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Taxonomy Taxonomy • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomy: Kingdoms • • • • • Animals (us) Plants Fungi Protists Bacteria Kingdom Animalia • • • • Ingestive heterotrophs Motile at at least some part of their lives Embryos have a blastula stage (a hollow ball of cells) Usually an internal digestive chamber Phyla in Kingdom Animalia Phylum Meaning Group Phylum Meaning Group Acanthocephala Thorny head Thorny-headed worms Mesozoa Middle animals Mesozoans Acoelomorpha Without gut Acoels Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals — Annelida Little ring Segmented worms Mollusca Thin shell Mollusks / molluscs Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Myxozoa Slime animals Brachiopoda Arm foot Lamp shells Nematoda Thread like Round worms Bryozoa Moss animals Moss animals, sea mats Nematomorpha Thread form Horsehair worms Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms Nemertea A sea nymph Ribbon worms Chordata Cord Chordates Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms Cnidaria Stinging nettle Coelenterates Orthonectida Straight swim Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion Phoronida Zeus' mistress Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea Urchins Placozoa Tubular animals Echiura Spine tail Spoon worms Platyhelminthes Flat worms Flat worms Entoprocta Inside anus Goblet worm Porifera Pore bearer Sponges Gastrotricha Hair stomach Meiofauna Priapulida Penis Priapulid worms Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms Rhombozoa Lozenge animal — Hemichordata Half cord Acorn worms Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads Tardigrada Slow step Water bears Xenoturbellida Strange flatworm — Horseshoe worms Phylum Chordata • Hollow dorsal nerve cord • Trends – Increasing cephalization – Increased activity levels – Increased predatory lifestyle Phylum Chordata • Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates: filter-feeding sea squirts) • Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) • Subphylum Vertebrata (animals with backbones) – Infraphylum Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) – Infraphylum Gnathosomata (jawed vertebrates) • Superclass Osteichthytes (bony fishes) • Superclass Tetraposa (four-legged vertebrates) Subphylum Vertebrata • • • • Dorsal hollow nerve, brain, eyes Paired kidneys Heart, aorta Some major transitions – Tetrapods – Amniotes • Synapsids (pre-mammals) – Nocturnal niche that dinosaurs didn t dominate – Increased metabolism to keep warm (bugs) – Chewing (mastication); specialized teeth – Legs under body to turn more easily (c.f., lizards) Class mammalia • Mammals – Survived age of dinosaurs – First were tiny, nocturnal insectivores – Escaped predation – Survived global cooling • Adaptive Radiation(~ 0-65 mya) Mammals • • • • • • • • • • • Milk/mammary glands: LACTATION (all mammals lactate) Hair/fur (protein: keratin) Specialized teeth Yet increased cephalization: bigger heads/brains Warm-blooded; faster/stronger circulation--respiratory system connected to circulatory system; diaphragm = powerful muscle to enhance respiration About 5400 species around today Particular jaw feature defines mammals to paleontologists Vivipary (live birth) in most (but not limited to mammals) Most are placental (egg without shell retained in uterus) Most are terrestrial Many with complex social behaviors including parental care Mammals • Monotremes • Marsupials • Eutherians (Placentals) Class Mammalia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa) Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa) Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara) Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia) Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia) Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (ctropical) Order Pilosa: sloths and anteaters (Neotropical) Order Cingulata: armadillos (Americas) Order Scandentia: treeshrews (Southeast Asia) Order Dermoptera: flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia) Order Primates: prosimians, monkeys, apes Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas) Order Rodentia: rodents Order Erinaceomorpha: hedgehogs Order Soricomorpha: moles, shrews, solenodons Order Chiroptera: bats Order Cetartiodactyla: whales, dolphins and porpoises, even-toed ungulates, including pigs, hippopotamus, camels, giraffe, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats • Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates, including horses, donkeys, zebras, tapirs, and rhinoceroses • Order Pholidota: pangolins or scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia) • Order Carnivora: carnivores Primate Trends Separating them from the Other Mammals • • • • • • • • • • • • Delayed maturation Increased infant dependency Long gestation Long lifespan Low reproductive rate Large, complex brain Gregarious (many permanently live in groups and socially interact frequently) Male-female social associations Singleton births Arboreal Diurnal Grooming (practical and social functions) Primates • The order Primates consists of two major suborders: the Prosimians and the Anthropoidea. The prosimians were the first of the suborders to evolve; they are often called the "lower primates" The word prosimian literally means "pre-monkey." • Strepsirhines = prosimians • Haplorhines = anthropoids (monkeys and apes) Rhinarium = nose wet, connected to upper lip strepsirhine Dry, not connected to lip haplorhine Primates • • • • • • • Prosimians Dental comb Smaller brain Grooming claw Many nocturnal species More seasonal breeding Baby parking in many species • • • • • • • Anthropoids Dental comb absent Larger brain Nails on all digits Few nocturnal species Less seasonal breeding Heavy baby carrying by mothers (and, rarely, by dads) Body size Aye Aye (lemur group) Medium Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Nocturnal Solitary - continuously growing incisors (rodent-like) - thin spindly middle finger - largest nocturnal primate The earliest primates were probably specialized for hunting bugs. Loris Anthropoids • • • • Haplorhines Dry, unconnected noses Africa, Asia, South America Monkeys, apes, and humans – ***prosimians are NOT monkeys • Two groups – Catarhines (apes and Old World monkeys) – Platyrhines (New World Monkeys) Rhine = nose Catarrhine: human Platyrrhine: red-faced uakari Example of New World Monkeys: Cebids Example of New World Monkeys:Callitrichids juvenile golden lion tamarin *very high paternal investment! Dads carry twins all of the time except when they are nursing; dads do NOT feed infants, however. Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate) Old World Monkeys (orange = New World Monkeys) Old World Monkeys: Cercopithecines (baboons and macaques) Japanese macaque Gelada baboon OWM: Cercopithecines most are female-bonded Celebes macaque Transfer and Dispersal • • • • • • • • • In most animals, both sexes leave their parents at sexual maturity But primates are social In order to avoid inbreeding depression, all members of at least on sex must transfer to a new social groups at sexual maturity natal groups = the group you were born into The sex that leaves its natal group is the dispersing or transferring sex The sex that stays in its natal group is the philopatric or bonded sex Most primates, especially the baboons and macaques, are female-bonded Different consequences for social life trajectories of the sexes Humans?… Colobines Proboscis monkey: sexual selection! Colobines eat a lot of leaves Specialized gut adaptations for digesting cellulose and neutralizing toxins (humans?…) Parts of a Plant • • • • • • • • • Autotrophs (make own food) Roots – Anchors – water-getters – Storage devices: • Tubers • Rhizomes Trunks/stems – Structure – Support Leaves Seeds Gum Fruits: eat me! Plants have adaptations that facilitate their OWN reproduction--they do not want to die to help out their predators nutrition, survival, or reproduction Plant predators vs. plants: – – – – Eat fruits: mutualism Eat rest of plant: selfishness by predator Plant toxins: selfishness by plant ( eat me and get sick or die! ) arms race: livers Hominoidea: the Apes Hylobatidae Hominidae Category The “lesser” apes The “great” apes The “human” apes Common names Gibbons and siamangs Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos humans Distribution Southeast Asia Borneo, Sumatra -Lowland gorilla in West Central Africa -Mountain gorilla in volcanic mountains bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Congo Tropical rainforests and tropical forests of West, East, and North-central Africa Central African Rainforests South of the big bend of the Congo River Global (plus?) Size Large (5-11 kg) Huge (35-70 kg) Huge (90-150 kg) Huge (30-45 kg) Huge (30-45 kg) Huge Grouping Pattern Socially monogamous Solitary Group (1 alpha male, his ‘harem,’ and their kids) Large fissionfusion communities Large fissionfusion communities Large multimal/ multifemae community Ape Distribution Apes: High-quality diets (except gorillas) Lesser apes gibbon siamang Monogamy Monogamous and low sexual dimorphism (humans?…) Orangutan Solitary: the only group is mom and dependent offspring Gorilla Polygyny, male-male competition, and infanticide (humans?…) Chimpanzee Male-bonded, femaletransfer; raids in males; babies REALLY reliant on mother (Flo and Flint); LEARNING; cooperative hunting; promiscuous mating but dominant males mate more; Culture; Tools; Humans?… Bonobo Mothers help adult sons achieve dominance; Non-reproductive sex; Humans?… Humans • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Between monogamy and polygyny Some sexual dimorphism Mode: male-bonded, female transfer Mothers (and fathers) invest in adult kids Male raids and warfare Infanticide Delayed maturation Increased infant dependency Long gestation Long lifespan Low reproductive rate (singleton births) Large, complex brain Gregarious (permanently live in groups) Male-female social associations Terrestrial Diurnal Grooming (practical and social functions) Nails on all digits No seasonal breeding Bipedalism Heavy baby carrying by mothers (and, less-frequently, by dads); use of slings Babies REALLY reliant on mother (but adoption) LEARNING cooperative hunting dominant males mate more Culture Tools Non-reproductive sex High quality diets Menopause Allomothering Male provisioning of mothers and offspring: a big deal! Marriage = a contract for biparental care
