Download Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange

Chapter Objectives: Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. List major animal phyla with gastrovascular cavities and explain why they do
not need a circulatory system
2. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems
3. Using an arthropod as an example, describe the circulation of hemolymph
4. Explain how hemolymph differs from blood
5. Using an earthworm as an example, describe circulation of blood and explain
how it exchanges materials with interstitial fluid
6. List the components of a vertebrate cardiovascular system
7. Distinguish between an artery and a vein
8. Using diagrams, compare and contrast the circulatory systems of birds,
amphibians, and mammals
9. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the
function of each
10. Explain the advantage of double circulation over a single circuit
11. Trace a drop of blood through the human heart, listing structures it passes
through en route
12. List the 4 heart valves, describe their location, and explain their function
13. Distinguish between systole and diastole
14. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle and explain what causes the 1st and
2nd heart sounds
15. Define heart murmur and explain its cause
16. Define pulse and describe the relationship between size and pulse rate
among different mammals
17. Define cardiac output and explain how it is affected by a change in heart
rate or stroke volume
18. Define myogenic and describe some unique properties of cardiac muscle
which allows it to contract in a coordinated manner
19. Define pacemaker and describe the location of 2 patches of nodal tissue in
the human heart
20. Describe the origin and pathway of the action potential (Cardiac impulse) in
the normal human heart
21. Explain why it is important that the cardiac impulse be delayed at the AV
node
22. Explain how the pace of the SA node can be modulated by sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves, changes in temperature, physical conditioning, and
exercise
23. Compare the structures of arteries and veins and explain how differences in
their structures are related to differences in their function
24. Describe how capillary structure differs from other vessels and explain how
this structure relates to its function
25. Recall the law of continuity and explain why blood flow through capillary
beds is substantially slower than it is through arteries and veins
26. Define blood pressure and describe how it is measured
27. Explain how peripheral resistance and cardiac output affect blood pressure
28. Explain how blood returns to the heart even though it must travel from
lower extremities against gravity
29. Define microcirculation and explain how blood flow through capillary beds is
regulated
30. Explain how osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure regulate the
exchange of fluid and solutes across capillaries
31. Describe the composition of lymph and explain how the lymphatic system
helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system
32. Explain why protein deficiency can cause edema
33. Explain how the lymphatic system helps defend the body against infection
34. Explain why vertebrate blood is classified as connective tissue
35. List the components of blood and describe a function for each
36. Outline the formation of erythrocytes from stem cells to destruction by
phagocytic cells
37. Outline the sequence of events that occurs during blood clotting and explain
what prevents spontaneous clotting in the absence of injury
38. Explain how atherosclerosis affects the arteries
39. Distinguish between
a. thrombus and embolus
b. atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
c. low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs)
40. List risk factors for cardiovascular disease
41. Describe general requirements for a respiratory surface and list the variety
of respiratory organs adapted for this purpose
42. Describe respiratory adaptations of aquatic animals
43. Describe countercurrent exchange and explain why it is more efficient than
concurrent flow of water or blood
44. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium
and explain how insect tracheal systems are adapted for efficient gas
exchange in a terrestrial environment
45. For the human respiratory system, describe the movement of air through air
passageways to the alveolus, listing the structures it must pass on its
journey
46. Define negative pressure breathing and explain how respiratory movements
in humans ventilate the lungs
47. Define the following lung volumes and give a normal range of capacities for
the human male
a. tidal volume
b. vital capacity
c. residual volume
48. Explain how breathing is controlled
49. List 3 barriers oxygen must cross from alveolus into capillaries and explain
the advantage of having millions of alveoli in the lungs
50. Describe how oxygen moves from the alveolus into the capillary and explain
why a pressure gradient is necessary
51. Distinguish between hemocyanin and hemoglobin
52. Describe the structure of hemoglobin and explain the result of cooperative
binding and state how many oxygen molecules a saturated hemoglobin
molecule can carry
53. Draw the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve, explain the significance of its shape,
and explain how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with oxygen
concentration
54. Describe the Bohr effect and explain how the oxygen dissociation curve
shifts with changes in carbon dioxide concentration and pH
55. Explain the advantage of the Bohr shift
56. Describe how carbon dioxide is picked up at the tissues and deposited in the
lungs, the role of carbonic anhydrase, and the most common transport form
of carbon dioxide
57. Explain how hemoglobin acts as a buffer
58. Describe respiratory adaptations of diving mammals including the role of
myoglobin
Chapter Terms:
open circulatory
system
atrioventricular (AV) node
high density lipoproteins
(HDLs)
electrocardiogram
hemolymph
gas exchange
endothelium
sinuses
respiratory medium
blood pressure
respiratory surface
closed circulatory
system
peripheral resistance
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
atrium
lymph
ventricles
lymph nodes
arteries
plasma
arterioles
red blood cells
capillaries
erythrocytes
capillary bed
hemoglobin
venules
white blood cells
gills
ventilation
countercurrent exchange
myoglobin
tracheal system
lungs
vocal cords
larynx
trachea
veins
leukocytes
bronchi
systemic circuit
platelets
bronchioles
double circulation
pluripotent stem cells
alveoli
pulmonary circuit
dissociation curve
breathing
atrioventricular valve
erythropoietin
positive pressure breathing
semilunar valves
fibrinogen
negative pressure breathing
pulse
fibrin
diaphragm
heart rate
hemophilia
tidal volume
cardiac cycle
thrombus
vital capacity
systole
cardiovascular disease
residual volume
hemocyanin
heart attack
parabronchi
diastole
stroke
breathing control centers
cardiac output
artherosclerosis
partial pressure
stroke volume
arteriosclerosis
respiratory pigments
sinoatrial (SA) node
hypertension
pacemaker
low density lipoproteins
(LDLs)
Chapter Outline Framework
A. Circulation in Animals
1. Transport systems functionally connect organs of exchange with
body cells
2. Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity or a circulatory
system for internal transport
3. Closed cardiovascular systems accommodate gill breathing or lung
breathing in vertebrates
4. Rhythmic pumping of mammalian heart drives blood through
pulmonary and systemic circuits
5. Structural differences among blood vessels correlate with regional
functions of the circulatory system
6. Natural laws governing movement of fluid in pipes affects blood flow
and blood pressure
7. Transfer of substances between blood and interstitial fluid occurs
across the thin walls of capillaries
8. Lymphatic system returns fluid to blood and aids in body defense
9. Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended in plasma
10. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the US and
many other developed nations
B. Gas Exchange in Animals
1. Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of
carbon dioxide
2. Gills are respiratory adaptations of most aquatic animals
3. Tracheal systems and lungs are respiratory adaptations of
terrestrial animals
4. Control centers in the brain regulate rate and depth of breathing
5. Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs
6. Respiratory pigments transport gases and help buffer the blood
7. Deep-diving mammals stockpile oxygen and consume it slowly