Download Anthropology 1 Professor Debbie Klein Fall 2005 MIDTERM #2

Anthropology 1
Professor Debbie Klein
Fall 2005
MIDTERM #2 Study Guide
This midterm covers: Park Chs. 7, 8, 9, Life in the Trees, The New
Chimpanzees, and any lecture material since the last midterm. It will consist
of: 40 multiple choice and 5 short answers.
The following questions consist of: Short answer, multiple choice, and fill in the blanks.
Some of the following will appear on your midterm.
1. Which types of primates have immobile faces and moist nose pads?
2. When walking on the ground, gorillas move (bipedally/quadrupedally) and when in
trees they (climb/brachiate).
3. If you encountered a primate with a grasping tail, you would most likely say it was a
_______________?
4. The Order Primates is divided into 2 Suborders: _____________ & _____________
5. Define the term “dominance hierarchies”:
6. Why is a dominance hierarchy an adaptive mechanism?
7. What kinds of behaviors do chimpanzees engage in that make them more like
humans than like other apes/monkeys?
8. Which primates are most like humans with regard to sexual practices?
9. When we say a primate moves by brachiation, what does that mean? Name 2
species of primate who brachiate:
10. The basic social unit among all primates is the (mated female-male pair/ related
adult males/ mother and her dependent offspring/ related adult females).
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11. In what ways is the human primate a typical primate? In what ways are humans
unique?
12. Of all primates, which probably provide the best model for pre-hominid/early
hominid behavior?
13. Among bonobos, which individuals seem to be the dominant members of the
community?
14. Why is leaf clipping such a significant behavior pattern among chimps?
15. Name 1 specific physical and 1 specific behavioral difference between bonobos and
chimps.
16. Who is famous for studying chimps in their native habitat?
17. What is the primary function of grooming?
18. Which primates have sex when not in estrus?
19. Where do the following fit into Primate taxonomy: Old World monkeys, Orangutans,
Humans?
20. Name 2 species of prosimians:
21. How do apes differ from monkeys?
22. After a conflict, chimps often immediately begin to restore harmony within the
group. How do chimps attempt reconciliation?
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23. Briefly describe the tool making/tool using capacities of the chimpanzees. Give 2
specific examples.
24. What does the study of chimps and bonobos suggest about the behavior of our
early ancestors?
25. Why do bonobos engage in sexual activity?
26. Where are lemurs found in the world?
27. What physical features differentiate hominids from apes?
28. Name some primates who
vertical cling & leap:___________________________
knuckle-walk:________________________________
opportunistically bipedal:_______________________
29. If you were interested in finding early hominid fossils, say from the period of 3 to 5
million years ago, what would you have to consider in deciding where to look for those
fossils?
30. What primary ecological zone do South American monkeys inhabit?
31. Macaques engage in several forms of cultural behavior. Give two examples.
32. All monkeys and apes are Anthropoids, but apes and humans are grouped together
as Hominoids (separate from old world monkeys). Describe the biological relationships
among old world monkeys, apes, and humans.
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33. The gorilla is a primarily (folivorous/frugivorous/omnivorous) species, but will also
eat (small rocks/clay) for the minerals that it can not obtain from its regular food
sources.
34. The leader of most gorilla groups is a mature (black-back female/ black-back male/
silver-back male/ mated pair of silver back male and female).
35. What specific physical and behavioral features clearly separate the prosiminas from
the anthropoids?
36. Bonobo chimp society can be characterized as (egalitarian/ male dominated), while
chimpanzee society is best characterized as (egalitarian/ male dominated).
37. The study of the structure and function of the skeleton is:
A)
comparative anatomy
B)
physiology
C)
osteology
D)
forensic anthropology
38. We can
A)
B)
C)
D)
usually tell the sex of a human skeleton because humans exhibit:
different reproductive roles
sexual dimorphism
bisexuality
gender identities
39. A person
A)
B)
C)
D)
40. A fossil
A)
B)
C)
D)
42.
who has a full set of adult teeth is most likely:
between 6 years and 18 years old
over 18 years old
over 35 years old
over 22 months old
is:
bone that has turned to stone
the imprint of a leaf in hardened mud
the mummified remains of some ancient creature
any evidence of life from the past
Taphonomy is the study of:
A)
dating techniques
B)
the identification of fossil species
C)
how organic remains become fossils
D)
reconstructing whole organisms from fragmentary fossil remains
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43. It was genetic studies that first indicated that hominids and apes had been
evolutionarily separated for:
A)
12 to 15 million years
B)
5 to 6 million years
C)
1 million years
D)
about 12,000 to 15, 000 years
44. Explain why fossils are relatively rare. What are the best conditions for preservation
of organic remains?
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Sample Short Answer Questions:
1. Describe 5 Primate characteristics:
2. What are the implications of the fact that humans have so much genetic
material (98-99%) in common with chimpanzees?
3. Why do Physical Anthropologists study the non-human primates?
4. Which ethnography did you read for your critical book review? What was the
author’s name and main argument?
5. What is the status of our closest relatives (p.158)?
6. Who owns old bones? What ethical considerations must be taken into account
with the recovery and study of human skeletal material? Give an example.
(p.210)
7. Are some human behaviors genetic? Explain and give an example. (p.182)
8. Do you think the act of scientific observation affects what is being studied? Why
or why not? Give an example.
9. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating? Give an example of
each.
10. How can our knowledge of the primate skeleton help us identify fossil remains?
Give an example.
11. Altruistic behaviors benefit others but can be disastrous for the individual
performing them. So how could such behaviors have evolved in nonhuman
animals?
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