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THE COLD WAR
THE CHILL
After World War II, the __________________ and _______________ wanted the Eastern
European nations to determine their own governments. Stalin feared that the Eastern European
nations would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed _________________________.
The “______________________” dividing Western Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern
Europe was the beginning of the _________________. For forty years, no missiles flew or
guns fired but the world was fiercely divided between two military and economic
_____________________. The Soviet Union feared the _____________________. The
United States feared the ________________________. After the
“______________________” split Europe, the superpowers struggled for influence over the
_________________________: ________, ______________ and __________________.
THE US AND USSR COMPETED INTENSELY OVER EVERYTHING:
Who had more nuclear weapons?... had the most advanced _________________? …would be
the first in ____________?... would be the first to the _________?... had the biggest
__________?... had the fastest ______________?...won more _________________
medals?... had better __________?...had more ______________?
In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of ___________________ to keep communism
within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves. The United States
was concerned that communism would spread throughout the free world if left unchecked like
a series of dominos (__________________________).
The Cold War led to widespread fear that Communists had infiltrated the United States
government. Senator __________________________ charged that hundreds of communists
were in high government positions. This created a massive “__________________”.
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
In early 1947 President Harry S. Truman issued the _______________________ which
stated that the United States would give money to countries threatened by Communist
expansion.
Truman Doctrine 1947:
1. _______________________ in ___________
2. _____________ under pressure from __________for concessions (territory) in the
Dardanelles.
3. The US should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers
by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their
own destinies in their own way.
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4. The ______ gave ____________and _____________$400 million in aid.
MARSHALL PLAN
In June 1947, the US started the ______________________ to rebuild war-torn Europe.
Marshall Plan  US should provide aid to ____________________________ that need it.
This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and
chaos. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR {but
that was rejected}.
COMECON
The Soviet Union and its economically and politically dependent Eastern European satellite
states refused to participate in the Marshall Plan. In 1949, the Soviet Union set up the Council
for Mutual Assistance (________________) as a response to the Marshall Plan. COMECON
was established to help the ___________________________________ states. It’s the
Soviet reaction to the Marshall Plan.
BERLIN AIR LIFT
By 1948, ___________, the _____, and _________ worked to unify the three western
sections of Germany and Berlin and created a _______________ government. The Soviets
opposed the creation of a West German state, so they tried to prevent it by setting up a
_______________of West Berlin. The United States and Great Britain used the
___________________ to fly in supplies to West Berlin. The Soviets ended the blockade in
______________.
THE SOVIET EMPIRE
The economy of the ___________________ was devastated by World War II. By 1950, the
Soviet Union had built new power plants, canals and giant factories. __________________
had recovered. The Soviet Union tightened its grip on Eastern Europe. After World War II,
Soviet-controlled ______________ governments took control of these ____________
states. Between 1948 and 1953, Soviet-type _____________________ were introduced
there with emphasis on _____________________. They began to
_________________________. They set up ___________________ and military forces.
CHAING & MAO’S CHINA
By 1945, China had _____________________. The ___________________ supported the
________________ government of __________________, based in southern and central
China. The ________________government led by ________________ was based in northern
China. In 1945, war between the Nationalists and Communists broke out. Millions of peasants
joined Mao’s _______________________ because they were promised land. ______’s
Communist army __________________ the Nationalist Army.
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_____________________ and his followers fled mainland China and established the capital of
the Republic of China at Taipei, ___________. American military forces protected Chiang’s
government. Chinese ________________ took control of the government of China in
________.
THE KOREAN WAR
In August 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed to divide __________ into two
zones at the ________________. The ________________ began in 1950 when the
Communist government of North Korea, supported by the Soviet Union, tried to take over South
Korea. In 1950, North Korean troops invaded South Korea. President Truman, with the support
of the _________________ sent US troops to repel the invasion. In 1950, the ___________
sent troops into North Korea and pushed the UN forces back, south of the 38 th parallel. An
armistice (end to fighting) was signed in 1953. The _________________ remains the border
between North and South Korea.
BOMBS AWAY
In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first ____________. Both superpowers developed far
more powerful __________________ by the 1950s. After the fall of China, North Korea and
Eastern Europe, the US and USSR began an _______________. Each country built enough
nuclear weapons to kill 500,000,000 people in the event of war, destroying all civilization and
laying waste to the _________________. The policy was called
_________________________________.
NATO
In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (_______) was formed. This military
alliance which included _______________, ___________, other Western European nations,
and the ________________ and Canada agreed to provide ______________ if any one of
the was attacked.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Countries
United States
Luxembourg
Belgium
Netherlands
Britain
Norway
Canada
Portugal
Denmark
1952: Greece & Turkey
France
1955: West Germany
Iceland
1983: Spain
Italy
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WARSAW PACT
In 1955, the __________________ and ___________, _____________,
_______________________, _________________, ___________, ___________, and
______________ formed the ________________________ called the
____________________.
THE SUEZ CRISIS 1956-1957
On October 29, 1956, __________ armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the
__________________ after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel __________(1918-1970)
_________________________ in July of that same year, initiating the Suez Crisis. The
____________ soon were joined by _________ and ____________forces, which nearly
brought the ______________ into the conflict, and damaged their relationships with the
__________________. In the end, the British, French, and Israeli government
_______________ their troops in late 1956 and early 1957. This event is important because
it almost drove the US and USSR into direct contact)
YUGOSLAVIA
After World War II, _______________led by Josip Broz _______ was an
___________________________ state until his death in 1980. (His death left no clear way
to pass down the leadership of the government and that results in bloody rebellions and wars in
the region).
US STRENGTHENS ALLIANCES
The United States then extended its military alliances around the world. By the mid-1950s, the
United States was in military alliances with ____ nations. (Including Turkey, Iran, Iraq,
Philippines, Thailand, New Zealand, Canada, and China to name a few).
POST-STALIN SOVIET UNION
Stalin died in _____. After Stalin’s death Nikita _______________ became the chief policy
maker in the Soviet Union. Under his leadership, _________________________, or the
process of eliminating some of Stalin’s most ruthless policies, was put in place. With Stalin
gone, many Eastern European states tried to make ____________. The Soviet Union, however
made it clear that it would not allow its Eastern European satellites to become
___________________. Revolts against communism in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
were brutally crushed.
THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING
____________________________ 1956 led by ______________, Hungarian Prime Minister
The ____________________________ was originally a ____________________ which
turned into a revolution and resulted in the ________________ of the
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_________________________ in ______________. Sadly, the revolutionaries expected
_______ from the ________and it _________________. (The Uprising/Revolution took
place after the Death of Stalin, and the Hungarian people thought they could get freedom, but
they paid a heavy price for revolting.)
BUILDING
THE
WALL
In August 1961, on the order of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, the East German government
began to build the _____________________. It was built to stop the flood of East Germans
escaping to the greater freedom and prosperity of West Berlin.
STAR WARS
In 1957, the Soviets sent __________________, the first man-made space satellite to orbit
earth. In 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut, ___________________ became the first man to orbit
the Earth in Space. American feared there was a ________________ between the Soviet
Union and the United States.
CUBA & BAY
OF
PIGS
In the 1950s, a movement in _______ led by _____________________ aimed to overthrow
the dictator Fulgencio _____________. Castro’s revolutionaries captured ______________
in 1959. Many Cubans who disagreed with Castro fled to the ____. The Argentinean Ernesto
____________________, who had aided Castro during the Cuban Revolution, then tried to
spark Communist revolutions elsewhere in __________________. Relations between the US
and Cuba quickly deteriorated as Castro began to receive aid and arms from the
__________________. In October 1960, the US declared a trade _____________
prohibiting trade with Cuba. In January 1961, the US broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.
In April 1961, US President John F. Kennedy supported an attempt to overthrow Castro’s
government. T he attempted invasion at __________________ failed. In 1962, Khrushchev
began to place ____________________ in Cuba to counter US nuclear weapons placed in
_____________, near the Soviet Union. In October 1962, President Kennedy ordered a
_____________ of Cuba to stop Soviet ships carrying more nuclear missiles from reaching
Cuba. Khrushchev agreed to send the ships back and remove nuclear missiles in Cuba in Kennedy
agreed not to _______________ Cuba. Kennedy agreed, six month later, the US
_____________ its missiles from Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world very
close to the brink of nuclear war.
AMERICA STRIKES BACK
The American ________________ program succeeded in sending _________________ to
space in 1962. On July 20, 1969, the _______________ project allowed American
_________________________________ to become the first man on the Moon.
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PRECURSOR
TO
UNITY
After World War II, many Europeans wanted European Unity. Nationalism, however, was too
strong for European nations to give up their sovereignty. Instead the countries focused on
economic unity. In 1957, __________, _____________________, the _______________
countries and __________ created the European Economic Community (_______), also known
as the ______________________. (This would later lead to the Euro Zone and the use of the
euro as a common currency)
THE MANY REPUBLICS
OF
FRANCE
_____________ was undergoing many _____________ challenges during the Cold War. The
French government was on its ________________ during the World Wars. A new era of
French government ushered in after World War II with the start of the
_________________.
4th French Republic 1945-1958
1. Democratic, but politically ________________ (27 governments)
2. __________________________________
3. _____________ President; ___________________ legislature
4. Many political parties [_______________________________]
5. Failure to gracefully leave ________________ [Vietnam]
6. Botched ________________________
7. Failure to settle the _______________________
For almost 25 years after World War II, France was led by ________________________,
leader of the _______________________ during the war. During this time, France
recovered economically and became a major industrial producer and exporter.
____________________ became the leader of the _____________________________:
1. _____________________President: Charles De Gaulle
2. __________ Cabinet
3. __________________legislature
4. ____________________________________
DeGaulle’s Achievements
1. Settled the ___________________________
2. Made France a _________________________
3. Sustained general ______________________
4. Maintained a _____________, democratic government
5. Made France more _______________ independent.
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BRITISH TRANSFORMATION
At the end of World War II, __________________ had major economic problems. The
_____________________, promising far-reaching ____________, defeated Winston
Churchill’s _________________________ which had led through the wars. The Labour Party,
led by Prime Minister Clement ___________created a _____________________________
—a state in which the government takes ___________________ for providing citizens with
services and a minimal standard of living. The British ___________________ became the
norm for most European states after the war.
Clement Attlee & the Labour Party 1945-1951
1. ______________ socialist program [modern welfare state]
a. National Insurance Act
b. National Health Service Act
2. __________________ coal mines, public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of England,
Railroads, motor transportation, and aviation. [to nationalize means the government takes
over and operates previously private owned companies and industries] {privatization is the
opposite of nationalization, it means the government sells off government controlled
industries to private owners}
3.
4.
5.
6.
Social insurance legislation :”____________________” security
Socialized medicine free national ___________________
Britain is in a big debt costs money to pay for all of these programs
The beginning of the end of British Empire
a. India in 1947
b. Palestine in 1948
c. Kenya  Mau Mau uprising in 1955
The cost of building a welfare state caused Great Britain to dismantle the
______________________. Many British colonies gained their ____________________.
Great Britain granted independence to _________and ______________in 1947, _________
in 1948, and ____________ in 1957. In 1946, the _________________ granted total
independence to the ___________________. In 1949, the US pressured the
____________________ into granting independence to _______________________.
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC
OF
GERMANY (WEST GERMANY) & ADENAUER
1. Created in 1949 with the capital at ___________.
2. Its army limited to 12 divisions [275,000]
3. _______________________, a Christian Democrat, was its 1st President.
a. ________________ of moderates and conservatives
b. ________________________ foreign policy
c. German “____________________________”
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4. “Father of Modern Germany”
ITALY AFTER WORLD WAR II
1946 Italians vote to end the ________________ and make their nation a
_______________________________. ________________________ was Italy’s P.M.
from 1948-1953. __________________ governments [short and unstable!] . 1984
______________________is no longer Italy's formal ________________________
“PRAGUE SPRING” (1968)
The __________________ of 1968, the government of ____________________ led by
__________________________ wanted to democratize the nation and lessen the
stranglehold Moscow had on the nation’s affairs. The Prague Spring ended with a
__________________________, the removal of Alexander Dubcek as party leader and an
end to reform within Czechoslovakia.
COMMUNISM ,
THE
DOMINO THEORY & VIETNAM WAR
After World War II, Communists in _____________ under the leadership of
__________________ fought for __________________ from France. In 1945,
________________rebels took control of most of Vietnam. The French, however, refused to
accept the new government and fought for control of the __________________ part of the
country. In 1954, France agreed to a peace settlement. Vietnam was ______________—the
___________________ north based in ____________ and the ______________________
south based in __________. But by early 1965, South Vietnamese
______________________ known as the _____________ were ready to seize control of the
entire country.
BREZHNEV DOCTRINE
In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from office. Leonid ___________________ became
the main Soviet leader until 1982. He issued the ______________________ which asserted
that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene if communism was _________________ in
another Communist state. US Policy makers applied the _____________________ to
Vietnam.
VIETNAM WAR
According to this theory, if South Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries in Asia
would fall like dominoes to communism.
In March 1965, US President _____________________ decided to send American troops to
South Vietnam to prevent a Communist victory. By the end of the 1960s, the Vietnam War
reached a ________________________—neither side was able to make significant gains.
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The atrocities of the war were broadcast nightly on ___________________. A massive
___________________ movement grew in the US as more American troops were sent to
Vietnam. President Johnson decided not to run for re-election because of
_____________________ against his handling of the war.
Former Republican vice-president _______________________ won the election with the
promise to end the war and reunite the American people. In 1973, Nixon reached an agreement
with North Vietnam that allowed the US to _________________ its forces. Within two
years, Vietnam was forcibly __________________ by Communist Armies.
POL POT & KHMER ROUGE
By the end of 1975, Laos and Cambodia also had Communist regimes. The dictator Pol Pot,
leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, established a brutal revolutionary regime. All city
dwellers are _____________________ to the countryside to become
_____________________workers. ____________becomes worthless, basic
_________________ are curtailed and _______________is banned. Hundreds of thousands
of the ________________________________ are _____________ and ______________
in __________________________. Others _______________, or die from ___________
or _____________. The total death toll during the next three years is estimated to be at
least ________________________.
COMMUNIST CHINA
In Communist China, Mao believed that only ___________________________, an atmosphere
on constant revolutionary fervor, could produce the final stage of communism, a
________________ society. In 1966, Mao started the Great Proletarian
________________________ to create a working class culture. The
____________________, a collection of Mao’s thoughts, provided knowledge in all areas. The
Red Guards were formed to eliminate the “Four Olds”—old ______, old ___________, old
______________, and old ___________. In 1972, President Richard ____________ became
the first US President to visit the People’s Republic of China. In 1979, China and the US
established ____________________________.
USA & USSR
By the 1970s, the United States-Soviet relations had reached _____________ –a relaxation
of tension and improved relations. By 1979, however, a new period of East-West confrontation
began when the Soviets invaded ___________________. They wanted to restore a proSoviet regime. The United States viewed this as an act of expansion.
In 1980, US President _____________________ began a new military buildup and arms race
with the USSR. Reagan even proposed a Strategic Defense initiative dubbed
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“___________________” which would blast incoming missiles with lasers from space. His plan
was to outspend and __________________the USSR. Reagan gave military aid to the
___________________________to fight the Soviets.
IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR
Reagan’s battle against Communism shocked America during the
_____________________________. Members of Reagan’s administration, led by Lt. Col.
__________________________, orchestrated the sale of weapons to __________, an
enemy of the United States. The profits from those sales were used to fund the
____________, a ___________________ rebel force attempting to overthrow the
democratically-elected _________________ government of ___________________.
CHANGING TIDE
IN
USSR
By the 1970s, the Communist ruling class of the Soviet Union had become ______________.
The Soviet economy was __________________ by the government’s bureaucracy that
discouraged efficiency and encouraged indifference. Farmers and workers lacked
_________________to work hard. By 1980, the Soviet economy was seriously
_________________.
In 1985, the reformer Mikhail _________________ was chosen to lead the Soviet Union.
Gorbachev’s basis of reform was ________________, or restructuring, of the Soviet economy
and government. His willingness to rethink Soviet domestic and foreign policy led to a dramatic
_______to the Cold War. In 1987, Gorbachev made an agreement with the United States—the
Intermediate-range Nuclear Force (_______) Treaty –to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear
missiles.
Gorbachev changed Soviet policy by stopping _____________________ to Communist
governments in Eastern Europe. This led to an ____________________ of Communist
regimes in these countries.
POLAND & SOLIDARITY
Workers’ protests led to demands for change in _______________. In 1980, Lech Walesa
organized a national trade union in Poland known as ______________. In 1988, the Polish
regime agreed to free parliamentary elections—the first free election in Eastern Europe in
forty-years. ___________ was elected president of Poland in 1990.
FALL
OF THE
WALL
In 1988 unrest led to many __________________ to flee their Communist country. In 1989,
_________________________ against the Communist regime broke out. On November 9,
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1989, the East German government removed travel restrictions to the West and the
_________________ fell. Germany was ________________ in 1990—signaling the end of
the Cold War.
VELVET REVOLUTION
In 1988 and 1989, mass demonstrations throughout _______________________ led to the
collapse of the Communist government. In 1993, conflicts between _______________ and
________________ led to the peaceful division of Czechoslovakia into the
_____________________ and ________________ called the ____________________
because no lives were lost during the split.
BORIS & RUSSIA
As the Soviet government eased its control, ___________tensions emerged throughout Soviet
republics. During 1990 and 1991, several of these republics called for ___________________
from the Soviet Union. In 1991, conservative leaders arrested Gorbachev and tried to seize
power. __________________ and others defeated their attempt. Gorbachev
______________ on December 25, 1991. The next day, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and
Belarus declared the Soviet Union ________________. ____________ became the
president of the new _____________. He worked to introduce a ____________________
economy to Russia. _______________ tried to secede from Russia (oil rich region) and form
their ___________________, Yeltsin used brutal force in Chechnya. In 1999 Yeltsin resigned
and ________________________ was elected president. Fighting in ________________
continues.
THE DEATH
OF
YUGOSLAVIA
At the end of the 1980s, _________________ was also caught up in the reform movements of
Eastern Europe. By 1990, new political parties had emerged and the Communist party had
collapsed. In 1990, the Yugoslav republics of ________________, ______________,
___________________________, and ________________ worked for
_____________________. ______________________, leader of ____________,
rejected independence. In June 1991, ______________ and ______________ declared their
independence. In September 1991, the ________________ army attacked _____________.
In 1992, the _____________attacked _______________________. Many Bosnians were
_____________. The Serbs followed a policy of _____________________ against them. In
1995, NATO __________________ were launched in retaliation for Serb attacks on civilians.
On December 14, ____________signed a formal peace. In 1998, ______________ began to
________________ethnic ______________ during the ___________________. The
___________________ and ___________ intervened again. In 2000, Milosevic was ousted
from power in a _________________________. The United Nations placed him on trial for
________________________________________. He died in prison March 11, 2006.
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THE EUROPEAN UNION
In 1992, the EEC became the _____________________________ (EU). By 2015, there will
be 28 member states and growing.
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Estonia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Hungary
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Lithuania
Portugal
Slovakia
Poland
Romania
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Countries awaiting membership:
Iceland
Montenegro
Serbia
Potential Candidates: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo
Macedonia
Turkey
THE IMPACT
ON
CUBA
The Cuban economy relied on _______________________ and the purchase of Cuban sugar
by Soviet bloc countries—a group of countries in a trading relationship. When the Soviet Union
collapsed, Cuba lost its support. Cuba’s economy has continued to ______________ in recent
years.
JAPAN
AND THE
“ASIAN TIGERS”
From 1945-1952, Japan was an occupied country. Its lands were held and controlled by Allied
military forces. US general _____________________________ was commander of the
occupation administration, which instituted vast __________________ in Japan. Following
World War II, Japan rapidly emerged as an _______________________. Today, Japan is
the greatest ________________ in the world. Besides Japan, the Asian countries of South
Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong have been economic powerhouses referred to as the
“_______________________”. In 1997, Great Britain returned control of
__________________ to mainland China. The Communist Peoples Republic of China is
determined to unite ________________with mainland China.
TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE
In 1989, student protesters in China also called for an end to corruption and demanded the
resignation of Communist Party leaders. Thousands of demonstrators for democracy in
_________________________________, Beijing were crushed by Chinese tanks and troops.
China’s continued ______________________ violations and its growing military and
_________________ power have created strained relations with the West. However, US
trade with China is, and will continue to be, one of the most important economic relationships in
the 21st century.
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