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Create a Baby Lab Investigating Inherited Traits Introduction Heredity is the passing on of traits from parent to offspring. The genetic makeup of an individual is known as its genotype. The physical characteristics of an individual, which are the result of its genotype and its environment, are known as its phenotype. Some alleles are expressed only when the genotype is homozygous. These alleles are said to produce recessive phenotypes. Alleles that are expressed whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous produce dominant phenotypes. An allele that codes for a dominant trait is represented by a capital letter, while an allele that codes for a recessive trait is represented by a lowercase letter. Sometimes when the genotype is heterozygous, neither the dominant nor the recessive phenotype occurs. In this situation, called incomplete dominance, an intermediate phenotype is produced. In humans, the sex of an individual is determined by the particular combination of two chromosomes called the sex chromosomes. Individuals who have two X chromosomes (XX) are females, whereas those who have an X and a Y chromosome (XY) are males. In this investigation, you will observe how the results of different allele combinations produce certain traits. Problem How are traits inherited? Pre-Lab Discussion Read the entire investigation. Then, work with a partner to answer the following questions. 1. What does a single side of a double-sided coin or disk represent?ach 2. What is the probability, in percents, that a single coin toss will result in heads? In tails? 3. Why is a coin toss a good way to represent allele combinations that occur in nature? 4. For the traits explored in this lab, do all heterozygous pairs of alleles produce an intermediate phenotype? 5. Can you accurately determine an organism’s genotype by observing its phenotype? Explain your answer. Create-A-Baby Procedure 1. Decide who will be the dad and who will be the mom by flipping the penny once. Heads you are the dad and tails you are the mom. 2. The dad then flips the coin to see what gender the child will be. Heads, the dad will pass on his Y chromosome and tails, he will pass on his X chromosome. Place this in the chart as your first trait. 3. Have your partner tell you what trait you show for each of the traits listed on the chart and below and place your alleles in the chart. Do the same for your partner. 4. If you know you show the dominant trait and don’t know what your second allele will be you must flip the penny. Heads is dominant (upper case) and tails is recessive (lower case). 5. Construct a Punnett square to see all the possible outcomes for your child! Make sure you label the squares with the trait you are crossing so you can identify it later as you will need to place it on your butcher paper. 6. Use the penny and the square chart to find which trait your child will get! 7. Fill in the alleles and traits for your child! 8. Draw the teenage version of your child by tracing your partner, then drawing the traits in. All Traits must be easily noticeable on the large butcher paper. 9. Draw and label all your punnett squares on the paper with your child and create a chart, like the one below, for all 25 traits that has the Mom’s Genotype and Phenotype, Dad’s Genotype and Phenotype, and the Child’s Genotype and Phenotype. The chart is shown on the next page! 10. You will see a list and description of the traits, including dominant/recessive on the 3rd page! List of Dominant/Recessive Traits: Hairy Fingers, Eyebrow Position, Gender, Face Shape, Chin Shape, Dimple in Chin, Freckles, Dimples in Cheek, Lip thickness, Eyebrows, Eye shape, Eyelashes, Ear Shape, Ear lobes, Widow’s Peak List of Incomplete Dominant Traits: Skin Color, Hair Shape, Color of eyebrows, eye distance, eye size, mouth size, nose size, Birth mark(mole) List of Multiple Allele Traits: (do these last) Hair color and Eye color Grading: -2 points for each mistake on the Punnett Squares, Chart, or Child. -10 if genotypes/phenotypes are not listed on the chart for either parent or child. Trait Gender Shape of Face Chin Shape Dimple in Chin Freckles Dimples in cheek Lip Thickness Eye Brows Eye Shape Eyelashes Ear Shape Ear Lobes Widow’s Peak Hairy Knuckles Eyebrow Position Hair Shape Skin Color Eyebrow Color Eye distance Eye size Mouth Size Nose Size Birth Mark Hair Color Eye Color Mom’s Mom’s Geno. Pheno. XX RR female Round be consistent with the information provided in Explanation of Traits Dad’s Geno. Dad’s Pheno. XY rr male Square Child’s Geno. ? Rr Child’s Pheno. Girl/Boy Round Gender – neither dominant or recessive, the father passes on either an X chromosome(It’s a girl)or the Y chromosome (It’s a boy) Dominant/Recessive Face Shape - Round is dominant, Square is recessive Chin Shape – Very Noticeable(chin sticks out from face) is dominant, Less Noticeable(chin does not stick out) is recessive Dimple in Chin – No dimple is dominant, dimple is recessive Freckles – Freckles are dominant, No Freckles are recessive Dimples in cheek – Dimples are dominant, No dimples are recessive Lip thickness – thick is dominant, thin is recessive Eyebrows – Bushy is dominant, fine (thin) is recessive Eye Shape – Wide (almond shape) is dominant, Round is recessive Eyelashes – Long is dominant, short is recessive Ear shape – Long ears are dominant, and Round ears are recessive Ear lobes – Free (dangling lobes) are dominant, attached lobes are recessive Widow’s Peak – Present is dominant, absent is recessive Hairy Knuckles – a hairy 2nd knuckle is dominant, and no hair on the 2nd knuckle is recessive Eyebrow position (un-ibrow) – connected eyebrows are dominant, and not connected is recessive Incomplete Dominance Traits – traits will blend, no dominance or recessive characteristics Skin Color (SS, Ss, and ss, base this off of a particular ethnic group) – dark skin is SS, medium skin is Ss, and light skin is ss Hair Shape(HH, Hh, and hh) – Curly Hair is HH, Wavy hair is Hh, and Straight Hair is hh Eyebrow color (EE. Ee, and ee) – Darker than hair is EE, same as hair is Ee, and lighter than hair is ee Eye distance (EE, Ee, and ee) – close together is EE, average distance is Ee, and far apart is ee Eye size (EE, Ee, and ee) – Large is EE, medium is Ee, and small is ee Mouth size (MM, Mm, mm) – Long is MM, medium is Mm, and small is mm Nose size (NN, Nn, and nn) – Big is NN, medium is Nn, and small is nn Birth mark (BB, Bb, and bb – this is a mole on the cheek) – mole on left cheek is BB, mole on right cheek is Bb, and no mole is bb Multiple Allele Traits – for this lab, we will assume that only 2 gene pairs control hair and eye color (it is actually more than 2 gene pairs). Hair color – You will need to analyze what color your hair is naturally and then if there are 2 options for that hair color below, flip a coin to see which one you will have Gene Pair Hair Color Gene Pair Hair Color AABB Black Aabb Regular blond AABb Black aaBB Dark Blond AAbb Red aaBb Regular blond AaBB Brown aabb Pale blond AaBb Brown Eye Color Gene Pair AABB AABb AAbb AaBB AaBb Eye Color Deep Brown Deep Brown Brown/Hazel Greenish brown Brown/Hazel Gene Pair Aabb aaBB aaBb aabb Eye Color Grayish blue Green Dark blue Pale blue Analysis and Conclusions 1. Inferring What are the possible genotypes of the parents of an offspring who has wavy (Hh) hair? 2. Predicting Would you predict that another pair of students in your class would have an offspring genetically identical to yours? Support your answer.nlikely. 3. Drawing Conclusions Do you think anyone in your class has all the same genetic traits that you have? Explain your answer., do genetic trai 4. Comparing and Contrasting How is this coin-toss model similar to the way in which traits are inherited in living things? How is the model different? are coded f or by seve alnes. Going Further Some inherited diseases cause an individual to have mental and physical impairments or even die before reaching reproductive age. Using library or Internet resources, read about one of these diseases, Create a presentation or write a one page double spaced report about what is understood about its transmission, and in what types of populations it tends to occur. Some examples of inherited diseases include Cystic Fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington’s Disease, Otosclerosis, Down Syndrome, Sickle Cell Disease, Turner Syndrome, Cri-du-Chat Syndrome, and Krabbe’s disease. OR Environmental Factors often play a role in some inherited traits changing. This is called nature vs. nuture. Some environmental factors such as exposure to sunlight, diet, and hair treatments are very common, yet many others are present but harder to acknowledge. Research environmental effects on genetics and develop a comic strip illustrating 3 environmental factors and how they may change your child’s appearance. Include the reaction of others (parents, family, and friends to the changes your child have made.