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Christian Eguaras
Mr. Haskell Per. 4
World History
6 January 2006
Final Exam Study Guide
Unresolved Problems
I. N. Ireland
History - The Celtics settled in Ireland around 400 BC, and they were constantly invaded
by the Vikings from 1016 BC to 800 AD. In 1066 AD the French "Norman" invaders
controlled the Celtics. In 1172 the King Henry the 2nd of England declared himself Lord
of Ireland.
Current political state (i.e., N. part of UK) – the North remained English, and the rest
became a “free state.” England took all the fertile land for itself.
Extremism (i.e., IRA) – the IRA uses bombs to kill innocent people to scare the British
Reunification (who wants it? who doesn't? means what?) – Most of the Catholics want to
kick the English out of the country, but the Protestants do not want that.
III. Pacific Rim/ Trade
History (i.e., Kennedy 1961) – Japan asked JFK for his assistance to resolve the trade
balance. The Trade representative worked an agreement with Japan to resolve the
problem. However, in 1965, the trade balance shifted in the favor of Japan, and it has
been like that every year since 1965.
Trade balance (in favor of whom?) In 1945-60 the US outbalanced Japan in trade. In
1965 the balance shifted over in the favor of the Japanese.
IV. National Debt
National debt vs. deficit – the debt is the actual principle owed and deficit is just the
interest. They have become so similar that politicians barely even know the difference
anymore.
Magnitude of national debt (possible analogies) – If you lay down 5.12 trillion dollar bills
end to end, and drove 8 hours a day one end to the other, it would take 2713 years of
driving to reach it, but by the time you have finished, the government has already added a
whole lot more money, so your trip would never end.
Effect on future – the debt will continue to rise and soon, we will have to pay 60% of
every dollar we earn to pay for taxes.
VII. AIDS
Basic facts from hand-out – stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Origin is
believed to be from Africa. There are over 136,000 cases in the US.
Treatment & research - AZT was created to prolong the life of the people living with
AIDS. Experimental drugs have been developed and tested. Most doctors and researchers
say that the vaccine for AIDS is at least 10 years away.
History – the first case was in 1976. The spread horrified the medical community. In
1985 AIDS came to the mainstream through the death of Rock Hudson.
Causes & prevention – AIDS is caused by the HIV virus. AIDS activists have forced the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to speed up drug trials.
Rise of Democratic Ideas
CH. 5
* Minoan civilization and the importance of its location – The location affected the
people early; they went from their home island in the eastern Mediterranean across the
sea to the Nile River Valley to get into contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia.
* Explain how Sparta's location was important – The Spartans isolated themselves from
the other Greeks. While other Greeks admired the Spartans’ military skills, no one
imitated their rigorous way of life.
* Trojan War – location – There was straits and other water ways that Troy controlled
during the war. The waterways connected the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
* Geography of Greece created – The geography of Greece allowed the Greeks to build
many city-states cut off from one another by water or land. Each included a city and its
surrounding countryside.
* Post Persian wars domination – The Persians outnumbered the Athenians two to one.
However, with the great battle plan that the Athenians had, they came away with the
victory.
* Peloponnesian War – The Peloponnesian War ended Athenian greatness. Although the
economy revived, the spirit and the vitality declined.
* Greek theater origins – The first Greek plays evolved out of religious festivals,
especially ones that were dedicated to Dionysus.
* Alexander's achievements and empire – Alexander’s conquests linked a vast area.
Gradually, a blending of cultures took place. A blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and
Indian influences combined together.
* Center of Hellenistic world – Alexandria was the center of this Hellenistic world. The
city of Alexandria is located in Egypt. Its markets boasted a wide range of goods, from
Greek marble to Arabian spices to East African ivory.
* Geographic characteristics of Greece – Greece is a part of the Balkan Peninsula, which
extends southward into the eastern Mediterranean. Mountains divided the peninsula into
isolated valleys.
* Oligarchy – As trade expanded, a new middle class of wealthy merchants, farmers and
artisans emerged. The result was a form of government called an oligarchy, which power
is in the hands of small, powerful elite, usually from the business class.
* Democracy – As discontent spread, Athens slowly moved toward a democracy or a
government by the people.
* Spartan childhoods – For Spartan boys, by the age of seven, they began training for a
lifetime in the military.
CH 6
* Augustus – The emperor of Rome who brought the republic to an end, and began the
Roman Empire.
* Julius Caesar – Caesar was a commander who combined soaring ambition with a
determination to make drastic reforms.
* Hannibal – Several years after his father’s death, Hannibal was chosen as leader of the
Carthaginian army. He chose to be killed with poison rather than physically by his hated
enemy.
* Jesus – Jesus was the messiah. He worshipped God and he followed Jewish law. At the
age of 30, he began preaching to the villagers near the Sea of Galilee.
* Paul – Paul had never seen Jesus, and he was one of those who persecuted Jesus’
followers.
* Odoacer – Germanic leader who ousted the emperor in Rome. Historians refer to the
event as the “fall of Rome”.
* Ptolemy – Astronomer and Mathematician, proposed his theory that the Earth was the
center of the universe, an idea that was accepted in the western world for nearly 1,500
years.
* Virgil – In his epic poem, the Aeneid, Virgil tried to show that Rome’s past was as
heroic as that of Greece.
* Martyr – Martyrs are people who suffer or die for their beliefs.
* Mercenary – Mercenaries are foreign soldiers who serve for pay.
* Messiah – Messiah means savior sent by God.
* Patrician – Members of the landholding upper class.
* Plebian – The farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the
middle class.
* Aqueduct – Bridge-like stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roma
cities.
* Heresy – beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings.
* Legion – The basic unit for armies. They are made up of 5,000 men.
* Republic – “thing of the people” Romans thought that a republic would keep any
individual from gaining too much power.
* Sect – means small group. Christianity was a sect within Judaism.
Middle Ages
CH 8 & 9
*usury – the practice of lending money at interest.
*capital – money for investment. The use of capitals spurred the growth of banking
houses
*tithe – payment to a church equal to one tenth of a person’s income.
*fief – in the Middle Ages, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service
and loyalty. These estates ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles and
include peasants to work the land, as well as any towns or buildings on the land.
*chivalry - code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages. Chivalry required
knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word.
*charter – in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of
a town. In return for the charter, merchants paid the lord or the king a large sum of
money.
*troubadour – wandering poet in Europe in the Middle Ages. Their poems and songs
praised the perfection, beauty, and wit of women throughout the ages.
*manor economy – the medieval manor was a small, self sufficient world. Peasants
produced almost everything they needed, from food to clothing to simple furniture and
tools.
*how monks and nuns lived – Under the Benedict Rule, monks and nuns took an oath of
poverty. They also took vows of chastity, or purity, and of obedience to the abbot. Their
chief duties were prayer and worship of God.
*Why was church reform desired? – As the power and wealth of the Church grew,
discipline weakened. The growing corruption and moral decay led to demands for reform.
*new agricultural technologies – by about 800, peasants were using new iron plows that
carved deep into the heavy soil of northern Europe. Also, a new kind of harness allowed
peasants to use horses faster than oxen to pull the plows.
*defense of castles (moats, etc) – Castles used many things to protect it from foreigners.
Some of the things were moats, high walls, towers, and drawbridges over the moats.
*vassals – in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and
loyalty to a greater lord.
*peasants – For most peasants, life was harsh. Men, women, and children worked long
ours, from sunup to sundown. The peasant family ate a simple diet of black bread with
vegetables.
*knights – noble in Europe who served as a mounted warrior for a lord in the Middle
Ages.
*lords – In feudalism, the lord ranks just below the king or emperor himself. The lords
divided their landholdings among the lesser lords.
*why did the church have great power over the people? – Medieval Christians believed
that all people are sinners, which led to the people participating in sacraments, which are
rituals of the church, to avoid the tortures of hell.
*Cluniac reforms – In 1073, Gregory VII extended the Cluniac reforms throughout the
entire Church. Hr prohibited simony, which is the selling of positions in the Church, and
he outlawed the marriage of priests.
*merchant guilds – Guilds were associations that dominated life in the medieval towns.
They passed laws, levied taxes, and decided whether to spend funds on city buildings and
such.
*nobles – nobles, along with the Church, had as much, or more, power than the king.
Nobles had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies.
*Charlemagne – Charlemagne tried to exercise control over his many lands and create a
united Christian Europe. He worked very closely with the Church, helping to spread
Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his empire.
*serf – in medieval Europe, peasant bound to the lord’s land. The serfs worked
rigorously, from sunup to sundown.
*steel plow – This is a new agricultural tool that the peasants used. It was better than the
old plows because it could carve deeper into the ground.
*feudal system – in the feudal system, the king was atop the society. Under him were the
lords, then the lesser lords, and then the knights.
*Black Death- which regions most devastated? % population died? Result? – The Black
Death killed one in every three people, worse than any war in history. Christians blamed
Jews for the plague, charging that they had poisoned the wells.
*Magna Carta – In the Magna Carta, the king affirmed a long list of feudal rights.
Besides protecting their own privileges, the barons included a few clauses recognizing
the rights of the townspeople and the Church.
*Chief goal of/ and result of the Crusades – The chief goal of the Crusades was to
reclaim the holy land that the Christians believed the Muslims and Jews took away from
them.
*Reconquista – As Muslims were taking over most of Spain, some Christian kingdoms
survived. They sought to take over the Muslim lands.
*early jury system – When traveling justices visited an area, local officials collected a
jury. These early juries determined which cases should be brought to trial and were the
ancestors of today’s grand jury.
*conflict between emperors and popes – As the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II
clashed with many popes in Italy, and he was unsuccessful most of the time.
Short Answer
A. 5 reasons late Middle Ages was a time of decline.
One of the reasons that the late Middle Ages was a time of decline was because of the
Black Death, a plague that swept through Europe. This plague brought about an
economic decline, and as workers and employers died, production also died. The Catholic
Church was also an issue that led to the decline of the Middle Ages. The Church was
unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this desperate time. Another reason the
Middle Ages was a time of decline was because of the Hundred Years’ War. Between
1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts.
B. 3 long term effects of the crusades
One of the long term effects of the Crusades was that trade in Europe and around the
world was increased dramatically. Returning Crusaders introduced fabrics, spices, and
perfumes from the Middle East to a larger market. Another effect of the Crusades was
that it increased the power of feudal monarchs. Rulers won new rights to levy taxes in
order to support the Crusades. The Crusades also provided the Europeans with a wider
world view. With contacts with the Muslim world, Christians realized that millions of
people lived in regions they had never known to exist.
Renaissance, Reformation and the Enlightenment
Ch 14
Annul – To cancel. The Pope was asked to annul Henry VII’s marriage to Catherine.
Gravity – A force that Newton suggested kept the planets in their orbits around the sun.
Patron – Financial Supporter. Lorenzo Medici was a generous patron of the arts.
Perspective – A technique in art that allows artist to make distant objects smaller than
those closer to the viewer, and it also allowed artists to make paintings look threedimensional.
Theocracy – Government run by church leaders. Calvin set up a theocracy in
Switzerland.
John Calvin – John Calvin was the most important reformer to follow Martin Luther.
Calvin preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would
gain salvation.
Henry VIII – An English King that wanted to end papal control over the English church.
Henry stood firmly against the Protestant revolt.
Leonardo de Vinci – One of the most famous painters and sculptors in Florence.
Leonardo thought of himself as an artist, but his talents and accomplishments ranged over
many areas.
Lorenzo de' Medici – Known as Lorenzo “the Magnificent.” Under Lorenzo, poets and
philosophers frequently visited the Medici palace.
Niccolo Machiavelli – Machiavelli stressed that the end justifies the means. He urged
rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.
Heliocentric – Sun-centered. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the universe was
heliocentric, meaning that the sun was the center of the universe.
Humanism – A study based on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that
had occupied medieval thinkers.
Indulgence – A pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. In the Middle Ages,
the Church had granted indulgence only for good deeds.
Predestination – The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
To Calvinists, the world was divided into two kinds of people – saints and sinners.
Recant – Give up his views. The Church tried to persuade Martin Luther to recant his
views.
Copenicus –Polish scholar, Nicolaus Copernicus, proposed that the universe is
heliocentric, or sun-centered. The Earth, he said, we one of the several planets that
revolved around the sun.
Durer – Known as the “German Leonardo” for his wide-range of interests, which
extended far past art.
Luther – Martin Luther was a monk that founded the Lutheran Church. He was also the
leader of the Protestant Reformation.
Newton – Isaac Newton was a scientist that wondered what the force that pulled an apple
from a tree was. He called this force gravity.
Petrarch – Francesco Petrarch was an early Renaissance humanist that hunted down and
assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts.
Renaissance Focus – The focus of the Renaissance was to reawaken interest in classical
learning, especially the culture of ancient Rome. Creative Renaissance minds set out to
transform their own age.
Printing of Reformation – In 1456, Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press, and
printed a complete edition of the Bible using movable metal type. With this new
invention, the European age of printing began.
Results of Reformation – The result of the Reformation was a greater knowledge and
higher education amongst the masses.
Causes of Renaissance – One of the causes of the Renaissance was that thinkers felt that
this era was a period of rebirth after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world.
Ch18
Hobbes – Thomas Hobbes believed that people are driven by selfishness and greed. He
also believed that to avoid chaos, people had to give up their freedom to a government
that will ensure order.
Locke – John Locke believed that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Rulers, he said, have the responsibility to protect those rights.
Joseph II – Joseph II was the most radical enlightened despot, and the Hapsburg emperor.
He also abolished serfdom.
Constitutional Government – A government whose power is defined and limited by law.
England had a constitutional government.
Enlightened Despot – Absolute rulers who used their powers to bring about social and
political change. Some monarchs who did accept Enlightenment ideas became
Enlightened Despots.
Natural Laws – Laws that govern human nature. Scientists wondered if they could use
reason to discover natural laws.
Natural Rights – Rights that belonged to all human from birth. These rights include life,
liberty, and property.
Physiocrat – Thinkers that focused on economic reforms. Like philosophes, physiocrats
looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system.
Bach – One of the most towering musical figures of the time period. Bach was a devout
Lutheran, ad he write complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs.
Diderot – Denis Diderot labored 25 years to publish a 28 volume Encyclopedia. His
purpose for creating this was to “change the general way of thinking” by explaining the
new thinking on government, philosophy, and religion.
Tom Paine – Author of the pamphlet, Common Sense. In this pamphlet, he called on
English colonists to declare their independence from Britain.
Rousseau – The most controversial philosophe of the time period. He believed that
people in their natural state were basically good, which he felt was corrupted by the evils
of society, especially the unequal distribution of property.
Robert Walpole – Often considered as Britain’s first prime minister. From 1721 to 1742,
he molded the cabinet into a unified body, requiring all members to agree on major
issues.
Baroque – A style of painting that was more complex and grand than those of the ancient
Greeks and Romans. These paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement.
Free Market – The natural forces of supply and demand. Adam Smith said that the free
market should be allowed to operate and regulate business.
Laissez Faire – A policy that allowed businesses to operate with little or no government
interference.
Salon – An informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others
exchanged ideas. Only the most witty, intelligent, and well-read were invited to the
salons.
Social Contract – An agreement by which people gave up the state or nature for an
organized society.
Age of Revolutions
Ch. 19
Suffrage – The right to vote. In the National Assembly, suffrage was to be extended to all
male citizens, not just property owners.
Sans-culottes – Working-class men and women that pushed the revolution into more
radical action. By 1791, the sans-culottes demanded a republic, and wanted the
government to guarantee them a living wage.
Abdicate – To step down from power. When Napoleon was defeated, he abdicated from
his position as king. The victors exiled him to the island of Elba.
Deficit spending – a government that is spending more money than it takes in. King
Louis XIV did this a left France deeply in debt.
Plebiscite - A ballot in which voters say yes or no to an issue. Napoleon held a plebiscite
at each step on his rise to power.
Blockade – Shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out.
Napoleon created the Continental System, which blockaded European ports to British
goods.
Bourgeoisie – The middle class. At the top of the Third Estate was the bourgeoisie, which
included the prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers who propped up the
French economy.
Nationalism – The aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.
Nationalism spread throughout France.
Émigré – Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled revolutionary France. Émigrés reported
attacks on their privileges, property, religion, and even their lives.
Louis XVI – Louis XVI was the king of France that called the Estates General to meet at
Versailles in May 1789. He was the King of France before Napoleon took over.
Clemens von Metternich – The Prince of Austria. He was the dominant figure at the
Congress of Vienna, and he wanted to restore the status quo of 1792.
Napoleon – Napoleon was the King of France from 1799 to 1815. He was a military
leader and had many conquests during his career.
Olympe de Gouges – Olympe de Gouges is a journalist. She demanded equal rights in her
Declaration of the Rights of Woman.
Robespierre – Maximilien Robespierre was a lawyer and a politician. He quickly rose to
the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety.
Jacques Louis David – One of the leading French artists of the period. David
immortalized such stirring events as the Tennis Court Oath and, later, the reign of
Napoleon.
Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why? – The émigrés were the ones that fled revolutionary
France. They reported attacks on their privileges, property, religion, and even their lives.
Reign of Terror – Robespierre was a chief architect of the Reign of Terror, which lasted
from about July 1793 to July 1794.
Napoleon annexed who? – Napoleon annexed the Netherlands and Belgium to France. He
also annexed parts of Italy and Germany.
Congress of Vienna – The Congress of Vienna faced the monumental task of restoring
stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war. The goal of the Vienna decision
makers was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting
the system a monarchy.
Ch. 23
Alexander II – Alexander II came to the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War. In 1861,
he issued a royal decree emancipating, or freeing, the serfs.
Giuseppe Garibaldi – Like Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic. By
1860, Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1000 red-shirted volunteers.
Otto von Bismarck – Bismarck served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France before
King William I made him chancellor, o prime minister. Bismarck’s success was due in
part to his strong will and his ability to manipulate others.
William II – In 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser. The new emperor
was supremely confident of his abilities and wished to put his own stamp on Germany.
Camillo Cavour – Count Camillo Cavour was appointed prime minister by Victor
Emmanuel in 1852.
Anarchist – Anarchists are people who want to abolish all government. Anarchists turned
to sabotage and violence while the Socialists organized strikes.
Refugee – Refugees are people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere. Large
numbers of Jewish refugees went to the United States to seek a better life.
Pogroms – Pogroms were violent mob attacks on Jews. Official persecution encouraged
this.
Realpolitik – These were realistic politics based on a tough-minded evaluation of the
needs of the state. Bismarck was a master of this.
Zemstvos – These were elected assemblies. They were made responsible for matters such
as road repair, schools, and agriculture.
Economic development in Germany – Germany’s spectacular economic growth was due
to the ample iron and coal resources, the basic ingredients for industrial development. A
disciplined work force also helped the economy.
Nationalism threatened who? (Which country the most) – Nationalism threatened Austria
the most. Austria was the oldest ruling house in Europe. Their government tried to limit
industrial development, which would threaten traditional ways of life.
Revolution of 1905 – In the months that followed Bloody Sunday, discontent exploded
across Russia. In some cities, workers took over local government.
Industrial Revolution
Ch. 20
Enclosure – The process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant
farmers. In the 1500s, these enclosures, people had enclosed land to gain pastures for
sheep and increased wool output.
Factories (How they worked) – A place in which workers and machines are brought
together to produce large quantities of goods. As factories sprang up and production
increased, entrepreneurs need faster and cheaper methods of moving goods from place to
place.
Turnpike – Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them. This was a
huge improvement in transportation in the 1700s.
Urbanization – A movement of people to cities. Changes is farming, soaring population
growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from
farms to cities.
Utilitarianism - The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the
greatest number” of its citizens. To Jeremy Bentham, the founder of this idea, laws or
actions should be judged by their “utility.”
Socialism – Under socialism, the people as a whole rather than private individuals would
own and operate the businesses. Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in
progress, its belief in the basic goodness or human nature, and its concern for social
justice.
Communism – A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and
employees as inevitable. Karl Marx, the founder of Communism, wrote the Manifesto,
where he theorized that economics was the driving force in history.
Proletariat – Working class. In the Manifesto, Marx argued that throughout history, class
struggles are always between the “haves” and “have-nots”, referring to the bourgeoisie
and proletariat, respectively.
Michael Faraday – Michael Faraday invented the Dynamo. It is an electric generator that
is worked by rotating a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet, which created an
electric current.
John Wesley – In the mid-1700s, James Wesley had founded and led the religious revival
called the Methodist Church. Wesley stressed the need for personal sense of faith.
Karl Marx – The founder of Communism. Many of his theories are found in his book, the
Manifesto, where he describes the main struggles between “middle” classes.
Thomas Malthus – One of the many thinkers that tried to explain and understand the
staggering changes taking place in the early industrial age.
John Stuart Mill – Jeremy Betham’s chief follower. He argued that actions are right if
they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.
James Watt – Improved the invention of the steam engine. His engine used coal rather
than water to generate power.
Abraham Darby – In 1709, Abraham Darby began to use coal instead of wood for
smelting, or separating, iron from its ore. Once he discovered that coal gave off
impurities that damaged the iron, Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal.
David Ricardo – A British economist who agreed with Malthus that the poor had too
many children. In his “iron law of wages,” Ricardo explained that when wages were high,
families had more children, and vice versa.
Jeremy Bentham – The founder of Utilitarianism. He believed in the idea that the goal of
society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens.
Robert Owen – A reformer in the industrial age that campaigned vigorously for child
labor laws and he encouraged labor unions.
Britain's population growth (why did it happen?) – In Britain, many important resources
such as coal and iron were present. Also, Britain had the new technology, and they had a
good economy.
Importance of coal to Industrialization – Coal was a very important asset in the
Industrialization because coal was used in steam engines, replacing water. If water was
still being used for steam engines, it would not be as efficient as coal.
Agricultural Revolution- In the 1600s, the Dutch built earthen walls called dikes to
reclaim land from the sea. They combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better
use of the land and used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil.
Textile Industry – John Kay invented the flying shuttle, where weavers worked so fast
that they soon outpaced spinners. James Hargreaves solved that problem by inventing the
spinning jenny, which spun many threads at once.
Laissez Faire economics (Adam Smith) – Smith believed that a free market, the
unregulated exchange of goods and services, would eventually help everyone, not just the
rich. Also, the free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them
affordable by everyone.
Ch. 21
Ideology – A system of thought and belief. Ideologies plunged Europe into a period of
turmoil that lasted more than 30 years.
Universal manhood suffrage – Giving all adult men the right to vote. John Stuart Mill, an
influential English liberal, was a notable exception, who urged equal rights for women.
Autonomy – Self-rule. Between 1804 and 1817, the Serbs achieved autonomy within the
Ottoman Empire.
El Grito de Dolores – The Grito de Dolores was the call for the independence of Mexico
given by Miguel Hidalgo. It means, the Cry of Pain.
February Days – In February 1848, when the government took steps to silence critics and
prevent public meeting, angry crowds took to the streets. During the February Days, iron
railings, overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees again blocked the streets of
Paris.
Frankfurt Assembly – Throughout 1848, delegates from many German states met in the
Frankfurt Assembly. Delegates debated endlessly on such topics as whether the new
Germany should be a republic or a monarchy, and whether or not to include Austria in a
united German state.
Simon Bolivar – Simon Bolivar became a strong admirer of the ideals of the French
Revolution. Bolivar would soon fulfill his oath, leading the struggle to liberate northern
South America from Spain.
Miguel Hidalgo – In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised a cry for freedom that would
echo across the land. He presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores.
Louis Kossuth – Louis Kossuth led Hungarian nationalists and demanded an independent
government. They also called for an end to serfdom and a written constitution to protect
basic rights.
Tupac Amaru – Tupac Amaru claimed that he was a descent from the Incan royal family.
He demanded that the government end the brutal system of forced Indian labor.
Louis XVIII – When the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne,
he prudently issued a constitution, the Charter of French Liberties. Even with the new
constitution, the king retained much power.
John Stuart Mill – He argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong
if they cause pain. He was also a influential English liberal, who urged equal rights from
women.
Toussaint L' Ouverture – Toussaint was a former slave and he was self-educated. He led
the Haitians in a revolt against French rule.
Louis Napoleon – Louis is the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. The “new” Napoleon
attracted the working classes by presenting himself as a man who cared about social
issues such as poverty.
Louis Philippe – Louis was the cousin of Charles X and in his youth, had supported the
revolution 1789. The French called Louis Philippe the “citizen king” because he owed his
throne to the people.
Clemens Von Metternich – Metternich, who had dominated Austrian politics for more
than 30 years, tried to suppress the students who took to the streets. But when workers
rose up to support the students, Metternich resigned and fled in disguise.
Goals of nationalists – One major goal of the nationalists was unifying and gaining
independence for the people with a common heritage. Each national group, the believed,
should have is own state.
Ch. 22
Interchangeable parts – Identical components that could be used in place of one another.
Interchangeable parts simplified both assembly and repair.
Assembly line – Workers on an assembly add parts to a product that moves along a belt
from one work station to the next. Like interchangeable parts, the assembly line made
production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods.
Corporation – Business that is owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. With
large amounts of capital corporations could expand into many areas.
Cartel – An association to fix prices. In Germany, a single cartel fixed prices for 170 coal
mines.
Women's suffrage – Votes for women. Some critics claimed tat women were too
emotional to be allowed to vote.
Racism – The belief that one racial group is superior to another. By the late 1800s, many
Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the
supremacy of the white race.
Social gospel – A movement that urged Christians to social service. In Europe and the
United States, Protestant churches campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and
education.
Romanticism – 19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than
reason. Romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled against the Enlightenment
emphasis on reason.
Realism – Artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is. Realists often
looked at the harsher side of life in cities and villages.
Impressionism – School of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture
fleeting visual impressions. Impressionists like Claude Monet and Edgar Degas brushed
strokes of color side by side without any blending.
Social Darwinism – Applying the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic
competition. Industrial tycoons, argued Social Darwinists, earned their success because
they were more “fit” than those they put out of business.
Darwin – Charles Darwin adopted Malthus’s idea that all plants and animals produced
more offspring than the food supply could support. Over time, Darwin said, natural
selection would give rise to entirely new species.
Joseph Lister – The English surgeon Joseph Lister discovered how antiseptics prevented
infection. He insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their
instruments.
Imperialism
Ch.25
Imperialism – The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life
of another country. European nations imperialized colonies in India, Southeast Asia, and
gained toeholds on the coasts of Africa and China.
Protectorate – A country with its own government but under the control of an outside
power. A protectorate has certain advantages over a colony: it cost less to run than a
colony did, and it did not require large commitment of military or naval support unless a
crisis occurred.
Sphere of Influence – An area in which outside power claimed exclusive investment or
trading privileges. The United States claimed Latin America as its sphere of influence.
Genocide – A deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group. Tensions
of independence between the Turks and the Armenians triggered a brutal genocide.
Cash crop – A crop raised to be sold for money on the world market. Clearing new
farmlands led to massive deforestation and environmental destruction.
Balance of trade – Difference between how much a country imports and how much it
exports. China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade with the Europeans, as the sold
Europe their silk, porcelain, and tea, in exchange for gold and silver.
Trade deficit – Situation in which a country imports more than it exports. Westerners had
a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.
Indemnity – A payment for losses in a war. In 1842, Britain made China accept the
Treaty of Nanjing, which forced China to give Britain and huge indemnity.
Extraterritoriality – The right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own
courts. China had to open 5 ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens
extraterritoriality.
Ci Xi – Empress of China in the late 1800s. She surrounded herself with advisors who
were deeply commuted to Confucian traditions.
Menelik II – Ruler of Ethiopia in the 1800s. He hired European experts to plan modern
roads and bridges and set up a western school system.
Muhammad Ali – Muhammad is sometimes called the “father of modern Egypt.” He was
an ambitious soldier who led an unsuccessful attempt to drive Napoleon from Egypt in
1799 and later conquered the neighboring lands of Arabia, Syria, and Sudan.
Ram Mohun Roy – In the early 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy combined the views of the
British and the Indians. Because of his influence on later leaders, he is often hailed today
as the founder of Indian nationalism.
Sun Yixian - Passionate spokesman for a Chinese republic, who organized the
Revolutionary Alliance in the 1900s. His goal was to rebuild China on “Three Principles
of the People.”
Boer War Sepoy Rebellion
Ethiopian Resistance to EuropeansTaiping Rebellion (what caused it?)
Berlin Conference
Ottoman Empire
British rule in IndiaCh. 26
Zaibatsu
Homogeneous society
Indigenous
Penal colony
Regionalism
Caudillo
Economic dependence
Peonage
British-North America Act
Monroe Doctrine
James Cook
Benito Juarez
Liliuokalani
James Monroe
Matthew Perry
Cuba
French Indochina
Korea (Hermit Kingdom)Outback
Samoa
French rule in S. East AsiaSelf government (Australia and New Zealand)
Cecil Rhodes