint.
The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for
safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be
carefully designed and proportioned.
The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the
girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and
arranged.
Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.
Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against
the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and
uneven floors.
Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a
fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The
walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone,
concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give
strength and firmness to the structure.
III
Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the
employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and
commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project
construction and commissioning.
The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to
work out *basic and detailed engi neering2 and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor's highly
qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out
installation, *start-up and adjustment operations3.
After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and
meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.
As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed and the project is ready
for the commissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The
contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the
Completion Certificate.
The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the
project will reach the designed perfor-mance.
Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully
completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project
could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.
Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign
and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for
the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.
III. Find English equivalents in the text.
Огнеупорный материал, бутовая кладка, дополнительная нагрузка, различные отделочные
материалы, защитить несколькими слоями краски, нулевой цикл, сертификат о завершении
строительства, строительство «под ключ», проектно-изыскательные работы, местные и
иностранные субподрядчики.
IV. Read the text once again and make words from the letters.
UNIT 3
SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS
I. Listen, read and remember.
apprntice
ученик, подмастерье
bid
предложение цены, претензия
carpenter
плотник
chimney
труба, дымоход
cornice
карниз
drain
дренажная труба, канава; дренировать,
осушать
expose
выставлять (напоказ, на продажу);
подвергать (опасности)
granolithic
сделанный из искусственного гранита
joiner
столяр
lathing
сетка (под штукатурку)
mould
форма, лекало, шаблон; формовать, делать
по шаблону
plumber
водопроводчик; паяльщик
render
воздавать; представлять; делать, превращать
request
просьба, требование; спрос
sheet
лист (бумаги); ~ iron листовое железо
II. Scan the texst for about 10 minutes and find the sentences with words from I
Some Building Professions
A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough
skill *to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.
He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house
painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.
Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware
drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the
insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of
Greart Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slating and lay plaster and granolithic
floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialities.
Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window
frames, asbestos sheeting and other wall-board. He builds or dismantles Wood or metal formwork.
The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but
specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is
derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework.
Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and
shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished
and done in a joinery shop *which is not exposed to weather.
In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.
Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a
mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls,
whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.
Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays
successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall
pattern. *He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.
A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general constractor, but
represents client's interest during all phases of the building process — design as well as
construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.
For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updated cost projections so
that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general constractor, however,
doesn't usually enter the scene until after the design is complete.
The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the bids, and
awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends them out to
the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a general
constractor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM's direction.
The CM may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the construction site.
III. A few explanations to the text.
1. ...to be considered a skilled worker at his trade — может считаться искусным в своем
ремесле
2. ...slater-and-tiler — кровельщик (мастер по укладке черепицы)
3. hot water fitter—теплотехник
4. which is not exposed to weather—который не подвержен погоде
5. Не can use horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco — Он может
использовать опалубку для бетона, крепить сетку под штукатурку и применять
отделочный гипс.
IV. read and translate the text « Some Building Professions». Give equivalent English phrases to
the following Russian ones.
Мастер по укладке черепицы, считаться искусным в своем ремесле, быть подверженным
влиянию погоды, многослойная штукатурка, столярная мастерская, верхолаз, каменщик.
UNIT 4
MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS
I.Read the vocabulary to the text.
consider
рассматривать обсуждать, обдумывать
cross-section
поперечное сечение, поперечный разрез,
профиль
derive (from)
получать, извлекать, происходить
froth
пена; пениться
handle
брать руками, держать в руках
impermeability
непроницаемость, герметичность
kiln
печь для обжига
mortar
раствор
plywood
фанера
resist
сопротивляться
sawdust
опилки
span
промежуток времени, период времени
subject
(to) подвергать, подчинять
tensile
растяжимый
veneere
шпон, фанера
II. A few explanations to the text.
1. ... the first joint of the fingers – первыми фалангами пальцев
2. ... for a vast number of purposes – для многих целей
3. ... and they can be easier machined – и их легче обработать
III. Read and translate the text.
Modern Building Materials
Part I
Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics
and glass.
Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into
two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a
number of valuable materials.
However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of
buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.
A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in
kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a
rectangular solid and its weight is from 6.5 to 9 Ib.
There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight,
multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of
mortar.
The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and,
because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the
average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an
eight-hour working day.
It is necessary, therefore, for the "would be" bricklayer to practise handling a brick until he can
control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.
The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick
and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with *the first joints of the fingers1
on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also
prevent the skin from rough bricks.
Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the
construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative
purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.
Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of
building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.
Metals: Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and
especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.
Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are
employed in construction.
Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work *for a vast number of purposes.2
Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building,
from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material
for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to
corrosion, *and they can be easier machined.3 Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any
color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance
to chemical action.
A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior
design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to
stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.
Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with
thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been devel
oped for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years
without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being
used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.
Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground
glass and a frothing agent.
Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior
wall panels, and in industrial construction.
Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas
impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption,
and it is easily sewn and nailed.
Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in
buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.
For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to.
IV. Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text.
1. ...for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods.
2. However, timber is still employed ...
3. ... ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc.
4. ... they use natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone.
5. ... while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.
6. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand...
7. ... severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation.
8. ... to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.
9. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost,...
V. Translate into English, and find sentences in the text with following word-combinations.
Прямоугольное твердое тело, держать кирпич с легкой уверенностью, восьмичасовой
рабочий день, шлаковая вата, преднапряженный бетон, площадь поперечного сечения,
выдержать напряжение растяжения (растягивающее напряжение).
VI. Tell the group about any of the building materials.
VII. discuss different building materials from the text finishing the following phrases:
1. What you need most of all is...
2. Another important thing is...
3. ... can make a real difference.
4. I think ... is pretty important too.
VIII. Read and remember.
on the other hand
с другой стороны
bend
сгибаться, гнуться, изгибаться
crack
треск; трещина
desire
желание, просьба, требование
gravel
гравий,
load
груз, нагрузка
sag
оседать, обивать, падать
store
запас, склад
tensile
растяжимый
IX. Answer following questions. Then read the text and check your meanings.
1. Why is concrete more fit for foundation?
2. What floor covering is the best?
3. What colour should bedroom walls be? (kitchen walls, living-room walls)
4. What should a chimney be made of?
5. Why is it nice to have a mantelpiece?
6. What timber is considered to be the best for the window frames?
7. What professionals does a construction team need?
Modern Building Materials
Part II
Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an
artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand
and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper
consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to
get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high
strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while
prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.
AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE
By the simple definition from the dictionary "aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small
stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete". In other words aggregates (or cushioning
materials) can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded
and bonded together by an active binder, form the rock. This rock is denoted by the general term
concrete.
Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for
the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting
the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate
factors; they reduce volume chang es resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the
concrete mass.
All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to
weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete.
As aggregates such natural materials as sand, pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag,
cinder, pumice and others can be used.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete is not a new material. Its successful use has been developed rapidly during the
last two decades, chiefly because steel of a more suitable character has been produced. Concrete is
strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.
If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning a certain distance, it will at
once be realized that the beam's own weight will cause the beam to "sag" or bend. This sagging at
once puts the lower edge of the beam in tension, and if the cross-sectional area is small, causes it to
break, especially if the span is relatively large.
If, *on the other hand1, we use a beam of similar cross-section, but incorporate steel bars in the
lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress derived from the sag of the beam, and thus assist
in preventing it from breaking.
In prestressed concrete steel is not used as reinforcement, but as a means of producing a suitable
compressive stress in the concrete. Therefore any beam (or member) made of prestressed concrete
is permanently under compression, and is consequently devoid of crack under normal loading, or so
long as the "elastic limit" is not exceeded.
Prestressed concrete is not only used for beams but is now employed extensively for columns,
pipes, and cylindrical water towers, storage tanks, etc.
X. Translate following phrases.
1. A relatively cheap filler, the proper consistency, resistance to weathering, spanning a certain
distance, the cross sectional area, negotiated fee.
2. Вредные примеси, удачное использование, цементируемый материал, искусственный
камень, быть постоянно под напряжением, заполняющие материалы.
XI. Write out international words out from the text and translate them without a dictionary.
XII. Add the missing parts of the sentences from the text
1. ... to produce a mixture of the proper consistency.
2. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly...
3. ... they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; ...
4. This sagging at once puts the lower edge...
5. ... as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete.
6. ... any beam made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression...
7. This sagging at once puts the lower edge....
UNIT 5
SILICATE INDUSTRY
I. Read and translate the text paying attantion to the following words.
1. It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics. – она включает производство
цемента, стекла и керамики.
2. … does not become hard at once. - … не застывает сразу.
3. ..., which is not subject to disintegration or decay. – который не подвержен разрушению
или загниванию.
4. ... on external agent for setting power – от внешнего фактора для застывания
bind
связывать, скреплять
embrace
включать, охватывать
grind
размалывать
ignite
зажигать, загораться; прокаливать
impurity
примесь
lump
глыба, комок
pit
яма, копь, шахта
puty
замазка
quarry
каменоломня, карьер
roast
обжигать, кальциновать
slake
гасить (известь)
Silicate Industry
Silicate industry is the industry processing the natural compounds of silicon. *It embraces the
production of cement, glass, and ceramics1.
The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form
putty, from which various articles can easily be moulded. When these are dried and then for easily
moulding baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and retain their shape, no
longer being softened by water.
In this way clay, mixed water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The
materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime.
Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture, marls.
The materials roasted in cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper
end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current of hot gases, the
products of the burning of fuel, flows in the opposite direction. During the period of their movement
through the kiln the clay and the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the
kiln in lumps of a caked mass is cement, which is then grounded.
When cement is mixed with water, it forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as
bricks or stones, very firmly. It is for this reason that cement is used widely as a binding materials
in large-scale construction, including underwater construction.
Cement is often mixed with sand or gravel, in which case we get concrete. Concrete has roughly the
same coefficient of thermal expansion as iron.
Glass Production. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda,
limestone, and sand. A mixture of these substances is heated in a bath-shaped furnace.
When it cools, the liquid mass of glass *does not become hard at once2. At first it becomes viscous
and readily assumes any shape. This property of glass is used in making various articles out of it.
Definite portions of the cooling semiliquid mass are taken from the bath, and these are blown or
pressed to make various glassware. By machine methods glass sheets, tubes, etc., can be drawn
continuously from the molten mass.
Sand is the chief material used as a fine aggregate. It is required in mortar or concrete for economy
and to prevent the excessive cracking. Mortar made without sand would be expensive.
The word "sand" is applied to any finely divided material which will not injuriously affect the
cement or lime and * which is not subject to disintegration or decay. Sand is almost the only
material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfil these requirements.
A mixture of coarse and fine grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger concrete
with a less amount of cement than when only fine-grained sand is used.
The following sands are used for mortars: pit or quarry sand, river sand and sea sand.
Lime is a calcium oxide. It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster. Lime (quicklime) is a
white solid that reacts violently with water to form calcium hydroxide. It is made by heating limestone in a special kind of furnace called a "kiln". Lime must be stored in a dry place, otherwise it
will absorb moisture.
Limes may be divided into three distinct classes:
1. Rich limes that contain not more than 6 percent of impurities, slake very rapidly, and are entirely
dependent *on external agents for setting power4. These are widely used for interior plasterer's
works.
2. Poor limes that contain from 15 percent to 30 percent of useless impurities and possess the
general properties of rich limes, only to a lesser degree.
3. Hydraulic limes that contain certain proportions of impurities, which when calcinated, combine
with the lime and endow it with the valuable property of setting under water or without external
agents.
Lime is a basic building material extensively used all over the world, but it was not until the later
years of the 19th century that a greater appreciation of the fuel-burning problems involved became
apparent. Until this time the requirement for lime was largely agricultural and it was produced by
farmers or by small builders who used it for making mortar and plaster.
As industrial requirements increased "running" kilns were developed. These were lined with
firebrick and charged at regular intervals with stone and fuel.
Around the world there are many different types of kilns and variations in lime-burning practice.
II. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text.
Жидкая масса, изделия из стекла, природная смесь, расплавленная масса, связующее
вещество, цилиндрическая вращающая печь, нагревание известняка, изготовление раствора и
штукатурки, гашеная известь.
III. explain in English the meaning of the following words.
Cooling
Putty
Slaked lime
Mortar
Running kilns
IV. Group these phrases under the following headings:
a) Cement Production
b) Glass Production
to roast in; large-scale construction; ordinary glass; to move through the kiln; building material;
bath-shaped furnace; definite portions; cylindrical rotary kilns; to ignite at a temperature; a mixture
of substances; cooling semiliquid mass; to press; the molten mass.
V. Speak about the glass production.
UNIT 6
ASBESTOS
I. Find in the text a definition of asbestos and translate it into Russian.
Asbestos
Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times. The first written evidence of
asbestos was recorded by Pliny *in the first century A. D.l
It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of
asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo
told his friends in Italy about a substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into
attractive textiles, which did not burn even in direct flame.
Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibers. It is a rock, *which has been
subjected to unusual treatment during its formation2. Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as
a textile fiber in the form it is obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos
rocks but only chrysotile is widely used for textile products. Chrysotile is mined in many countries
of the world. The soft, long, white fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual
processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton fiber is usually added to
help to bind the asbestos fibers together. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibers is their
resistance to heat and burning. This property determines 4he ways in which they are used.
Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and table coverings. The Chinese
used asbestos to make false sleeves, which could be cleaned by putting them in the fire. All the dirt
was burned off, leaving the asbestos clean. We know commercial development of the fiber to have
started in the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flameproof clothing of many kinds, for laboratory,
industrial and military purposes.
Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main applications are those in which noninflammability is essential such as conveyor belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof
clothing, etc. Asbestos is sometimes used with glass fiber in making decorative fabrics for curtains
used in hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of asbestos
are used for electrical windings and insulation.
Vocabulary
... in the first century AD – в первом веке нашей эры
... which has been subjected to unusual treatment durin its formation – который подвергся
необычному воздействию во время своего образования
belt – пояс
dirt – грязь
fiber (fibre) – волокно, нить
handkerchief – носовой платок, косынка
sleeve – рукав
spin – прясть
treatment – обращение, обработка, зд. Воздействие
yarn – пряжа, нить
II. Read and translate the text and complete the sentences.
1. Fabrics made of asbestos have...
2. .... one of the Emperors of Rome...
3. Early uses for asbestos included such articles...
4. All the dirt was burned off, leaving...
5. .. .fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes.
III. Match the verbs in A with those in B.
to include
происходить
to add
добывать
to start
прясть
to spin
использовать
to mine
гореть
to occur
прясть
to burn
начинать
to weave
добавлять
to use
включать
UNIT 7
AIR – CONDITIONING
I. Read the vocabulary and few explanations to the text
an amount of
количество чего-л
attic
мансарда, чердак
be capable of
быть способным
desire
желание
duct
проток, канал
exceed
превышать, превосходить
humidity
влажность
inhabit
жить, обитать
moisture
влажность
motion
движение
outlet
выпускное или выходное отверстие
precipitator
осаждатель, ускоритель
purity
чистота
stuffy
душный
velocity
скорость
waste
бесполезная трата
... one for the processing of materials
первый для обработки материалов
... a uniform temperature and humidity
одинаковую температуру и влажность
... neither..., nor...
ни…, ни…
A stove causes the hot air around it...
Сушильная печь заставляет воздух вокруг…
II. Read the following text. Prepare several questions for discussion and discuss them in your
group.
Air-conditioning
Air-conditioning is the bringing of air in a building to a desired temperature, purity, and humidity
throughout the year to maintain healthy and comfortable atmosphere.
Air-conditioning may be divided into two main sections: *one for the processing of materials1 in
industry; the other for human comfort. It has been found that there is an optimum condition of
temperature and humidity at which the processing of different materials may be carried out with the
minimum of wastage and the maximum of goods of specification quality. The system is therefore
designed to produce air of predetermined temperature and moisture content and to keep it so despite
all external influences. Such air is filtered free of foreign material.
Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into two main sections — winter and
summer. Frequently, the systems installed in office buildings provide control during both seasons.
Complete air-conditioning provides the following services.
First, filtration of the air both in winter and summer to remove dust.
Second, circulation of the air at low velocity and with proper diffusion to prevent draughts and
maintain *a uniform temperature and humidity2 at all parts of the inhabited space.
Third, introduction of enough fresh air from the outside atmosphere.
Fourth, heating of the air in winter.
Fifth, cooling of the air in summer below the outside atmosphere.
Sixth, humidifying the air in winter to a relative humidity of at least 20-25 per cent.
Seventh, dehumidifying the air in summer to a relative humidity not exceeding 55 per cent.
The basic pieces of equipment are the filters, preheat coils, humidifiers, reheat coils, additional
cooling coils, fans and controls. The control of air purity can be achieved in various degrees. As a
minimum control some sort of filtering must be done near the entrance of the air-conditioning
system. Possibly the most efficient filtering device is the electrostatic precipitator.
Air conditioning for human comfort is employed in both large and small installations, such as
theaters, office buildings, department stores, residences, airplanes, railways, cars and submarines.
II
People are comfortable when they are *neither too cold, nor3 too warm and when the air about them
is neither too dry, nor too damp and is not stuffy or dusty. To bring about these desirable conditions
the heating or air-conditioning apparatus must be capable of maintaining the following conditions
inside the house, whatever the conditions outside may be.
To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion. Under winter conditions
this must be sufficient to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rooms. It must not be too cold
at the floor, not too hot at the ceiling. * A stove causes the hot air around it4 to rise up toward the
ceiling and cooler air to flow toward the stove. A radiator acts in this respect like a stove. Warm-air
registers bring heated air into a room with a certain motion or velocity which imparts movement to
the air already in the room. An outlet for this air should be provided in order to have good
ventilation. In summer time much greater air motion is needed, enough to change the air in a room
completely from three to ten times per hour. Sometimes a fan is placed in the attic to blow the warm
air out and to cause the cooler night air to flow through open windows. When this is done, air in the
house can be expected to be changed completely every two or three minutes. When air is brought
into a house from outside, heated in a furnace and distributed through all the rooms, it ought to be
cleaned by passing it through "filters" before it enters the furnace.
III. discuss air-conditioning of the house with your partner using the following phrases:
1. Another important thing is ...
2. You must keep in mind that ...
3. You avoid this ... should ...
4. ... (this) must be sufficient.
5. What people need most of all ...
UNIT 8
ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS
I. Let's talk about architecture.
1. What famous Russian/English architectors do you know?
2. Among Seven Wonders of the World there were some famous buildings and constructions. Do
you know them?
3. What famous architectural complexes in Russia do you know?
4. What do you think about your city/town architecture?
II. Read few explanations to the text
1... .a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture. —здание не может считаться
архитектурным произведением.
2... .in the first century В. С. (before Christ) —.. .в первом веке до нашей эры (до рождества
Христова).
3. No true architect could think of any of them... — Ни один настоящий архитектор не смог бы
думать только об одном из них...
4. It needs some unique type of imagination... — Она (архитектура) требует своеобразного
видения...
III. Read the vocabulary to the text.
entail
вызывать
evolve
развиваться
incoherent
непоследовательный, несвязный
inherent
присущий, неотъемлемый
heritage
наследство
requite
вознаграждение
triple
тройной; утраивать
IV. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What is architecture?
2. What is the oldest book to set forth the principles of construction?
3. How should mankind deal with the heritage of the past?
4. What three basic factors in architecture were listed nearly two thousand years ago?
5. Why architecture is a difficult art?
6. What can we say about any truly great building?
7. What integration must an architect achieve?
Architecture: Its Forms and Functions
Architecture is the art or science of planning, building and structures. Without consideration of
structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements a building cannot take form. But
without aesthetical quality inherent in its form *a building cannot be considered as a work of
architecture1 as well.
From the very beginning of construction in human history lots of architectural skills, systems and
theories have been evolved for the construction of the buildings, which have housed nations and
generations of people in any kind of their activity. Writings on architecture are almost as old as
writing itself. Books on the theory of architecture, on the art of buildings, and on the aesthetical
view of buildings exist in great number. The oldest book, which sets forth the principles, upon
which buildings should be designed and which aim is to guide the architect, is the work of Markus
Vitruvius Pollio written *in the first century B. C.2
Architecture is an art. Its nowadays expression should be creative and consequently new. The
heritage of the past cannot be ignored, but it must be expressed in modern terms. There exists an
evident paradox in the coexistence of change and survival in every period of human civilisation.
This paradox of change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style.
Architecture is also the style or manner of building in a particular country or period of history.
There are widely known examples of Gothic architecture all round the globe. During many
centuries mankind admires the architecture of ancient Greece or Roman Empire as well.
Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius listed three basic factors in
architecture. They are convenience, strength and beauty. These three factors have been present and
are always interrelated in the best constructions till the 21st century. *No true architect could think
of any of them3 without almost automatically considering the other two as well. Thus, architectural
design entails not only the necessity to study various solutions for convenience, structure, and
appearance as three separate processes. Architectural design also includes the necessity to keep in
mind the constant interaction of these factors. It's impossible for an architect first plan a building
from the point of view of convenience, and then make the design of a strong construction around his
plan to shelter it. Then, as a final touch, try to adjust and decorate the whole to make it pretty. Any
design evolving from such kind of work will produce only a confused, incoherent, and
unsatisfactory building. When speaking about any truly great building we cannot but say that every
element in it has a triple implication or significance.
This triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a difficult art. *It
needs some unique type of imagination4 as well as long years of training and experience to make a
designer capable of getting requite in the light of these three factors—use, construction, and
aesthetic effect—simultaneously. The designer must have a good knowledge as of engineering so of
building materials. This knowledge will enable him to create economically strong and practical
construction. The designer, in addition, must possess the creative imagination, which will enable
him to integrate the plan and the construction into the harmonious whole. The architect's feeling of
satisfaction in achieving such integration is one of his/her (their) greatest rewards.
UNIT 9
BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
I. Read a few explanations to the text
1. As public awareness of environmental issues increases ... — По мере того как растет
осведомленность общественности по вопросам окружающей среды...
2. ... who profess interest in the concept of sustainable architecture — которые открыто
интересуются концепцией поддерживающей архитектуры
3. ... buildings have had an increasingly severe and damaging impact on the environment — здания
оказывают все более разрушающее воздействие на окружающую среду
II. Read the vocabulary to the text
benign
благотворный; плодоносная (почва)
comfortable
уютный, удобный
comply
исполнять (просьбу, приказ—with )
conviction
убеждение, убежденность
enhance
усиливать, повышать
have an impact
оказывать влияние / воздействие
incentive
побуждение, стимул
jeopardize
угрожать, подвергать опасности
mimetic
подражательный
promote
способствовать, продвигать
restrict
ограничивать
stucco
штукатурка; штукатурить
vernacular
национальный; местный
III. Read and translate the text.
What Is Meant by "Bioclimatic Architecture"
Bioclimatic architecture is a way of designing buildings and manipulating the environment within
buildings by working with natural forces around the building rather than against them. Thus it
concerns itself with climate as a major contextual generator, and with benign environments using
minimal energy as its target. Bioclimatic architecture aims to protect and enhance the environment
and life. It is developing on many different levels from rethinking basic concepts about our need for
shelter and the function of the "city" in our lives to developing recycled or sustainable building
materials.
The impact of traditional building on the environment and natural resources is enormous. However,
the ideal of designing and building structures that are environmentally friendly has become fairly
widespread throughout the community of architects and builders in developed nations. In many
areas there is the necessity of complying with new regulations and standards aimed at protecting the
environment. In addition, there are an increasing number of incentives for putting up buildings with
more efficient energy consumption and that reduces the negative impacts on natural resources by
using recycled or sustainable materials. While these vary around tjie world, there is awareness that
our need for shelter must not jeopardize the environment.
There is growing interest in "green" building practices, which offer an opportunity to create
environmentally sound and resource-efficient buildings by using an integrated approach to design.
"Green" buildings promote resource conservation through energy efficiency, renewable energy, and
water conservation features. They take into consideration the environmental impact of the building
and minimize waste. Other goals are to create a healthy and comfortable environment, reduce
operation and maintenance costs, and address issues such as historical preservation, access to public
transportation and other community infrastructure systems, The entire life cycle of the building and
its components is considered, as well as the economic and environmental impact and performance.
As public awareness of environmental issues increases1, the construction developers are also
beginning to see that "green building" can be profitable and a selling point. Market surveys are
showing that a surprising number of potential buyers are interested and will pay the higher prices
for a home that is environmentally friendly. In the last few years there has been much talk
concerning environmentally responsible architecture, that is, architecture respectful of the earth's
resources and its natural beauty. Unfortunately, many of the architects and designers *who profess
interest in the concept of sustainable architecture2 do not practice it in their own work for whatever
reason, be it their client's lack of interest or their own lack of conviction. In fact, most architects
ignore the issue altogether, preferring to regard architecture as fashion. This is a terribly
irresponsible view, because in terms of energy use and visual pollution, *buildings have had an
increasingly severe and damaging impact on the environment,3 this makes the issue of sustainable
architecture not only an important consideration but also a necessary one. As for a building
philosophy for national parks, which were created to conserve nature for future generations, it
seems that sustainable architecture, or "integrated biocli-matic architecture", is the only logical and
responsible approach.
What is integrated bioclimatic architecture? It is the architecture that arises out of the landscape,
with the site determining the orientation and construction of a building, not just aesthetically, but
also mechanically, determining its heating, cooling, and lighting tbo. Thus, it is an architecture that
respects nature and its resources and provides its occupants with the most comfortable and pleasing
environment possible. However, this architectural approach need not be a restrictive one for
imaginative practitioners. As integrated bioclimatic architecture encompasses examples of
vernacular archi tecture, like the typical "white stucco Mediterranean fishing village", as well as
mimetic architecture, which draws on the materials, textures, even the plants of the surrounding
landscape for its inspiration. Indeed, good integrated bioclimatic architecture should exist in
harmony with the site.
IV. Speak on the usage of the words mentioned above. Discuss with уour partner such bio
notions as:
bio- architecture, sustainable architecture
V. Find in the text all synonyms to the phrase "green building".
VI. Find Russian equivalents:
environmentally friendly, bioclimatic architecture, more efficient energy consumption, to promote
resource conservation, an irresponsible view, to exist in harmony with the site or nature, public
awareness of environmental issues, resource efficient buildings, the environmental impact of the
building,
VII. Translate from Russian into English
Арка, поддерживаемая колоннами; создание здоровой окружающей среды, плодоносная
почва, разрушающее воздействие, пересмотр основных взглядов (понятий), строительство,
запланированное в этом районе, повторное использование материалов, возобновляемые
ресурсы, развитые страны, отсутствие убежденности.
VII. Answer the questions to the text
1. What is bioclimatic architecture?
2. The impact of traditional building on the environment and natural resources is not enormous, is
it?
3. Why is there growing interest in "Green" building practices?
4. What makes the construction developers see that "green" building can be profitable?
5. Do most architects regard architecture as fashion?
6. What is integrated bioclimatic architecture?
7. Explain the words "vernacular architecture".
8. Good integrated bioclimatic architecture should exist in harmony with the site, shouldn't it?
UNIT 10
FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING
I. Read a few explanations to the text
1 pyramid of Khufu [' ku' fu:] — пирамида Хуфу
2. ... to withstand the Thames current. — ... чтобы противостоять течению Темзы.
3. ... but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time — но время от
времени можно встретить упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов.
4. They were the first to use... — они первыми использовали
5. ... on a pretty large scale – в довольно широких масштабах
II. Read the vocabulary to the text.
art of building
искусство строить
brick
кирпич
borrow (from)
занимать, заимствовать
concrete
бетон
dome
купол
dwell
жить, проживать
embody
олицетворять, воплощать
erect
возводить, строить
find (out)
обнаружить, найти
kiln
обжиговая печь, сушильная печь
pile
свая, столб
pillar
столб, колонна
remains
остатки, руины
tribe
племя
III. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following Russian
доисторические времена, римский период, бесполезность использования стали в качестве
строительного материала, грубо обтесанный камень, они первыми использовали, недавние
открытия, в довольно широких масштабах.
From the History of Building
Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries
people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or
sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to
build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.
Later people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as
hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some
of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.
The ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples,
palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu1, king of Egypt. The
ancient Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate their kings or pharaons.
The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were
beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.
Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony and pure beauty in their buildings,
the Roman architecture produces the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness.
The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road works the Romans widely used
timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions
are used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries used by
man. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One
of the Romans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, pro duction: it's shape and
dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or rectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an
arched opening at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be withdrawn. Such kilns
were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns
in some places of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian Wall, which was erected to
protect the Romans from the Celtic tribes in the first century A.D. Britain was a province of the
Roman Empire for about four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the
people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.
By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who suggested the absolutely new for
that time idea of building the Pantheon with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number
of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths of Caracalla, it is still there in
Rome. Many ancient buildings in Rome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman
emperors. In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete to the position of the
main structural material in the empire.
It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of the great knowledge should have
disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for
centuries, *but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time2.
Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways.
Buildings combined the Roman arch and the steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman
traditions were continued in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London Bridge, finished
in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its
piers resting on broad foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current3.
The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of
architecture and building materials. During the last hundred years many new methods of building
have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building
material.
Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and
then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than
brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are. The earliest findings of concrete building
fragments belonging to prehistoric times were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the
construction of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences that ancient Greeks
also used concrete in the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be
traced back as far as 500 B.C. They were the first to use4 it throughout the ancient Roman Empire
*on a pretty large scale5 and many constructions made of concrete remain till nowadays thus
proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use
today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken
stone in foundations and walls. It was the so-called "pseudo concrete": The idea of such building
material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in
the ruins of Pompeii.
IV. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:
sun-dried mud bricks, timber piles, pseudo concrete, the ruins of Pompeii, harmony and pure
beauty.
V. Make a report about the history of building ant tell it in class.
UNIT 11
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Warming-up
Who doesn't dream about travelling to Egypt? We think all the architects do. Lets have a
wonderful journey.
1. What wonders of the world do you know?
2. What is the only remained wonder of the world?
3. What are the greatest monuments of Egyptian architecture?
4. Who is supposed to be the first named architect?
5. What are the periods in the history of ancient Egyptian architecture?
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Text 1
During the Old Kingdom, the period when Egypt was ruled by the Kings of the 3rd to 6th
Dynasties, artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under the patronage of the king
and his great nobles. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal made tremendous progress,
demonstrat» ed by surviving large scale monuments, such as the pyramids of the 4th Dynasty and
the sun temples built by the 5th-Dynasty kings. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most
spectacular of all funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. These monuments
celebrated the divinity of the kings of Egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.
This was a time when trade and the economy flourished. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials
which were often brought great distances, and were able to experiment with recalcitrant stones as
well as new techniques of metalworking. This enabled them by the 6th Dynasty to produce large
metal figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son, found at
Hierakonpolis. Made c. 2330 BC they are badly corroded but still impressive in their stiffly formal
poses. The eyes are inlaid, and the crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably originally made of gilded plaster.
During the prosperous period known as the Middle Kingdom fortresses were built to defend the
southern and eastern borders, and new areas of land were brought under cultivation. Craftsmen
achieved new levels of excellence. Very little architecture remains — many royal monuments were
robbed for their stone in later periods — but what has survived shows great simplicity and
refinement. The example is the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht.
The establishment of the 18th Dynasty marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new
blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with
other civilizations, such as those of Crete and Mesopotamia, and were also able to work with
imported raw materials.
The kings gave encouragement to artists and craftsmen by ordering great temples and palaces to be
built throughout Egypt. The temple walls were covered with reliefs celebrating the achievements of
the kings and the powers of the gods. The courtyards and inner sanctuaries were enriched with
statuary. The most notable monuments are the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-elBahari (c. 1480 BC), which had a series of pillared colonnades on three sides of three superimposed
terraces linked by gigantic ramps and magnificent Great Temple at Karnak to Amon as the universal god of Egypt.
Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of Alexander the
Great, who built numerous temples of traditional style of which the finest examples that survive are
the Temple of Horns at Etfu and the temples on the islands of Philae (c. 323—30 BC).
Vocabulary
kingdom — (зд.) царство
craftsman — ремесленник
surviving — уцелевший
large-scale — крупномасштабный
divinity —божество
recalcitrant — непокорный
to enable — давать возможность
copper — медь
inlaid — инкрустирован
с circa лат. — приблизительно
B.C. (before Christ) — до нашей эры
to miss — пропустить, утратить
gilded plaster — позолота
prosperous — процветающий
to rob — грабить
refinement — усовершенствование
blossoming — расцвет
raw materials — сырье
encouragement — поощрение
mortuary — погребальный
ramp — скат, уклон
to revive — возрождать
successor — последователь, наследник
I. Choose the right sentence.
1. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials.
3. Craftsmen used precious stones for their creations.
4. Craftsmen used concrete in their work.
5. It was forbidden for craftsmen to use the finest materials in their work.
2. The copper statues of Pepi I and his son are still impressive.
a) These statues were made of stone.
b) The copper statues of Pepi I and his son have not survived.
c) These statues have the power of affecting and gaining attention and feeling.
3. Fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders of ancient Egypt.
a) Fortresses were built in the west of ancient Egypt.
b) Fortresses were erected to protect the southern and eastern boundaries of ancient Egypt.
c) During the Middle Kingdom many fortresses were built.
4. The beginning of the New Kingdom is associated with the blossoming of the arts and crafts of
ancient Egypt.
a) This was a period of stagnation in the history of arts.
b) In this period craftsmen and artists were ordered great temples and palaces to be built throughout
Egypt.
c) During the New Kingdom the arts and crafts flourished.
5. The Ptolomies built numerous temples of traditional style.
a) Numerous palaces were built by the Ptolomies.
b) Many traditional temples were constructed under the Ptolomies.
c) Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the kings of the 4th Dynasty.
II. Complete the following sentences.
1. During the Old Kingdom artists and craftsmen ...
a) were forbidden to work in metal
b) worked under the patronage of king
c) built pyramids and temples
2. Craftsmen were able to experiment with ...
a) stone and new techniques of metalworking
b) concrete and clay
c) ivory and granite
3. The surviving examples, found at Hierakonpolis are ...
a) the sun temples of the 5th Dynasty.
b) the copper statues of Pepi I and his son
c) the Temple of Mut and the Temple of Amum
4. Very little architecture of the Middle Kingdom remains because ...
a) many royal monuments were robbed
b) of earthquakes
c) of wars
5. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations such as those of...
a) India and China
b) Crete and Mesopotamia
c) Assyria
6. The most notable monuments of the New Kingdom are ...
a) the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari and the Great Temple of Amon at
Karnak
b) Zoser's necropolis at Sakkara and Great Pyramid at El-Gizeh
c) The Temple of Horus at Etfu and the temples on the island of Philae.
7. Ancient Egyptian architecture vbs revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of...
a) Tuthmosis III
b) Alexander the Great
c) Queen Hatsheput
Read the text and tell about the greatest monuments of Egyptian architecture.
UNIT 12
GREAT SPHINX
From the 15th century AD European travellers carried home tales of the mysterious and amazing
remains of the civilization of Egypt. One of its most remarkable monuments, which still evokes this
sense of awe and might, is the Great Sphinx of Gizeh, the oldest surviving sphinx, dating from
c2550 BC, carved from a rock with the crouching body of a lion and a human face (74,4 m. long,
20,1 m. high, and 4,2 m. broad, at its widest point; the head is 8,7 m. high from chin to crown).
The human head was the means of individualizing the sculpture, so that the Great Sphinx probably
bears the idealized features of Khephren whose pyramid is nearby.
The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into prehistoric times, and several ceremonial
objects have survived which depict him in this guise, overthrowing his enemies. The sphinx was,
therefore, a natural development, personifying the divine power of the king as a force protecting his
land and repelling the power of evil.
The Great Sphinx is one of the most distinctive and dominant of all the images of ancient Egypt,
which is perhaps the source of the misconception that sphinxes are of central importance in
Egyptian culture. However, those that have survived are among the most impressive as well as
intriguing examples of Egyptian sculpture.
Vocabulary
amazing — удивительный
remains — (зд.) руины
to evoke — вызывать (чувства)
awe — (благоговейный) страх, трепет
might — могущество, мощь; энергия, сила
sandstone — песчаник(овый)
to survive — выжить, уцелеть, сохраниться
to crouch — припасть к земле для нападения (о животных)
to depict — изображать
divine —духовное лицо; божественный
to repel — отгонять, отражать (нападение)
distinctive — отличительный
misconception — неправильное представление
I. Choose the synonyms to the words in italics.
1. European travellers saw the mysterious and amazing remains of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
a) astonishing b) interesting c) modern
2. The Great Sphinx probably bears the idealized features of Khephren.
a) remains b) characteristics c) points
3. The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into prehistoric times.
a) idea b) story c) theme
4. The sphinx personifies the divine power of the king,
a) individual b) human c) sacred
5. The Great Sphinx is one of the most distinctive and dominant of all the images of ancient Egypt.
a) structures b) idols c) persons
II. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the sentence.
1. The European travellers saw the mysterious and amazing ...
a) ruins of the Hanging Gardens of Semeramide
b) remains of the civilization of Egypt
c) ruins of the Parthenon
2. The Great Sphinx of Gizeh was ...
a) made of marble
b) created by Imhotep
c) carved from rock
3. The Great Sphinx has a crouching body of a lion and ...
a) a dragon's head
b) a human face
c) a cow's head
4. The sphinx personified ...
a) the divine power of the king
b) the mighty of God
c) the greatness of the Roman Empire
5. The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into ...
a) the Middle Ages
b) the Archaic period
c) prehistoric times
UNIT 13
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Warming-up
1. What do you know about the greatest monuments of ancient Greek architecture?
2. Why do you think these monuments are the finest models for all generations of architecture?
3. What do you know about the architecture of the Acropolis?
Read the text and describe the Acropolis monuments.
THE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS
As one of the world's oldest cities Athens boasts a wealth of splendid relics of Hellenic art, some of
which are more than 3,000 years old. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, the gem of world
architecture, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural
monuments.
The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight-column facade, was built by Ictinus and Calibrates
in 447—38 BC. The temple was designed to serve as an exquisite, imposing architectural frame for
a stupendous gold and ivory statue of Athena, the goddess in the Greek pantheon watching over the
city. This no longer extant statue, which stood in the anterior of the shrine, was held in deep
reverence.
Next to the Parthenon is another shrine, an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, built by an
anonymous architect in 421—06 BC. Its refined loveliness and proportions are a very bit as
enchanting as the monumental grandeur of the Parthenon. It has the unparalleled portrayal of a
contemporary event on the frieze of the building: the procession of citizens in the yearly festival in
honour of Athena built on an awkward site, it also had to serve different cults, which meant that its
architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor levels. Its Caryatid
porch, with figures of women for columns, makes use of an old Oriental motif that
had appeared earlier, in Archaic treasuries at Delphi. The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the
Propylaea was designed by Mnesicles, who had to adapt the rigid conventions of colonnade
construction to a steeply rising site. In the precision and finish of their execution, which complements the brilliant innovation of their design, these three buildings had no rival in the Greek world.
Vocabulary
to boast — (зд.) гордиться
gem — (перен.) драгоценный, жемчужина
exquisite — утонченный
imposing — внушительный, величественный
frame — оправа, обрамление
stupendous — изумительный, громадный
ivory — слоновая кость
anterior — передний
shrine — святилище, храм
refined — изысканный
grandeur — величие
portrayal — изображение
awkward — труднодоступный
porch — портик, крытая галерея
treasury — сокровищница
rigid — жесткий, строгий
steeply — круто
precision — точность
rival — соперник
I. Complete the following sentences.
1. The Acropolis means ...
a) upper town
b) a platform
c) front elevation
2. The Parthenon was built by ...
a) an anonymous architect
b) Imhotep
c) Ictinus and Calibrates
3. The Parthenon was a display place for a great statue of...
a) Hera
b) Athena
c) Alexander the Great
4. The Erechtheum was also designed to serve different...
a) cults
b) architects
c) cities
5. The porch of the Erechtheum has figures of... for columns.
a) atlases
b) caryatids
c) sphinxes
6. In the Propylaea the rigid conventions of colonnade construction were adapted to a steeply rising
...
a) floor
b) building
c) site
7. The Propylaea was ... to the Acropolis.
a) a temple
b) the monumental gateway
c) staircase
II. Choose the right adjective.
1. The Acropolis is the gem of... architecture.
a) European
b) contemporary
c) world
2. The temple was designed to serve as a/an ..., imposing architectural frame for the statue of
Athena.
a) exquisite
b) rocky
c) deep
3. The Erechtheum was built by a/an ...architect.
a) famous
b) talented
c) anonymous
4. Its caryatid porch features an old ... motif.
a) Oriental
b) monumental
c) world
III. Choose the right form of the verb.
1. The Acropolis ... on a low rocky hill.
a) was standing
b) stood
c) stands
d) are standing
2. The Parthenon ... by Ictinus and Callicrates.
a) will be built
b) is built
c) builds
d) was built
3. Its caryatid porch makes use of an old Oriental motif that... earlier.
a) had appeared
b) appear
c) has appeared
d) appears
4. The Propylaea ... by Mnesicles.
a) designed
b) is designed
c) was designed
d) has been designed
5. The major buildings of the Acropolis ... no rival in the Greek world,
a) have
b)had
c) are having
d) has
UNIT 14
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Warming up
1. What architectural forms did the Romans prefer?
2. What greatest temples of Roman architecture do you know?
3. Why are the Romans called the great builders and engineers?
4. What ancient Roman towns do you know?
5. What was the influence of Roman architecture on the resulting styles?
Read the text and tell about the architecture of Residential and Public Structures of the Roman
Empire.
Modern knowledge of Roman architecture derives primarily from extant remains scattered
throughout the area of the empire. Some are well preserved, and other are known only in fragments
and by theoretical restoration. Another source of information is a vast store of records. Especially
important is a book on architecture by the architect Vitruvius. His De Ar-chitectura (c.27 BC) is the
only treatise survived from ancient times. It consists often books and covers almost every aspect on
architecture.
Pervasive Roman predilection was for spatial composition -— the organization of lines, surfaces,
masses, and volumes in space. In this the Romans differed from their predecessors in the ancient
Mediterranean world, and, however freely they used the elements of earlier styles, in Rome or in the
provinces they recast them according to their own taste.
In Roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus, the insula, and the villa.
The domus, or town house, consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium, to
which were often added further suites at the rear, grouped around a colonnaded court, or peristyle.
The atrium, a rectangular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its adjoining rooms were
peculiarly Roman elements; the peristyle was Greek or Middle Eastern. There were few windows
on the street, light being obtained from the atrium or peristyle.
In Rome the chief examples of domus are the House of Vestals in the Forum in Rome and that of
Livia on the Palatine Hill.
Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. Excavations at Ostia, Italy, have revealed the
design of these blocks. Planed on three or four floors with strict regard to economy of space, they
depended on light from the exterior as well as from a central court. Independent apartments had
separate entrances with direct access to the street.
The Latin word villa pertained to an estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings.
Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens
on a large scale. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. There are
remains of great brick and concrete structures. All the buildings are Roman in style and method of
construction, though with Greek names.
The Romans were great builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads, aqueducts and
bridges, grand thermae and amphitheatres, theatres, and temples.
The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity, and in many respects the most important Roman
building, is the Pantheon in Rome. It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surrounded by
concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular and rectangular niches. Light is admitted
through a central opening, or oculus, about 28 feet across, at the crown of the dome. In front is a
porch with an inscription commemorating an earlier building of Marcus Agrippa (12 BC—AD 14)
but built with the existing rotunda (AD 120—124) under the emperor Hadrian. The rotunda and
dome are among the finest examples of Roman concrete work. The interior was lined with precious
marbles, the coffers (decorative recessed panels) of the dome itself once was covered externally
with bronze plates.
The largest and most important amphitheatre of Rome was the Colosseum, built by the emperors
Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian in about AD 70/75 —82. Covering six acres (2.4 hectares), it had
seating for about 50,000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so arranged that the building could be
cleared quickly. The whole is built of concrete, the exterior faced with travertine and the interior
with precious marbles.
Other important amphitheatres are those at Verona, Italy; Pula, Yugoslavia; and Aries, France.
Imperial thermae were more than baths. They were immense establishments of great magnificence,
with facilities for every gymnastic exercise and halls in which philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and
those who wished to hear them gathered.
The best preserved are the Baths of Caracalla (begun c. AD 217), which covered an area about
1,000 feet square, and those of Diocletian (c. AD 298—306), with accommodation for 3,200
bathers.
Vocabulary
to derive — происходить
remains — (зд.) руины
store — запас
treatise — трактат
pervasive — проникающий, распространяющийся повсюду
predilection — предпочтение
spatial — пространственный
surface — поверхность
to recast — придавать новую форму, переделывать
to consist (of) — состоять (из)
rear — расположенный сзади, задний
peculiarly — особенно
to obtain —- получать, приобретать
tenement — многоквартирный дом, сдаваемый в аренду
excavations — раскопки
to reveal — показывать, обнаруживать
with strict regard — со строгим учетом
to depend (on) — зависеть (от)
access — доступ
to admit — допускать, принимать
opening — отверстие
inscription — надпись
concrete —- бетон
precious — драгоценный
marble — мрамор
establishment — учреждение
magnificence — величие
facility — приспособление
accommodation — размещение
I. Choose the right sentence.
1. Pervasive Roman predilection was for spatial composition.
a) Spatial composition was seldom used by the Romans.
b) The Romans preferred spatial composition.
c) Roman architecture is characterized by the use of symmetrical composition.
2. The Latin word "villa" means a suburban house.
a) Villa is a country house.
b) It is a sumptuous residence.
c) The building is Roman in style.
3. The Pantheon is the greatest structure of antiquity.
a) The Pantheon is built of concrete.
b) The Pantheon is a circular temple.
c) The Pantheon is the masterpiece of antiquity.
II. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the sentences.
1. The domus consisted of...
a) three or four floors
b) suits of rooms grouped around a central hall
c) two or three rooms with few windows
2. Insulae were planned ...
a) to impress by their grandeur
b) around a colonnaded court
c) with strict regard to economy of space
3. Handrian's Villa at Tivoli was ...
a) a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens
b) a tenement house
c) a small country house
4. The rotunda and dome of the Pantheon are among the finest examples of...
a) the architecture of the ancient Mediterranean world
b) Roman concrete work
c) contemporary architecture
5. The Colosseum was the most important...
a) temple of antiquity
b) theatre of ancient Greece
c) amphitheatre of ancient Rome
6. Задания самостоятельной работы
7.
EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Warming-up
1. When did Byzantine architecture develop?
2. What is the outstanding example of Byzantine architecture?
3. When did this style come to Russia?
4. What greatest Byzantine architects and artists do you know?
5. Can you give any examples of the Byzantine style in Russia?
Read the text about the Byzantine art of building
The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire can be traced back to the period just
before the reign of Justinian, c. AD 500. The style had enormous influence on both the East and the
West. Early Byzantine art may to some extent be regarded as Roman art transformed under influence of the East. It reached a high point in the 6th century, rose again for a short time to new
heights during the 11th and 12th centuries and still survives among Greek or orthodox communities.
The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. As in Early Christian times, the two chief types of
church were basilican with a long colonnaded nave covered by a wooden roof and terminating in a
semicircular apse and the vaulted centralized church with its separate components gathered under a
central dome. Of the latter type, the chief examples are SS Sergius and Bachus (526,
Constantinople), San Vitaly (526-547, Ravenna).
The outstanding example of a basilica which combined the longitudinal qualities of the basilica with
the centralized volume of the martyrion was the church of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in
Constantinople.
Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered
externally with plaster and internally with thin marble ladoes and mosaics above. Byzantine
decoration was flat and incised in contrast to the bold modeling of western surfaces.
Byzantine architecture of the period of Hagia Sophia was markedly concerned with mathematics.
The historian Procopius wrote of the great church: "Through the harmony of its measurements it is
distinguished by indescribable beauty".
By the 9th century, the Byzantine style was wide spread throughout the countries of the Near East
and eastern Europe, where the Greek and Orthodox religion was followed and was beginning to
appear in Russia (the Cathedral of St Sophia in Kiev).
These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross, that is a central domed space with
four short square arms (evolved c. 7th century). This form of church eventually became almost
universal, focusing in the brilliantly lit central space which dissolved mystically into the dark
screens and galleries in the arms of the cross.
Examples are to be seen in the small Metropolitan Cathedral in Athens and at churches in Daphni,
Mistra, Salonica, and Stiris.
Vocabulary
reign — царствование
to some extent — до некоторой степени
to reach — достигнуть
height — высота
longitudinal — продольный
holy — священный
wisdom — мудрость
plaster — штукатурка
to incise — вырезать, насекать, гравировать
bold — смелый
measurement — измерение
to distinguish — отличаться
to follow — следовать
lit — освещенный
to dissolve — растворяться
screen — ширма, экран, щит
arms of the cross — крылья креста
I. Choose the right word.
1. The Byzantine style had enormous influence on
a) the West b) the East and the West c) the North
2. The dominant Byzantine art was ...
a) architecture b) painting c) sculpture
3. ... was the main material used for the construction of churches,
a) stone b) concrete c) brick
4. Hagia Sophia is a ...
a) church
b) palace
c) chapel
5. Byzantine architecture of the period of Hagia Sophia is markedly concerned with ...
a) biology
b) mathematics
c) geography
II. Choose the right sentence.
1. Byzantine style still survives among Greek and Orthodox communities.
a) The vaulted centralized church was typical of the Early Byzantine period.
b) The Byzantine style influenced both the East and the West.
c) The works of this style can be seen in Greek or Orthodox communities.
2. Hagia Sophia is the supreme example of the centralized type.
a) The Church of Holy Wisdom is the finest model of the circular type.
b) Hagia Sophia was built by Justinian.
c) The early Byzantine architecture is characterized by wide diversity.
3. The Byzantine churches were covered internally with thin marble ladoes and mosaics above.
a) Brick Byzantine churches were covered externally with plaster.
b) Sheets of marble and mosaics were used for the decoration of the interior walls and arches.
c) The decoration of western surfaces was bold and ponderous.
4. The Byzantine style influenced greatly the architecture of Russia.
a) Symbolism had now begun to dominate church architecture.
b) This form of church eventually became almost universal.
c) Numerous churches in the Byzantine style were built in Russia.
5.These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross.
a) These Byzantine churches were widespread in the countries of the Near East and eastern Europe.
b) These Byzantine churches featured a central domed space with four short square arms.
c) Each Byzantine church was conceived as a microcosm of all earth and sky.
Read the text and describe the plan of the church and its interior.
HAGIA SOPHIA OR THE CHURCH OF HOLY WISDOM
Though Justinian's domed basilicas are the models from which Byzantine architecture developed,
Hagia Sophia remained unique, and no attempt was thereafter made by Byzantine builders to
emulate it. In plan it is almost square, but looked at from within, it appears to be rectangular, for
there is a great semidome at east and west above that prolongs the effect of the roof, while on the
ground there are three aisles, separated by columns with galleries above. At either end, however,
great piers rise up through the galleries to support the dome. Above the galleries are curtain walls
(non-load-bearing exterior walls) at either side, pierced by windows, and there are more windows at
the base of the dome. The columns are of finest marble, selected for their colour and variety, while
the lower parts of the walls are covered with marble slabs. Like the elaborately carved cornices and
capitals, these survive, but the rest of the original decoration, including most of the mosaics that
adorned the upper parts of the walls and the roof, have perished.
Vocabulary
attempt — попытка
to emulate — стремиться превзойти
aisle — боковой неф храма
pier — устой, столб, контрфорс
non-load-bearing — не несущие нагрузку
to pierce — пронзать
slab — плита
to perish — погибать
Read the text and tell about the subdivisions of Romanesque architecture and its main features.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The generic term Romanesque is sometimes applied to embrace all the styles of architecture which,
in most European countries, followed the Early Christian style and preceded the introduction of the
Gothic style, c. 1200. It is often subdivided into pre-Romanesque, which includes the Lombardic,
Carolingian, and Ottonian or Rhenish styles as well as Saxon and Romanesque proper, which is
taken to have begun c. AD 1000.
From the ancient Roman tradition, the pre-Romanesque architects adopted characteristic features:
the semicircular arch, the groined cross vault, and a modified and simplified form of the Corinthian
column with its capital of acanthus leaves. Occasionally, at an early period, they used carved
fragments of antique buildings. They made important advances upon Roman structural methods in
balancing the thrust of heavy vaults and domes by means of buttresses, and in substituting thinner
webs supported on the curved stone ribs for the thick vaults used by the Romans.
The Romanesque period lasted two centuries, and was the great age of European monasticism.
The architectural work of the Romanesque period therefor consists almost exclusively on
monasteries, cathedrals, parish churches, and castles. Very few domestic buildings have survived.
The greatest examples of this style are Benedictine abbey church at Jumieges, Normandy (1036—
1066); S. Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, 1140; Sompting church in Succex, 11th century; Augsburg
Cathedral, Germany.
LANCET ARCHITECTURE
Warming-up
1. When did the Gothic style develop?
2. Why is this style called Gothic?
3. In what countries did the Gothic style flourish?
4. What are the greatest works of the Gothic style?
5. What are the main features of the Gothic style?
Read the text and tell about the phases of English Gothic.
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
The architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of
its association with the barbarian north. Now this term is used to describe the important
international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12th century to the advent of the
Renaissance in the 15th century.
At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and
the flying buttress.
One of the earliest buildings in which these techniques were introduced in a highly sophisticated
architectural plan was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris.
The proportions are not large, but the skills and precision with which the vaulting is managed and
the subjective effect of the undulating chain windows around the perimeter have given the abbey its
traditional claim to the title "first Gothic building".
It should be said that in France and Germany this style is subdivided into the Early, High, and Late
Gothic.
The French middle phase is called Rayonnant, the late — Flamboyant.
In English architecture the usual divisions are Early English, Decorative, and Perpendicular.
Early English Gothic developed from c. 1180 to c.1280. The most influential building in the new
fashion was the choir of Canterbury cathedral (1175—1184), which has many of the features of
Laon cathedral.
The building retains a passage at clerestory level — an Anglo-Norman feature that remained
standard in English architecture well into the 13th century. Both in the shape of the piers and in the
multiplicity of attached colonettes, Canterbury resembles Laon. Colonettes became extremely popular with English architects, particularly because of the large supplies of purbeck marble, which
gave any elevation a special coloristic character. This is obvious at Salisbury cathedral (begun
1220), but one of the richest examples of the effect is in the nave of Lincoln cathedral (begun c.
1225).
English architects for a long time retained a liking for heavy surface decoration: thus, when
Rayonnant tracery designs were imported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of
colonettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. The result which could be extraordinarily dense — for
instance, in the east (or Angel) choir (begun 1256) at Lincoln cathedral and at Exeter cathedral
(begun before 1280) — has been called the English Decorated style (1280-1350).
The architectural affects achieved (notably the retrochair of Wells cathedral or the choir of St.
Augustine, Bristol) were more inventive generally than those of contemporary continental
buildings.
English Gothic came to an end with the final flowering of the Perpendicular style (c. 1350—1550).
It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults.
The first major surviving statement of Perpendicular style is probably the choir of Gloucester
cathedral (begun soon after 1330). Other major monuments were St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster
(begun 1292 but now mostly destroyed) and York Minster nave (begun 1291), St. George's Chapel,
Windsor, King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1444), the naves of Winchester (c. 1480), and
Canterbury (c. 1400), the Chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey.
Gothic was essentially the style of the Catholic countries of Europe. It was also carried to Cyprus,
Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the Crusaders and their successors in the Mediterranean. The forms
that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity.
They were used for all secular buildings, as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries.
By the Gothic Survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional
building.
It developed after the advent of the Renaissance and into the 17th century. It should be differed
from the Gothic Revival (Neo-Gothic) in the 18th — the 19th centuries.
Vocabular
advent — приход, прибытие
rib — ребро
arch — арка
pointed arch — стрельчатая (остроконечная) арка
buttress — контрфорс
flying buttress — аркбутан, арочный контрфорс
sophisticated — изощренный
abbey — аббатство
skill — мастерство
precision — точность'
undulating — волнистый
claim — требование; претензия; притязание; утверждение; заявление
Rayonnant — лучистый (стиль)
Flamboyant — «пламенеющий» (стиль)
choir — место хора в соборе
to retain — удерживать; поддерживать; сохранять
clerestory — верхний ряд окон, освещающий центр высокого
помещения
to attach — прикреплять; присоединять
tracery — ажурная каменная работа; рисунок, узор; переплетение
shaft — ствол
dense — густой, плотный
chapel — часовня
secular — светский, мирской
I. Complete the sentences.
1. At the technical level the Gothic style is characterized by the ribbed vault, the flying buttress, and
...
a) the round arch
b) the bulbous dome
c) the pointed arch
2. The title the "first Gothic building" is given to ...
a) the abbey of Saint-Denis
b) Westminster abbey
c) King's College Chapel
3. In English architecture the usual subdivisians are Early English, Decorated and ... styles.
a) Carolingian
b) Flamboyant
c) Perpendicular
4. English architects for a long time retained a liking for ...
a) plain surfaces
b) heavy surface decoration
c) curved surfaces
5. Gothic was essentially the style of... countries.
a) the Buddhist
b) the Orthodox
c) the Catholic
II. Choose the right sentence.
1. The Gothic style developed in most countries of Europe.
a) The Gothic style was associated with the barbarian north.
b) Gothic is represented in many European countries.
c) Paris — for much of this period the home of a powerful and artistically enlightened court —
played an especially important role in the history of Gothic art.
2. Canterbury Cathedral was the most influential building in the new fashion.
a) Canterbury Cathedral was the most important structure of the Early English Gothic.
b) Canterbury resembles St. Paul's Cathedral.
c) Canterbury Cathedral was built in the 12th century.
3. English architects retained a liking for heavy surface decoration.
a) English architects preferred restrained decoration.
b) The stained glass of the period was heavily coloured.
c) English architects kept on using ponderous exterior decorations.
4. Gothic was used for cathedrals, churches and monasteries.
a) Gothic was used for industrial buildings.
b) Gothic was used for ecclesiastic structures.
c) In most European countries artists imitated architectural styles from northern France.
Read the text and speak on the reason of imitation of Gothic architecture
NEO-GOTHIC
The architectural movement most commonly associated with Romanticism is the Gothic Revival, a
term first used in England in the mid-19th century to describe buildings being erected in the style of
the Middle Ages and later expanded to embrace the entire Neo-Gothic movement.
The first clearly self-conscious imitation of Gothic architecture for reasons of nostalgia appeared in
England in the early 18th century. Buildings erected at that time in the Gothic manner were for the
most part frivolous and decorative garden ornaments, actually more Rococo than Gothic in spirit.
But, with the rebuilding beginning in 1747 of the country house Strawberry Hill by the English
writer Horace Walpole, a new and significant aspect of the revived style was given convincing
form; and, by the beginning of the 19th century, picturesque planning and grouping provided the
basis for experimentation in architecture. Gothic was especially suited to this aim. Scores of houses
with battlements and turrets in the style of a castle were built in England during the last years of the
18th century.
French architects, in particular, Viollet-le-Duc, who restored a range of buildings from the SainteChapelle and Notre-Dame in Paris to the whole town of Carcassonne, were the first to appreciate
the applicability of the Gothic skeleton structure, with its light infilling, to a modern age, and the
analogy was not lost on subsequent architects at a time when the steel frame was emerging as an
important element of structural engineering. Functionalism and structural honesty as ideals in the
Modern movement were a legacy of the Gothic Revival.
Not surprisingly, the Gothic Revival was felt with most force in those countries in which Gothic
architecture itself was most in evidence — England, France, and Germany. Each conceived it as a
national style, and each gave to it a strong and characteristic twist of its own.
THE REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL ART
Warming-up
1. What is the meaning of the word "Renaissance"?
2. In what country did this style originate?
3. What do you know about the Renaissance in Russia?
Text 1.
Read the text and tell about the Renaissance in Italy and in Russia.
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance began in Italy, where there was always a residue of classical feeling in art.
Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two
sources: the ancient classical buildings, particularly in Italy but also in France and Spain and the
treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius. For classical antiquity and, therefore, for
the Renaissance, the basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of
traditional architectural units. During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. For example, the
ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embraced during the early Renaissance, while
the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High
Renaissance.
On the authority of Vitruvius, the Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions
of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between
architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective.
The concern of these architects for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition
of architectural space and mass that dif- ferentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic and
encourages in the spectator an immediate and full comprehension of the building.
In the early 15th century an Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi formulated linear perspective,
which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. At the same time, Brunelleschi
investigated ancient Roman architecture and acquired the knowledge of classical architecture and
ornament that he used as a foundation for Renaissance architecture.
His brilliant vork, the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419— 51) was the first building in
the Renaissance manner; a very graceful arcade was designed with Composite columns, and
windows with classical pediments were regularly spaced above each of the arches.
Donato Bramante's Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio (1502) symbolized the beginning of the High
Renaissance style in Rome. Erected on the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter, the
Tempietto is circular in plan, with a colonnade of 16 columns surrounding a small cella, or enclosed
interior sanctuary.
In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to rebuild St. Peter's, which was in a very poor condition. Bramante
prepared plans for a monumental church and in 1506 the foundation stone was laid.
St. Peter's Cathedral is the largest church in the Christian world. It has 29 altars in addition to the
high altar, interior length, 187m.,width at front, 26,5 m., length of transept, 137 m. The dome
(diameter, 42 m., height, 123 m. to the top of the lantern) was built by Michelangelo.
In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the
15th — 16th cc.) The cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475—1479 by Aristotile Fioravante
on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. By combining the characteristic
features of the Vladimir-Suzdal and early-Moscow style with Italian Renaissance decoration and
construction methods Fioravante produced a masterpiece of lasting beauty. Another example is the
Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, designed by Alevisio Novi in 1505-1508.
The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Pulace (1487—91) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the
design of Italian architects Marco Ruffo, Aloisio da Carcano, and Pietro Antonio Solari. Its eastern
facade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name.
Vocabulary
to embrace — воспользоваться, выбирать
masculine — мужской, мужественный
authority — (зд.) авторитетное мнение, утверждение
device — средство
to cause — вызывать, являться результатом
to encourage — ободрять, поощрять, поддерживать
immediate — непосредственный, прямой; немедленный
comprehension — понимание
to acquire — приобретать
graceful — грациозный, изящный
arcade — аркада, сводчатая галерея
pediment — фронтон
martyrdom — мученичество
enclosed — окруженный, огороженный
sanctuary — святилище
to lay — (зд.) заложить фундамент
lantern — фонарь верхнего света
assumption — (рел.) успение
hence — отсюда; следовательно
I. Complete the following sentences.
1. For the classical antiquity and for the Renaissance the ... was the basic element of architectural
design.
a) order
b) asymmetry
c) the effect of illusionism
2. Clear measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass differentiates the
Renaissance style from ...
a) the Rococo
b) the Gothic
c) the Byzantine style
3. It was an Italian Renaissance architect perspective.
a) Filippo Brunelleschi
b) Donato Bramante
c) Pietro Lombardo
4. The first building in the Renaissance manner was
a) Tempietto San Pietro
b) Palazzo Medici-Riccardi
c) the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti who formulated linear
5. The largest church in the Christian world is ...
a) St. Paul's Cathedral
b) St. Peter's Cathedral
c) Gloucester Cathedral
6. The cathedral of the Assumption was built by ...
a) Fioravante
b) Novi
c) Bernini
7. The eastern facade of the Faceted Palace is faced with
a) mosaics
b) glazed tile
c) faceted white stones
Read the text and speak on a typical example of the Renaissance style in England.
Text 2
The Renaissance style in England
The Renaissance style of architecture made a very timid appearance in England during the first half
of the 16th century, and it was only from about 1550 that it became a positive style with local
qualities. In fact, the Gothic style continued in many parts of England throughout most of the 16th
century, and English Renaissance architecture was a very original fusion of the Tudor Gothic and
classical styles.
The Renaissance style really begins in England in the middle of the 16th century in architecture
built for the circle of the Lord Protector Somerset.
A typical example of the Renaissance style of England is to be found in the quadrangle that John
Caius added to Gonville Hall at Cambridge.
The architecture of the new court was basically Tudor Gothic, but Caius planned three gateways in
connection with the court, two of which were in Italian style. The three gates were to mark the
progress of the student through the university. At the entrance was the Gate of Humility (1565), a
modest doorway, now in the Master's garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new
quadrangle, is a fine classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch
for the opening. Finally, the Gate of Honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out
toward the schools for the final disputation and degree.
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
Warming-up
1. When did the Baroque flourish?
2. What world famous Baroque landmarks do you know?
3. Who brought the Baroque to Russia?
Text 1.
Read the text and tell about the main features of the Baroque.
BAROQUE
Baroque and late Baroque, or Rococo, are terms applied to European art of the period from the early
17th century to the mid-18th century.
"Baroque" was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. This term was used by philosophers
during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word also described an
irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.
During the Baroque period (c. 1600-1750), architecture, painting, and sculpture were integrated into
decorative ensembles. Architecture and sculpture became pictorial, and painting became
illusionistic. Baroque art was essentially concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources, luxurious materials, and elaborate, contrasting surface textures.
Baroque architects made architecture a means of propagating faith in the church and in the state.
Baroque space, with directionality, movement, and positive molding, contrasted markedly with the
static, stable, and defined space of the High Renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of
unbalanced spaces of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain
aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the High Renaissance of the early 16th
century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th.
The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate forms: the strongly Roman Catholic countries
(Italy, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Bohemia, southern Germany, Austria, and Poland) tended toward
freer and more active architectural forms and surfaces; in Protestant regions (England, the
Netherlands, and the remainder of northern Europe) architecture was more restrained and developed
a sober quiet monumentally impressive in its refinement. In the Protestant countries and France,
which sought the spirit through the mind, architecture was more geometric, formal, and precise —
an appeal to the intellect.
Hardouin-Mansart's Dome des Invalides, Paris (c. 1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church
of the last half of the 17th century in France. The correctness and precision of its form, the harmony
and balance of its spaces, and the soaring vigour of its dome make it a landmark not only of the
Paris skyline but also of European Baroque architecture.
Other greatest works of this style are the church of Santa Susanna (Mad-erno, c.1597), Versailles
(Le Vau), National Palace in Madrid (Sacchelti, 1736), Royal Palace at Caserta (Vanvitelli, 1752).
Vocabulary
to apply — применять
to derive — происходить
the Middle Ages — Средние века, средневековье
obstacle — препятствие
pearl — жемчуг
vivid — яркий, ясный
hidden — скрытый
luxurious — роскошный
elaborate — тщательно разработанный, искусно сделанный
surface — поверхность
means — средство
faith — вера
preceding — предшествующий
rapidly — быстро
to tend — иметь тенденцию; направляться
the remainder — остальная часть
restrained — сдержанный
sober — трезвый, спокойный (о красках)
refinement — утонченность
to seek (sought) — искать; обращаться
spirit — дух
precise — точный
an appeal — призыв, обращение
I. Choose the right form of the adjective.
1. Baroque space contrasted with the static, defined space of the ... Renaissance.
a) Higher b) the Highest c) High
2. The Baroque tended toward ...architectural forms and surfaces,
a) free b) freer c) the freest
3. In Protestant regions architecture was ... and developed a sober, quiet monumentality.
a) the most restrained b) restrained c) more restrained
4. In the Protestant countries and France architecture was ..., formal, and precise.
a) more geometric b) the most geometric
c) geometric
5. Dome des Invalides, Paris is generally agreed to be ... church of the last half of the 17th century
in France.
a) finer b) finest c) the finest
II. Choose the right sentences.
1. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became pictorial.
a) Baroque architects and sculptors used luxurious materials.
b) "Baroque" means imperfectly shaped pearl.
c) Baroque architects and sculptors used the methods of painting.
2. Baroque art was concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting
surface structures.
a) Baroque art was characterized by vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting
surface structures.
b) The Baroque never exploited hidden light sources.
c) The Baroque developed from the early 17th century to the mid 18th century.
3. This style contrasted markedly with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.
a) The Baroque resembled the High Renaissance and Mannerism.
b) The Baroque had little in common with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.
c) The Mannerist period featured the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces.
4. In Protestant regions architecture was restrained.
a) In Protestant regions architecture was austere.
b) In Protestant regions architecture had free and active forms.
5. Domes des Invalides is the finest church of European Baroque Architecture.
a) Domes des Invalides is the finest church of the 18th century.
b) Domes des Invalides was built in 1675.
c) Domes des Invalides is a masterpiece of European Baroque architecture.
III. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the following sentences.
1. The term "Baroque" was used by philosophers ...
a) during the period of the Enlightenment
b) during the Middle Ages
c) in ancient times
2. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became ...
a) illusionistic b) realistic c) pictorial
3. Baroque architecture was a means of propagating ...
a) faith b) atheism c) anarchism
4. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of...
a) social life b) artistic style
c) scientific research
5. The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate ...
a) forms b) sides c) parts
Text 2.
Read the text and speak on the difference between the Baroque and Rococo.
ROCOCO
During the period of the Enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art
and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as Rococo, refined the robust
architecture of the 17th century to suit elegant 18th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by
pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by
smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. Churches and palaces still exhibited
an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lightened to render interiors graceful
and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque
but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.
By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts,
Rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous
decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles
were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (Church of the
Carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by Filippo Juvarra; Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen, near Biberach,
Germany, 1728, by Domini-kus Zimmermann; Saint-Jacques, Luneville, France, 1730, by Germain
Boffrand.
Vocabulary
to evolve — происходить, возникать
current — течение
robust — крепкий; сильный; грубый
to replace — заменять
to flood — литься цотоком
flowing — текущий
ethereal — легкий, воздушный
to retain — сохранять, поддерживать
to entertain — занимать, извлекать
to capture — захватывать, увлекать
intricacy — запутанность, сложность
subtlety — тонкость, нежность
discrete — раздельный, состоящий из разрозненных частей
to obtain — получать, приобретать
to reduce — сокращать, уменьшать
I. Choose the right verb.
1. Vivid colours were ... by pastel shades.
a) replaced b) chosen c) created
2. Smooth flowing masses ... emphasis only at isolated points,
a) exhibited b) had c) separated
3. By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts,
Rococo architects ... unified spaces.
a) reduced b) obtained c) retained
4. Rococo architects emphasized structural elements, ...continuous decorative schemes, and reduced
column sizes to a minimum.
a) described b) borrowed c) created
5. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to ... the space
from wall to wall.
a) unify b) divide c) close
NEOCLASSICISM
Warming-up
1. Why is this style called Neoclassicism?
2. How did excavations at the newly discovered ancient cities influence Neoclassicism?
3. What are the finest examples of this style?
Read the text and tell about the qualities of Neoclassical architecture.
The classicism that flourished in the period of 1750-1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order
to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient Rome or of the Renaissance.
The search for the intellectual and architectural truth characterized the period. Stylistically this
began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which — with its emphasis on illusion and
applied ornament — was felt to be manifestly untruthful.
Essentially representing a new taste for classical serenity and archaeo-logically correct forms, 18thcentury classicism manifested itself in all the arts.
The discovery, exploration, and archaeological investigation of classical sites in Italy, Greece, and
Asia Minor were crucial to the emergence of Neoclassicism.
The centre of international Neoclassicism was Rome. The cradle of Italian antiquities, it provided
the stage, but the leading actors in the Neoclassical drama were French, German, or English; very
little was contributed by Italians to this new movement. The centre of activity was the French
Academy. The winners of the Academy's Prix de Rome went to Italy to study the monuments
firsthand. The projects produced by the French Prix de Rome winners are characterized by their
grandeur of scale; strict geometric organization; simplicity of geometric forms; Greek or Roman detail; dramatic use of columns, particularly to articulate interior spaces and create urban landscapes;
and a preference for blank walls and the contrast of formal volumes and textures. The same
qualities describe Neoclassical architecture as it was to emerge throughout Europe and in America.
Vocabulary
search — поиск
onslaught — нападение, атака
serenity — ясность
to manifest — проявлять
exploration — изучение, исследование
crucial — решающий
emergence — появление
cradle — колыбель
to contribute — вносить вклад
to articulate — выделять
I. Complete the following sentences.
1. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on ...
a) Romanesque architecture
b) Greek architecture
c) Baroque architecture
2. The excavations of classical sites were held in Italy, Greece, and
a) Asia Minor
b) Egypt
c) India
3. The projects produced by the winners are characterized by ...
a) rich floral decorations
b) stained glass windows
c) a preference for blank walls
4. There were also the strict geometric organization and ...
a) simplicity of geometric forms
b) spatially complex compositions
c) massive walls and round arches
5. Neoclassicism emerged throughout Europe and in ...
a) Africa
b) Asia
c) America
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TURN OF THE CENTURIES
Warming up
1. When did Art Nouveau develop?
2. What outstanding architects of Art Nouveau do you know?
3. How is this style called in Russia?
Read the text and speak on the aesthetics of Art Nouveau.
ART NOUVEAU
An individual and highly romantic reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism
(Ecole des Beaux-Arts in late 19th century architecture) Art Nouveau was a diverse phenomenon
which affected most of Europe and, some historians argue, even North America between 1890 and
1910. It was known at the time under a variety of rubrics — for instance, in England it was the
"modern style", in Germany it was called the Ju-gendstil, in France it was known variously as the
"style nouille" (noodle style), "style Guimard" (after Henry Guimard, who designed the decorative
entrance to the Paris Metro Stations in 1899), or Art Nouveau. The Austrians named it
Secessionsstil; in Italy it was the "stile Liberty" or "stile floreale", and in Spain "modernisme".
Often referred to simply as the style 1900, Art Nouveau expresses an essentially decorative trend
that aims to highlight the ornamental value of the curved line, which may be floral in origin
(Belgium, France) or geometric (Scotland, Austria). This line gives rise to two-dimensional,
slender, undulating and invariably asymmetrical forms. The applied arts were the first to be affected
(textiles by William Morris, 1880; wood-engraved title page to Wren's City Churches by Arthur H.
Mackmurdo, 1883; vases by Emile Galle, 1884; ornamental lettering by Fernand Khnopff and
Georges Lem- men, 1890-1; mural tapestry The Angels' Vigil by Henry van deVelde; 1893;
furniture by de Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, 1891).
Among the most characteristic architectural products of Art Nouveau, widely differing in purpose
and plastic expression, were: the houses built by Paul Hankar in Brussels (1893—1900); works of
Willem Kromhout (1864-1940), Th. Sluyterman (1863-1931) and L. A. H. Wolf in the Netherlands;
Guimard's Castel Beranger (1897—1898), entrances to Metro stations and the auditorium of the
Humbert de Romans building (1902, destroyed) in Paris; Horta's Maison du Peuple (1896—1899,
destroyed) and the former Hotel Solvay (1895—1900) in Brussels.
In Russia Art Nouveau is represented in the works of F. Shekhtel, (S. Ryabushinsky's Mansion
(1900), the building for the newspaper "Utro Rossii" (Moscow, 1907).
All these works are the result of an attempt to put an end to imitations of past styles; in its place is
offered a florid type of architecture, which exploits craft skills, using coloured materials (faience
cabochons, stoneware, terracotta panels, stained glass), exotic veneers, moulded stonework, grilles,
balconies, and tapered brackets in wrought iron; and burgeoning with asymmetrical door — and
window-frames, bow and horseshoe windows, etc.
In the later phases of Art Nouveau, facade decoration was accompanied by a powerful plastic
treatment of the whole building, either by the dramatic accentuation of individual parts of the
structure (Glasgow Art School, 1898-1909, by Mackintosh) or by the sculptural modelling of the
whole building mass (Werkbundtheater, Cologne, 1914 by van de Velde; Casa Mila, Barcelona,
1905—1910, by Gaudi).
Art Nouveau was first and foremost an aesthetic undertaking, based on social theories and inspired
by aesthetes such as Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde. It was born of a reaction to the rise of
industrialism.
Distinguished architects of the Art Nouveau style, such as Mackintosh, Behrens and the Viennese
masters became pioneers of modern architecture, it is true, but with their forward-looking buildings
they overstepped the frontiers which the style had imposed upon its adherents.
Vocabulary
current — поток, течение
diverse — разнообразный
to argue — спорить
rubric — название, заголовок
instance — пример
noodle — лапша
entrance — вход
to refer — иметь отношение, относиться
to highlight — выдвигать на первый план; придать большое значение
two-dimensional — двухмерный
undulating — волнистый
the applied art — прикладное искусство
to engrave — гравировать
former — бывший
attempt — попытка
to offer — предлагать
craft — ремесло
stoneware — керамические изделия
stained glass — витраж
veneer — шпон; однослойная фанера; (кирпичная) облицовка
wrought iron — ковкая мягкая сталь
horseshoe — подкова
treatment — обработка
to inspire — вдохновлять
to impose — налагать (обязательство)
adherent — сторонник
I Choose the right sentence.
1. Art Nouveau was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism at the turn of
the 19th century.
a) Art Nouveau was a reaction against Neo-Gothic.
b) It was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism in the late 19th century.
2. This style has a lot of rubrics.
a) It is often referred to as "style 1900".
b) It was the "modern style" in England.
c) It is known under a variety of titles.
3. The curved line gives rise to invariably asymmetrical forms.
a) A florid type of architecture exploits craft skills.
b) The whiplash line creates constantly asymmetrical forms.
4. Fyodor Shekhtel is the main representative of Art Nouveau in Russia.
a) Ryabushinsky's mansion by Fyodor Shekhtel is one the best works of Art Nouveau in Russia.
b) Mackintosh is an outstanding representative of Art Nouveau in Scotland.
5. Art Nouveau was inspired by Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde.
a) The echoes of Gothic had a considerable effect on the age and emerged in some Art Nouveau
works.
b) Art Nouveau was an aesthetic undertaking.
c) Ruskin, Morris and Oscar Wilde were the inspirers of Art Nouveau.
II. Complete the following sentences.
1. Art Nouveau is characterized by ... and asymmetrical forms,
a) plain surfaces b) whiplash lines
c) symmetrical composition
2. This decorative trend highlights ... of the curved line,
a) structural value b) durability
c) ornamental value
3. It was an attempt to put an end to imitations of... styles,
a) past b) new c) different
4. This architecture exploits craft skills, using ...
a) coloured materials b) Landscape Architecture
c) computer technology
III. Answer the following questions. Only one variant is correct from the three choices.
1. What does Art Nouveau exploit?
a) This style exploits the effects of illusionism.
b) The artists of Art Nouveau imitate past styles.
c) It exploits craft skills using coloured materials.
2. What were the sources of Art Nouveau?
a) Increasing interest in archaeology was crucial to the emergence of Art Nouveau.
b) It was inspired by such aesthetes as Ruskin, Morrison, and Oscar Wilde.
c) It adopted the ideas of Constructivism.
3. What kind of reaction was Art Nouveau born of?
a) It began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture.
b) It was the reaction to the ban on human representation.
c) It was born of a reaction to the rise of industrialism.
4. What were the decorative elements of this trend?
a) Art Nouveau featured exotic veneers, moulded stonework, assym-metrical door-and window
frames, horseshoe windows.
b) It was characterized by unadorned exteriors and interiors.
c) The Doric order was preferred during this period.
5. Who were the greatest architects of Art Nouveau?
a) Carlo Rossi is one of the greatest representatives of the modern style.
b) August Endell, Charles R. Mackintosh and Antonio Gaudi are among those who created this
style.
c) Filippo Brunelleschi is supposed to be its initiator.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE 20th CENTURY
Warming-up
1. What works of Le Corbusier can you name?
2. What did Le Corbusier build in Moscow?
3. What other greatest 20th century architects do you know?
Read the text and tell about Le Corbusier's creative activity.
CHARLES EDOUARD (JEANNERET) LE CORBUSIER (1887-1966)
Le Corbusier was the dominant figure internationally in modern architecture from 1920 to 1960.
He proposed the "Modulor", a system of proportions grounded on the golden section or the
Fibonacci series using the human figures as its basis, formulated the famous definition of
architecture as 'the masterly correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in light'. His
comparisons with engineering constructions and with modern forms of transportation were
formulated into such oft-misunderstood postulates as 4he house is a machine for living in' and that
it should be as practically constructed as a typewriter. By this he meant not a mechanistic 'machine
aesthetic1 but rather complete rationality in plan, capacity for serial-production and function.
His 'five points for a new architecture': the pilotis, roof terraces, free plan, continuous window strips
and free facade composition were to be the essential elements of the new aesthetic.
Le Corbusier's works have become monuments of modern architecture with their general
independence of terrain as well as a rich variety of interior and exterior spaces achieved by means
of 'double-height rooms, gallery floors, bridges and ramps with views into the interior as well as
'framed' views looking out, all expressions of a genuine luxury in architecture.
Le Corbusier's long period as a leading figure in modern architecture — for nearly half a century —
was unique among architects of his time and is, finally, a reflection of his capacity to endow
architecture with an expression which evokes the spirit of his epoch. In this sense he was at once the
'terrible simplificateur' in the tradition of the rationalist enlightenment and a creator of forms which
will endure well beyond his time.
Among his works are Villa Savoye, Poissy (1929—1931); Pavilion Su-isse, Cite Universitaire,
Paris (1930-2); The Clarte apartment house in Geneva (1930-1932); Unite d'Habitation, Marseilles
(1947-1952); the urban planning schemes for large North African and South American cities, (the
1930s); the Pilgrimage church of Notre Dame-du-Haut at Rou-champ (1950—1954); the Carpenter
Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1961—1964); the
plan of the city of Chandigarh, India (1950—1951), and others.
Vocabulary
oft-misunderstood — часто понимаемый неправильно
capacity — способность
continuous — сплошной
terrain — местность
ramp — скат, уклон, наклонная плоскость
luxury — роскошь
to endow — наделять, одарять
to evoke — вызывать (восхищение)
enlightenment — просвещение
to endure — выдерживать испытание временем; длиться, продолжаться
I. Choose the appropriate adjective.
1. Le Corbusier was the ... figure internationally in modern architecture from 1920 to 1960.
a) dominant b) foreign c) possible
2. According to Le Corbusier architecture is "the masterly correct and ... play of masses brought
together in light ".
a) bright b) wooden c) magnificent
3. Free facade composition is one of his "five points for a ... architecture".
a) new b) great c) modern
4. Le Corbusier's long period as a ... figure in modern architecture was unique among architects of
his time.
а ) continuous b) leading c) wise
5. Le Corbusier's works have become monuments of ...architecture,
a) modern b) medieval c) native
II. Complete the following sentences.
1. According to Le Corbusier, "the house should be as practically constructed as ...".
a) a TV-set b) a type-writer c) a refrigerator
2. He advanced the "Modulor" in order to determine the proportions of...
a) machines b) terrain c) building units
3. His formulas of architectural typology are: the pilotis, roof terraces, free plan, continuous
window strips and ...
a) free facade composition
b) conspicuous use of decoration
c) complexity of forms
4. Le Corbusier worked out the urban planning schemes for Paris and for several large North
African and ... cities.
a) South African
b) North American
c) South American
BRITISH ARCHITECTURE
Buildings: first impressions
What makes the look of British towns and cities distinctive? The most striking feature is the lack of
blocks of flats. People prefer to live in individual houses — units with their own front doors and
sometimes gardens. Perhaps this says something about the national character; a love of privacy and
a lack of interest in the wider community. There is a proverb: "An Englishman's home is his castle."
Whatever the deeper reasons for it, the result is that British towns and cities are full of two or threestorey houses. Only in the 1950s and 60s did councils start building tall blocks of flats in the
American style; but these have been very unpopular, and the cheaper ones are now being
demolished.
Another distinctive feature of British buildings is the use of brick. Some of the oldest monuments,
like Hampton Court Palace or Queens' College, Cambridge, are made of brick. It remains the
favourite material for new houses today. While the rest of the world prefers concrete, for some
reason the British taste is for brick, at least in smaller buildings.
British architecture
Apart from some ancient churches, the oldest buildings you will see in Britain are castles. They are
dotted all over the country, with many beautiful examples in Scotland and Wales. They were first
built by the Normans after their invasion of England in 1066. The Tower of London dates from
about 1078. Because of the Normans' desire to control the population, they started to build castles
everywhere, but especially in the more restless regions. For example, King Edward I built a series
of massive castles in Wales at the end of the 13th century; his aim was to keep the lawless Welsh
under English rule.
As the dominance of the English crown was established, the need for castles diminished. Then the
use of gunpowder meant that they could no longer resist attack. So by the 15th century the castlebuilding age was over. Many Scottish castles are from a later period, but these are not military
buildings; they are aristocratic family houses that imitated older styles.
Since the Middle Ages, architecture in Britain (as in most of Europe) has been based on three major
styles: Gothic, classical, and modern. The great early cathedrals and churches are in Gothic style tall, with pointed arches and highly decorated; they are covered in sculptures of people, animals and
plants. The buildings are fantastic engineering achievements., constructed with very little machinery
and designed by architects whose names have been forgotten. The tallest spire in Britain, at
Salisbury Cathedral, is 123 metres high and was built in the 1330s. It is incredible that such size and
perfection were achieved without a single crane or computer!
After the Gothic period, architectural fashion looked back to the classical age of Greece and Rome
for its inspiration. So we see columns and triangular pediments as on Greek temples; round arches,
domes and perfect Latin lettering as on Roman public buildings. Many of the finest London
churches are in this style; St Paul's Cathedral (built by Sir Christopher Wren between 1675 and
1710) is the biggest and most celebrated, but there are many more all over the city.
Not only churches were in the classical style. Rich aristocrats built huge and impressive houses
surrounded by parkland; they are on such a grand scale that it is difficult to imagine that they were
once private homes, but of course they had dozens and sometimes hundreds of servants.
Many of the most beautiful parts of British cities consist of houses in this style. The period of kings
George I to George IV is known as the Georgian period, and cities such as London, Edinburgh,
Bristol and Bath still today have large numbers of elegant Georgian houses, which give the streets a
striking sense of unity and design.
In the 19th century, during the Victorian age (taking its name from Queen Victoria), architects went
back to medieval Gothic ideas for their inspiration. At first sight it is sometimes difficult to tell
whether a Victorian church is 100 or 500 years old! At the same time, classical styles did not
disappear
altogether. In fact, there was a "Battle of the Styles" between classical and Gothic. The British
Museum (1823) was a victory for the classical, and the Houses of Parliament (1836) for the Gothic.
There was also debate about the use of iron and steel: should these new materials be visible, as in
the new bridges and railway stations, or hidden, as in the Natural History Museum, London, where
the metal frame is covered by coloured brick and stonework?
From the 1920s on, new ideas were transforming art and music, and architecture, too, was caught up
in the modernising culture. People wanted buildings which were not just copies of the past. Having
abandoned both classical and Gothic styles, the challenge was to create - to invent -something really
new. Luckily, this change in attitude came at the same time as exciting new engineering materials
were becoming available.
With concrete and steel together, and new types of glass, it was possible to escape from the
traditional forms. For the first time in history, architects were free to make almost any shapes they
liked.
Richard Rogers
British architecture is going through a dynamic period, with several big international names such as
James Stirling and Norman Foster. Perhaps the architect best known in Britain is the designer of the
Millennium Dome, Richard Rogers. He too, has carried out many major projects abroad. He was
responsible for the airport in Marseille, numerous office complexes in Japan and the USA, and
(with an Italian, Renzo Piano) for the great Centre Pompidou in Paris. In his own country he has
worked on many smaller projects, such as the flats shown in the photograph on the right. But he is
best known for the most spectacular modern building in the financial centre of London - the Lloyd's
Building. Although it contains a very conservative insurance business, and is in the oldest part of
London, it is an extraordinary and daring piece of modern architecture - all steel and glass, with
pipes and lifts on the outside.
Richard Rogers is also modern in his philosophy. He is extremely concerned about the
environmental aspects of design: can a building use solar power, can it make the most of natural
light, and can it function without wasteful air conditioning? He is keen to make London a better
place to live in, with less traffic and more spaces in which people can enjoy city life. Talking about
famous parts of the city like Oxford Circus, Parliament Square and Marble Arch, he says: "They are
dangerous, degrading, inhuman and unnecessary spaces where vehicles have replaced people, and
the servant has become the master. ... clean, live-work cities based upon the bicycle and upon
walking, are absolutely possible." Happily, the government is beginning to follow Rogers' advice
and the future of London is looking brighter; there are, for example, plans for a car-free Trafalgar
Square.
Topics for discussion.
 Which are more common in your area – houses or flats? Which do you prefer?
 Do you enjoy walking round old buildings such as castles? If so, why?
 Is the architecture in your country very different from that in Britain?
 Why do you think architectural styles change from time to time?
 Do you take notice of new buildings around you? Which ones do you admire?
 What should be the priorities of architects today – beauty, environmental factors or what?
График консультации СРОП (СРОП составляет 25% из СРО)
№ Виды занятия
понедельник
1. Консультирование
по вопросам лекций
2. Консультирование
по
вопросам практических
занятий и семинаров
3. Консультирование
по
вопросам СРО
4. Консультации
по
вопросам
тестовых
заданий
вторник
среда
четверг
пятница
суббота
15.55-16.45
15.55-16.45
15.55-16.45
Расписание проверок знаний обучающихся
Посещение
лекции
и
практическая
(семинарская,
индивидуальные, студийные) оцениваются 0-100 баллов
лабораторная,
График выполнения и сдачи заданий по дисциплине
№
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Виды работ
Тема, цель и
содержание
задания
Рекомендуемая
литература
Продолжите
Форма
льность
контроля
выполнения
2
3
4
5
6
Конспект
Межъязыковая
Строй английского 3 недели
Проверка
и
языка:Учеб.пособие
конспек
межкультурная
для
ин-тов.тов
коммуникация
М.:Высш.школа,198
9.-239 с.
Анализ
Картина мира.
Самоучитель
2 недели
Проверка
текста
Концепт
английского
анализа
языка:[практ.
текста
пособие].-Изд. 18-е.М.:ГИС,2007.-365 с
Рубежный
Модуль 1,2
Письмен
контроль
ный
анализ
Комплекс
Язык и стиль Самоучитель
3 недели
Проверка
ный анализ официальноанглийского
анализа
текстов
деловой
языка:[практ.
документации
пособие].-Изд. 18-е.М.:ГИС,2007.-365 с
Описание
Стереотипы
Строй английского 2 недели
Проверка
типажей
сознания.
языка:Учеб.пособие
Лингвокультур
для
ин-тов.ные типажи
М.:Высш.школа,198
9.-239 с.
Рубежный
Модуль 3,4
Письмен
контроль
ный
анализ
Срок сдачи
7
4-ая неделя
7-ая неделя
8-ая неделя
12-ая
неделя
14-ая
неделя
15-ая
неделя
Критерии оценки знаний обучающихся
Изучение дисциплины заканчивается экзаменом в письменной форме,
который охватывает весь пройденный материал. Обязательным условием для
допуска к экзамену является выполнение всех предусмотренных заданий в
программе.
Каждое задание оценивается 0-100 баллов.
Рейтинг допуска выводится из среднеарифметического всех
выполненных заданий на текущих занятиях (посещение лекции, домашние
задания, задания по СРО, задания по практике и другие, рубежный контроль).
К итоговому контролю (ИК) по дисциплине допускаются студенты,
выполнившие все требования рабочей учебной программы (выполнение и сдача
всех лабораторных работ, работ и заданий по СРС), получившие
положительную оценку за защиту курсового проекта (работы) и набравшие
рейтинг допуска (не менее 50 баллов).
Уровень учебных достижений студентов по каждой дисциплине (в
том числе и по дисциплинам, по которым формой итогового контроля ГЭ)
определяется итоговой оценкой (И), которая складывается из оценок РД и
ИК (экзамена, дифференцированного зачета или курсовой работы/проекта) с
учетом их весовых долей (ВДРД и ВДИК).
И = РД*0,6 + ИК*0,4
Весовые доли ежегодно утверждаются ученым советом университета и
должны быть для РД не более 0,6, а для ИК не менее 0,3.
Итоговая оценка по дисциплине подсчитывается только в том случае,
если обучающийся имеет положительные оценки, как по рейтингу допуска,
так и по итоговому контролю. Неявка на итоговый контроль по
неуважительной причине приравнивается к оценке «неудовлетворительно».
Результаты экзамена и промежуточной аттестации по дисциплине доводятся
до студентов в тот же день или на следующий день, если письменный
экзамен проводился во второй половине дня.
Для корректности подсчета итоговой оценки знания обучающегося на
рубежном контроле (рейтинге) и итоговом экзамене оцениваются в процентах
от 0 до 100%.
Оценка рубежного контроля складывается из текущих оценок и оценки
рубежного контроля.
Учебные достижения, то есть знания, умения, навыки и компетенции
студентов по дисциплине «Стилистика современного русского языка»
оцениваются по многобалльной буквенной системе адекватной ее цифровому
эквиваленту и традиционной шкале оценок:
Оценка по
буквенной системе
A
AB+
B
BC+
Цифровой
эквивалент баллов
4,0
3,67
3,33
3,0
2,67
2,33
Процентное
содержание
95-100
90-94
85-89
80-84
75-79
70-74
Оценка по традиционной
системе
Отлично
Хорошо
Удовлетворительно
C
CD+
D
F
2,0
1,67
1,33
1,0
0
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
0-49
Неудовлетворительно
Требования преподавателя, политика и процедуры
Посещение обучающимися всех аудиторных занятий без опозданий
является обязательным. В случае пропуска занятия отрабатываются в порядке
установленном деканатом. Допускается максимально только два пропуска
занятий. Два опоздания на занятие приравниваются одному пропуску. В случае
более двух пропусков преподаватель имеет право в дальнейшем студента не
допускать к занятиям до административного решения вопроса. Присутствие на
лекциях посторонних лиц, не являющихся контингентом студентов данного
курса, запрещается.
Работы следует сдавать в указанные сроки. Крайний срок сдачи всех
заданий – за 3 дня до начала экзаменационной сессии.
Студенты, не сдавшие все задания, и не защитившие курсовую работу, не
допускаются к экзамену.
Повторение темы и отработка пройденных материалов по каждому
учебному занятию обязательны. Степень освоения учебных материалов
проверяется тестами или письменными работами. Тестирование студентов
может проводиться без предупреждения.
При выполнении самостоятельной работы студентов под
руководством преподавателя (СРСП) учитывать следующие четыре
основные функции.
Первая – предполагает реализацию активного восприятия студентами
информации преподавателя, полученной в период установочных занятий по
учебной дисциплине.
Вторая функция предполагает, что студенты самостоятельно, на
основании рекомендаций преподавателя, изучают учебно-методические
пособия, литературные источники, выполняют домашние задания, контрольные
и курсовые работы и т.д. На этом этапе от студентов требуется знание методов
работы, фиксация своих затруднений, самоорганизация и самодисциплина.
Третья функция студентов состоит в анализе и систематизации своих
затруднительных ситуаций, выявлении причин затруднений в понимании и
усвоении ими учебного материала, выполнении других учебных действий.
Студенты переводят неразрешимые затруднения в систему вопросов для
преподавателя (ранжируют их, упорядочивают, оформляют), строят
собственные версии ответов на эти вопросы.
Четвертая функция студентов состоит в обращении к преподавателю за
соответствующими разъяснениями, советами, консультациями.
8. Список литературы
Основная
1)
Строй
английского
языка:Учеб.пособие
для
ин-тов.М.:Высш.школа,1989.-239 с.
2) Самоучитель английского языка:[практ. пособие].-Изд. 18-е.М.:ГИС,2007.-365 с.
Дополнительная
3) Разговорник на русском, английском, немецком, французском,
испанском, итальянском языках.-М.:Новелла,1991.-92 с.
4) Книга для чтения на английском языке.-М.:Внешторгиздат,1963.-121 с.
5)
Самоучитель
английского
языка.-8-е
изд.
испр..-СанктПетербург,1993.-365 с..
6)
Самоучитель
английского
языка:[самоучитель].-9-е
изд..М.:ГИС,2000.-370 с.
9. Список мультимедийного сопровождения
7)
Профессор
Хиггинс:Англ.
без
ресурс]:ИстраСофт,1995-1998
акцента!:[Электронный