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ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS) Regulation Common to all Departments of Studies in the Faculty of Science. Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Earth Sciences, and Bio Chemistry. Master Programme. A Master’s Programme consists of a number of courses, in M.Sc. A Master’s Programme consists of a set of compulsory courses and Language papers. The entire course carriers credit system. The number and distribution of credits for the courses will be decided by the respective faculties. A course is divided into two semesters, odd semester and Even semester. Credits The terms credit is used to describe the quantum of syllabus for various program in terms and hours of study. In indicates differential weightage given according to the contents and duration of the courses in the curriculum design. The minimum credit requirement for the award of the degree of Five years Master’s Programme shall be 154. Courses Each course may consist of Lectures / Tutorials/ Laboratory work / seminar / project work / practical training report / Viva Voce etc. Normally in each of the courses, credits will be assigned on the basis of the lectures/ Tutorials/ Laboratory work and other form of learning in a 18 week schedule. Eligibility for Admission. Candidates for admission to the first year of the five year integrated M.Sc Degree courses shall be required to have passed the final examinations of the plus 2 Higher secondary course and Equivalent thereto with a minimum of 50% aggregate under academic stream with the following subjects as in Appendix – A, Conducted by the Board of Secondary Education, Tamilnadu Government or an examination of any other authority there to. They shall satisfy the conditions regarding qualifying marks, age and physical fitness as may be prescribed by the syndicate of the Annamalai University from time to time. Grading system The term grading system indicates a 10 point scale of evaluation of the performance of students in terms of marks grade points, letter grade and class Course Duration The duration for completion of a five year intergraded M.Sc. Programme in any course is ten semesters. Page 2 2 Student counselors To help the students in planning their course of study and for general advice on the academic programme, the Head of the Department will attach a certain number of student to a member of the faculty who shall function’s student counselor for those students throughout their period of study. Attendance Every teaching faculty handing a course shall responsible for the maintenance of attendance Register for candidates who have registered for the course. The instructor of the course must intimate the Head of the Department at least seven calendar days before the least instruction day in the semester about the particulars of all students who have secured an attendance of less than 80% A candidate who has attendance less than 80% shall not be permitted to sit for the End – Semester Examinations in the course in which the shortage exists. However, it shall be open to the authorities to grant exemption to a candidates who has failed to obtain the prescribed 80% attendance for valid reasons on payment of a condonation fee and such exemption should not under any circumstances be granted for attendance below 70%. Examination There will be two sessional assessments and one end semester Examinations during each semester. Sessional Test – I will be held during sixth week for the syllabi converted till then. Sessional Test – I will be a combination of a variety of tools such as class test, assignment and paper presentation that would be suitable to the course. This requires an element of openness. The students are to be informed in advance. However, the tests are compulsory. Test –I may be for one hour duration. The pattern of question will be decided by the respective faculty. Sesssional test – II carry 20 % of marks of the entire course. There will be one end semester Examinations of 3 hours duration in each course. The end semester Examination will cover all the syllabus of the course for 60% of marks. Evaluation Evaluation will be done on a continuous basis evaluation may be objective type Questions, Quiz, Short answers, Essays or a combination of these, but at the end semester it has to be a written examinations. The performance of students in each course is evaluated in terms of percentage of marks (PM) with a provision for conversion to grade point (GP) the sum total performance in each semester will be rated by GPA while the continuous performance from the 2nd semester onwards will be marked by (OGPA). Marks and Grading A student cannot repeat the assessment of sessional Test –I and Seesional Test – II. However, If for any compulsive reason the student could not attend the test, the prerogative of arranging a special test lies with the teacher in consultation with the Head of the Department. A minimum of 50 % marks in each course is prescribed for a pass. A student has to securer 50 % minimum in the End semester Examination. Page 3 3 If a candidate who has not secured a minimum of 50 % of marks in a course shall be deemed to have failed in that course. The students can repeat the end semester Examinations when it is offered in the subsequent odd / even semesters till the regulations are in force. However a candidate cannot move to the next odd/ even semesters if he / she have more than six papers as arrears at any point of time. A candidate who has secured a minimum of 50% marks in all courses prescribed in the programme and earned a minimum of the credits will be considered to have passed the Master programme. Grading A ten point rating is used for the evaluation of the performance of the student to provide grade for each course and overall grade for the master’s programme. Marks Grade points Letter grade Class 90+ 10 S Exemplary 85-89 9.0 D++ Distinction 80-84 8.5 D+ Distinction 75-79 8.0 D Distinction 70-74 7.5 A++ First Class 65-69 7.0 A+ First Class 60-64 6.5 A First Class 55-59 6.0 B Second Class 50-54 5.5 C Second Class 49 or Less F Fail The successful candidates in the core subjects are classified as follows. I – Class 60 % marks and above in over all percentage of marks (OPM) II - Class 50-59% marks in over all percentage of marks. Candidates who obtain 75% and above but below 90% of marks (OPM) shall be deemed to have passed the examinations in first Class / Distinction) provided he / she passed all the course prescribed for the programme at the first appearance. Candidates who obtain 90% and above (OPM) shall be deemed to have passed the examination in first class (Exemplary) provided he / she pass the entire course prescribed for the programme at the first appearance. Candidates who obtain highest marks in all examinations at the first appearance alone considered for ranking. For the internal Assessment Evaluation the break up marks shall be as follows Test (15 +15) : 30Marks Assignment : 05 Marks Case Study / Seminar / Short Answer etc. : 05 Marks Total : 40 Marks Page 4 4 Course – wise letter grades The percentage of marks obtained by a candidate in a course will be indicating in a letter grade. A student is considered to have completed a course successfully and earned the credits if he / she secured over all grades other than F. A Letter grade F in any course imples a failure in that course. A course successfully completed cannot be reapeated for the purpose of improving the grade point. The F grade once awards stays in the grade card of the students and is not deleted even when he/ she completed the course successfully later. The grade acquired later by the student will be indicated in the grade sheet of the odd/ Even semester in which the candidates has appeared for clearance of the arrears. If a students secured F grade in the Project work / Fieldwork / Practical work / Dissertation. Either he / she shall improved it and resubmit it if it involves only rewriting incorporation the clarification of the evaluation or he/ she can re- register and carry out the same in the subsequent semester for evaluation. Transitory Regulations Wherever there had been change of syllabi, examinations based on the existing syllabus will be conducted for three consecutive times after implementation of the new syllabus in order to enable the students to clear the arrears. Beyond that the student will have to take up their examinations in equivalent subjects as per the new syllabus on the recommendations of the Head of the Department concerned. APPENDIX – A M.Sc, Microbiology : A Pass in H.Sc. (10+2 Level) and Equivalent there to with a minimum of 50% aggraded under academic stream with the following students viz. Physics & chemistry. Biology or Botany and Zoology. Page 5 5 M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS) SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS Total Credits: 154 First year: I Semester. Code Subject Credits ITAC 11 IENC 12 ICEC 13 IMBT 14 IMBP 15 Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French Part II : Language – English : Basic English Skills Civics, Environmental and Health Science General Microbiology Lab in IMB14 3 3 3 4 1 First year: II Semester. Code Subject Credits ITAC 21 IENC 22 ICAC 23 IMBT 24 IMBP 25 Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French Part II : Language – English : Technology & Communicative English Computer Applications - I General Bio chemistry Lab in IMB24 3 3 3 4 1 Second year: III Semester. Code Subject Credits ICAC 31 IMBT 32 IMBT 33 IMBP 34 Computer Applications – II Morphology , cytology and Growth of Microorganisms Taxonomy of Microorganisms Lab in , IMB32, IMB33 4 4 5 2 Second year: IV Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 41 IMBT 42 IMBT 43 IMBP 44 Cell Biology, Cell and Tissue Culture Microbial Physiology and Metabolism Microbial Genetics Lab in IMB41, IMB42, IMB43 4 4 4 3 Third year: V Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 51 IMBT 52 IMBT 53 IMBP 54 IMBP 55 Molecular Biology Virology Biostatistics Lab in IMB51, IMB62 Lab in IMB53 4 4 4 2 1 Page 6 6 Third year: VI Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 61 IMBT 62 IMBT 63 IMBT 64 IMBP 65 Microbial Ecology and Bio – Diversity Water and Textile Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Bio Energy Lab in IMB61, IMB62, IMB63 & IMB64 4 4 4 4 4 Fourth year: VII Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 71 IMBT 72 IMBT 73 IMBP 74 IMBP 75 Immunology Medical Microbiology Enzymology and Food Microbiology Lab in IMB71 & IMB72 Lab in IMB73 4 4 4 2 1 Fourth year: VIII Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 81 IMBT 82 IMBT 83 IMBP 84 IMBP 85 Genetic Engineering Dairy Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Lab in IMB81 Lab in IMB82 & IMB83 4 4 4 1 2 Fifth year: XI Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 91 IMBT 92 IMBT 93 IMBP 94 IMBP 95 IMBP 96 Agricultural Microbiology Soil Microbiology Microbial Bio Technology Bio Informatics Lab in IMB91, IMB92 & IMB93 Lab in IMB94 4 4 4 4 3 1 Fifth year: X Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 101 IMBP 102 IMBP 103 Industrial Microbiology Lab in IMB101 Project 4 1 6 Page 7 7 M. Sc Microbiology Five Year Integrated Degree ON – Campus Programme (CBS) Syllabus First Year – First Semester Part – I: Language ITAC 11: Tamil (Option) 遑 1 : 褞∋撰 爼齒 貉顴 橙1 袷錢 遑 蒡 陦踉∵ /nobr> (硴∵ .3.40.44.54.57.69.135.167.197) 橙2 腰錚鐸∩陟 陦踉∵ /nobr> (硴∵ 47.86.112.163.182.184.192.235.239) 橙3 遒取 - 蔟♭ 蔗♯ 樌よs蘂蔟 /nobr> 橙4 蔡 鵤顳鴉顴 - 駕 茖蹉跣 - 茖譬蠅陟 韭 /nobr> 橙5 酷譬蠅∵ - 陦齊ゎj褜 爼齒 - 蔡 - 譯茴譯 .介.顳蹐蔡 Page 8 8 PART – 1 Language ITAC 11 : Hindi (Option) Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – 1 First 15 Lesson only (Poems omitted) (Published by D.B Hindi prachara sabha . T.Nagar Chennai - 17 ) S.R. Sastri – Sarai Hindi Vyakaran – Part I (Published by D.B. Hindi prachara sabha , T.Nagar Chennai – 17 ) PART – I ITAC11: French (Option) Book: Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres – 1 (Methods de francals) First 2 Units. PART – II: ENGLISH IENC12: BASIC ENGLISH SKILLS Objectives: The course aims at developing communicative competence of the students in the English Language by emphasizing the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing and by enabling them to perform different tasks successfully in a variety of real life academic contexts. Encouraging a student – centered approach to the learning of English through materials and activities of intrinsic interest and relevance to students lives the course aims at making the language learning process enjoyable and in prepairing students to read and write effectively Course Book : Shridar, Gokhale, Vanashree Joshi. and Britan Robinson. Developing your English : Mumbai Frank Brothers & Co., 1998. The book treats serious moral, ethical, social and cultural themese that of importance to the student community. under each unit of the course book, the student will have opportunity to explore different types of texts, to critically analyse the topic covered, to articulate their beliefs and opinions, and to participate in class activities as speaking listening, reading, writing and answering grammar exercises and global questions. Unit – I: Superstitions and Magic, Young People Listening: 1. In some Tamil Nadu Villages people shun umbrellas During the Rains. 2. Money Matters Most for Today’s Youth. Reading: Text A: Superstition is a Belief , Half – Belief Text B: Night of the Scorpion Text C: Genuine East Indian Magic Text D: The Young Ones Text E: The Home coming Writing: 1. A Spiritualist’s Bluff 2. The Mother Daughter Relationship I & II Grammar: The passive, Indirect Speech Speaking: Global Questions Page 9 9 Unit – II: Food and Health, Indian Films. Listening: 1. Animal or Vegetable? 2. Problems of a Bengal Film Maker Reading: Text A: Tea or Coffee Text B: Choice of Crops for Improved Nutrition Text C: The Luncheon Text D: On Top of the World Text E: Corrosive Rhythms Writing: 1. Take Care: Cigarettes 2. A Film Review Grammar: Model Auxiliaries, Simple Past and Past Progressive, Past Perfect Speaking: Global Questions Unit – III: Urban and Rural Life, Advertising Listening: 1. A Frightening Scenario 2. A: The Royal parks of London B: Richmond Park Can be a very big place if you’re only three feet Tall Reading: Text A: Urban Villagers Text B: We Die Together Text C: Henchad’s Oath Text D: Ode on Solitude Text E: Age of Virtuous Ad Text F: Code of Ethics for Advertising Writing: 1. Psyches crumble as Bombayites Fight Stress, 2. Visual Writing Grammar: Prepositions of Phrasal Verbs, Conditional Sentences Speaking: Global Questions. Unit – IV: Environment, Women in India. Listening: 1. Induswtrialist’s Recipe for money. 2. Famous Indian Women A.M.S Subbulakshmi B: Kiran Bedi. Reading: Text A: Noise – Global perspective. Text B: Earth worm Text C: Science for Man. Not Nations Text D: Relationships Text E: Talking Runs! Text F: Indian Women Writing: 1. Eco – Friendly Disposal of Waste Course 2. Women and Men Do think Differently 3. Bihar Parties ‘High – Pitched Drive to Woo Women Grammar: Present perfect and present progressive, Stative and Dynamic Verbs, Articles. Speaking: Global Questions. Page 10 10 Unit – V Famous People , English in the World. Listening: 1. My Finest Hour 2. British and American English – Part I & II Reading: Text A : Habba Khatoon Text B: ….. And Allah Created Lata Text C: Vinoba Bhave Text D: A Psalm of Life. Text E: How Indians Use English Text F: What is your Good Name, Please? Text G: Meeting Friends. Writing: 1. My Sixteenth Year 2. Marriage Lines Grammar: Concord , Features of Indian English Speaking: Global Questions. Reference 1. Shridar, Gokhale , Vanashree Joshi and BrianRobinson. 1998. Developing your English, Mumbai:Frank Brothers & Co. Page 11 11 ICEC 13: CIVICS, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND HEALTH SCIENCE (A) Civics UNIT – I : Introduction Democracy – Citizenship – duties of Good Citizen – Society state and citizen – Limits of state Activity. Indian Constitution preamble – Basic Features – Citizenship – Fundemental Duties. Unit – II Political System. Union Government President – Prime Minister – Parliament – Supreme Court – Electoral system – State Government : Governor – Chief Minister – Center state Relations. Local Government : Urban Administrative system Panchayati Raj system. References: 1. Fadia, B.L. 1999. Indian Government and Politics, Agra. Sahitya Bhawan Publication. 2. Maheswari, S.R. 1996 Local Government in India Agra, Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. 3. Agrawal. R.C 2000. Indian Political system, New Delhi, S.Chand & Company 4. James H. 1961 Mccrocklin, Building Citizenship, USA Allyn and Bacon . INC. (B) Environmental Sciences Unit – I Ecosystems Fundamental Concepts and Principles – Structure and Function – Classification – Modern concept of Ecosystem – Energy flow – Ecological indicators. Unit - II Environment Definition – Natural Resources – Classification – Conservation – Development of public water supply – Need for producted water supply – Per capita consumption – Sanitation – Sewage system – Disposal of sewage – Kinds of pollution – Their effect of human beings. References 1. Odum, E.P 1971 Fundamental Ecology, 3rd Edition, Saunders. 2. Colvinvaux, P. 1986. Ecology. John Wiley & Sons 3. Agarwal & Rana, S.V.S 1985 Environmental & Natural Resources, Society of Biosciences 4. Duggal K.N 1994. A Text Book on Public Health Engineering. S.Chand & Co. Ram Nagar, New Delhi. Page 12 12 (C) Health Sciences Unit -I Physical Health – Introduction to health – Food meaning of balanced diet. Sources, common nutritional deficiencies and prevention. Personal health – Cleanliness of body, care of Skin. Nails, Eye, Hair, Oral Health, Clothing, Body posture and good habits such as exercises – Importance of avoiding smoking , alcoholism , drugs etc., Population explosion and family planning – importance, common methods of Planning for men & Women. Mothers and children – Immunisation of children ( Importance, schedule ) care of mothers during pregnancy and after delivery. Communicable Diseases – Symptoms and prevention Unit – II (1) Mental Health – Factors for maintenance of good mental health (a) Adolescent problems (b) First Aid. (2) Environment – Ventilation, Lighting . Simple method of purification of water sanitary latrine, prevention of worm infestation (Round worm, hook worm). References 1. Murray Grant 1987. Hand Book of Community health, Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger Publications. 2. Lawrence B. Chenoweth, et al, 1934. Community Hygiene, New york: F.S Croft’s & Co 3. Charies Frederic Boldman, et al. 1936. Public Health and Hygiene, Philadelphia : W.B.Saunders Company. 4. Harold S, Diehl, 1945. Text Book Of Healthful Living , New York: Mc Grqw Hill Book Company. Page 13 13 IMBT14 : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Unit – I Definition and scope of Microbiology – History and recent developments – Spontaneous generation theory – Biogenesis – Contribution of Louis Pasteur – Leewenhoek, Lazaro spallanzani, John Tyndall, Joseph Lister, Robert koch, Edward Jenner, Stanley , Alexander Fleming - Waksman. Unit – II Microscopy : Principles and application of simple, compound, bright field, dark field , phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscopy – Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Unit – III Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, General characteriscs and nature of Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Rickettsiae, Chlamydias, Spirochaetes, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasma, Viruses, Algae, Fungi and protozoa. Unit – IV Sterilization : Principles and methods – Physical (moist heat, dry heat, filtration, Pasteurization. Tyndalization, radiations) and chemical (antibiotics, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens and hypochlorites) – disinfection. Principle of staining : Nature of dyes types of staining – simple, differential, negative and spore staining. Unit – V Culture technique : Types of media – simple, defined, enriched and transport media with examples. Aerobic and Anaerobic culture technique method of maintenance and preservation of microbial cultures. Reference Books : 1. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan E.C.S and Kreig,1993. Microbiology, McGraw Hill, Inc., New york 2. Stainer R.Y., Ingraham J.L., Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R. 1986 General Microbioloy, Mcmillan Education Ltd., London. 3. Prescott. L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein , B.A.,2000. Microbiology (Fourth edition), Wm.C. Brown publisher IOWA, U.S.A. Page 14 14 IMBP15 : LAB IN IMBT 14 1. Study of Microscopes 2. Methods of sterilization 3. Micrometry 4. Preperation of culture media and Agar slants 5. Purification of Bacteria 6. Purification of Fungi 7. Gram staining 8. Endospore staining 9. Negative staining 10. Capsule staining 11. Total cell count (Haemocyto meter) 12. Morphology of Fungi : Somatic structure and reproductive structures. 13. Morphology Bacteria. 14. Hydrolysis of starch. 15. Gelatin liquefaction. 16. Production of H2 S and IMVIC Test. 17. Methyle Red and VP Test. 18. Preservation and Microbial cultures. Reference Books : 1. Beistir, L.1996. Microbiology (6th Edition), Adelandwsky, Langman, New York. 2. Bensen J.H 1996 Microbiological Applications : A Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology, (6th Edition) WN.C. Brown Publication, IOWA, USA 3. James G.C and Sharman , N.1996. Microbiology : A Laboratory Manual (4th Edition ) The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, International, USA. Page 15 15 FIRST YEAR : SECOND SEMESTER Part - I : Language ITAC21 : Tamil (Option) 遑 - 2: 頏褜陦譬喜 鉐 /nobr> 橙1 阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚 茲.頌錢遑髯s -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇 橙2 阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚 茲.頌錢遑髯s -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇 橙3 茗 蝪槇 汕∵顴 譯茴譯 潁n 褪♯陟顆 - 陦賈槇 - 茗 →蝪槇 汕∵顴 橙4 飫 鉐 /nobr> 茨 檐錢銷 - 陦賈槇 - 錵蘂萓顴 韋∬w鵤蔗q /nobr> 橙5 滕 を槇 蓐 眇駆槇 銛遐遒 姻‡茴握 椪蔟 - 陦賈槇 蠅錢遯孖 蝪 /nobr> Part – 1 : Language ITAC21 : Hindi (Option) 1. Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – II ( First 10 Lesson Only ) 2. Manohar kahaniyan – Part – II ( First 10 stories Only ) Published by D.B. Hindi Prachara Sabha , T.Nagar, Chennai – 17 Part – I : Language ITAC21 : French (option) Book : Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres - 1 (Method de francais) – III and IV Unit Page 16 16 Part – II : English IENC22 : TECHNICAL AND COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH. Objectives : The Course is task oriented and aims at imparting proficiency in English skills for advanced level learners, through appropriate communication activities, specimens, illustrations and telling examples. By way of fulfilling the needs and requirements of students at the advanced level, the course trains students in diverse practice materials to acquire proficiency in learning through the strategies of self – motivation, self – evaluation, and self- correction. Course Book : Mohan Krishnan and Raman, Meenakshi, Effective English communication, New Delhi : Tata McGraw – Hill 2000. Besides the prescribed text, teaching materials drawn from various sources such as radio and television programs, newspapers, and magazines would we supplied to students as handouts. Unit – I : Spoken English : Practice in the correct pronunciation of English vowels and consonants , syllables and accent, Unit – II Written communication Vocabulary development , word structure , word order, and phrasal verbs. Unit – III comprehension Listening and Reading comprehension. Unit –IV : Composition Paragraph writing, precis writing, dicto composition, letters writing, writing a term course, writing book reviews. Unit – V : Forms of Technical communication 1.Technical Reports 2. Forms, Memos and E- Mail 3. Business letters 4. Presentation 5. Job search – Resumes and letters. In addition to those components , students would be involved in performing communicative tasks such as making short speeches, interpreting visual presentations, role play, and group discussions. References : 1. Mohan Krishna and Raman, Meenakshi, 2000. Effective English Communication. New Delhi: Tata Mc Grawe Hill. 2. Ruther Ford, Andero J. 2001. Basic Communication skills for Technology – Peaisons. Page 17 17 ICAC23 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – I Unit – I Introduction to computers – Application of computers – Concepts of Data and information – A Typical computer system – Memory concepts – History of computers Types of computers. Input – Output Devices – Data storage Devices – Software – The Definitions – The Role of Software – Housekeeping. Unit – II The Computer Internals – Typical PC Configiration – Booting – Virus, Anti virus , Vaccine – Versions of software. Operating system – Definition – Classification – Basic of MSDOS – Introduction to windows operating system – Features of windows OS – Desktop and Desktop icon – Starting programs – Browsing and managing windos explorer Setting – Taskbars and creating shortcuts. Unit – III Introduction to internet – Client server Basics, E- Mail , Telnet and Archive – FTP – Gopher Jughead and Veronica – WAIS and World Wide Web. Fundementals of HTML , TC/IP and E – Commerce. Unit – IV Issue involved in web site Management – Addressing – Designing web sites with Front page. Unit – V Multimedia – Concept, Requirements Applications and future – Hardware and software Requirements for multimedia Development and Delivery Platforms – Multimedia methodologies – Fundamentals and use of Hypertext, Hypermedia, sound , Image, Animation, Video. Using Multi Media : Multimedia Interface, Planning and Developments of Multimedia projects. Text Books. 1. Ron Mansfield, Osborne, Windows 95 for Busy People, McGraw Hill. 2. Ron White , How Computers work.BPB. 3. Christian crumlish, The ABCs of the internet. 4. Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon. “ Internet in a nut Shell” Leon Press, Chennai & Vikas publishing House, New Delhi. 5. Tay Vaughan, Multimedia Marking it work, Osborne Tata McGraw Hill 1996. References Books. 1. Computer Fundementals and Windows with internet Technology by Krishnan, Scitech publication (India) Pvt.Ltd. Chennai. 2. Windows and MS – OFFICE 2000 with data base concepts by Krishnan, Scientech Publications (India) PVt. Ltd, Chennai. 3. Stephen Nelson, Field Guide to the internet. 4. James Meade, David Grower, Rhonda Grower, Microsoft DHTML, 5. Rosen Brog. A Guide of Multimedia. 6. Ned Sneel, The Internet starter Kit in 24 hours Techmedia 1998. 7. Michael Goodwin, Marking Multimedia Works . Coomdex, 1995. Page 18 18 MBT24 – GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY. Unit – I Acid and base – Definition. Conjugate acids and bases, ionic product of water, ionic strength, dissociation constants. pH and pH measurement. Buffers – Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Biologically important buffers. Concept of free energy and entropy Free energy changes in biological reactions . High energy compounds. The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Unit – II Carbohydrates – General account of classification and properties. Metabolism of carbohydrates : Glycolysis, Entner Doudoroff pathway. Gluconeogensis, Citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate and glyoxylate pathway. Metabolism of glycogen and regulation. Unit – III Classification of amino acids, Biologically importance peptides, proteins – Classification, orders of protein structure ( Primary , Secondary, tertiary and quaternary) A brief account of biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids. Metabolism of amino acid nitrogen – transamination, deamination, Urea cycle. Elementary details of catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids. Unit – IV Lipids – Classification and general properties. Fatty acid metabolism, βOxidation and biosynthesis. A brief account of triglycerides and cholesterol biosynthesis Vitamin sources, requirements, biological functions of fat soluble (A,B,E and K) and water soluble vitamins (Thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, folic acid and B12) Unit – V Nucleic acid: Purines , Pyrimidines , nucleosides, nucleotides, Watson – Crick model of DNA Structure, Majour Classes of RNA. Biosynthesis and degradation of purines and pyrimidines. Minerals : Sources, Daily allowances , Biological function of phosphorous , magnesium, sodium, potassium , iron copper and Zinc. Reference Book 1. Biochemistry, Zubay, 4th Edition, 1998. William C.Brown Publication. 2. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition McGraw Hill 3. Biochemistry, Stryer, 4th Edition Freeman, 4. Principle of Biochemistry, Lehniger Nelson Cox. Macmillan Worth Publisher, 2000. 5. Biochemistry, Vooet and Voet. Page 19 19 IMBP 25: Lab in IMBT24 1. Preperation of buffers and pH Measurements. 2. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates. 3. Qualitative analysis of amino acids. 4. Seperation of amino acids and sugars by paper chromatography. 5. Isolation and estimation of starch. 6. Estimation of sugars by Anthrone methods. 7. Estimation of protein by Lowry’s Methods. 8. Estimation of pentose by orcinol method. 9. Estimation of DNA – Diphenylamine method. 10. Estimation of Inogranic phosphorus by Fiske of Subbarow method. 11. Estimation of glucose by benedicts method. 12. Estimation of Vitamin C by 2,4 dichlorphenol indophenol method. 13. Estimation of calcium – ammonium oxalate method. 14. Estimation of protein by Biuret method. Page 20 20 SECOND YEAR : THIRD SEMESTER ICAC31 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – II Unit – I Introduction to Microsoft Office – Create and Modify Documents – Formate the Text, Tables within the Documents – Merge the Documents and print – Working with World Wide Web. Unit – II Create and modify spreadsheets – Formate the Cells – Different 2D and 3D Charts – Creation and Modification – Budget preparation – Functions – Printing of Spreadsheet and Charts. Unit – III Concept of data types, field, record, table and Data Base – Creation – Modification – Manipulation – backup and recovery- significance and need of Queries. Unit – IV Importance of the Primary key – Foreign keys and Lookup lists – Significance of Data validation – Input Mask – Sorting and indexing – Use Table relationship and forms – Application – Reports – Creation and Printing. Unit – V Create and modify presentations – Create master slide and templates – Different views of slide – Add animation and transitions. Reference Books 1. Joe Habreken , Microsoft Office 2000, PHI, 1998. 2. Microsoft Office 2000 Complete, Sybex, 1999. Reference 1. Sharma M.C 1997 Desk Top Pop Publishing on PC BPB Pub. 2. Krishnan. Windows and MS – Office 2000 With data base concepts scitech publication (India) P.Ltd., Chennai. 3. Ron Mansfield Working in Microsoft Office , Tata McGraw Hill. Page 21 21 IMBT 32 : MORPHOLOGY , CYTOLOGY AND GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS. Unit – I Morphology of bacteria – Size and shape – structure of Bacterial Cell – Capsule , flagella – Fimbriae, Chaemotaxis, Cytology of bacterial cell – cytoplasmic membranes mesosomes – DNA , RNA Constituents – Cytoplasmic inclusions. Factors affecting the growth of Bacterial populations. Unit – II Morphology of fungi – Cell wall structure – Fungal thallus –Unicellurar fungi – Filamentrous fungi – Cytology of fungi – Mitochondria – Golgibodies – Endoplasmic reticulum – woronin bodies – Lysosomes. Unit – III Morphology of Algae – Types of vegetative forms, heterocysts and non – heterocystous forms – cocolithous in algae. Cytology of algae – Pigments formation – cell inclusions. Unit – IV Morphology of protozoa – shapes and sizes of protozoa. Cytology of protozoa – body covering and skeletons in protozoa – locomotory organelles in protozoa internal organells of protozoa viruses, shape, structure - Bacteriophages – shape , size structure. Unit – V Microbial Growth – phases of growth curve measurement of growth – calculations of growth rate-Generation time – Synchronous growth – induction of synchronous growth , synchrony index – Factors affecting growth – PH’’ temperature , substrate and osmotic condition. References 1. Dubey R.C and Maheswari D.K 1999. A Text book of Microbiology. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. 2. Pelczar M.J., E.C.S chan and Krieg N.L 1993. Microbiology. McGraw Hill international , Edition 5th Ed., New York. 3. Schelegal H. 1993. General Microbiology. Cambridge Unbiveristy Press, Cambridge. Page 22 22 IMBT 33: TAXONOMY OF MICROORGANISMS Unit – I General Principles of Classification – Evolution – Methods of classification – International codes of Nomenclature – Modern approaches in the classification – 16s RNA Sequences and protein sequences, Numerical taxonomy – DNA hybridization, DNA base ratio, serology. Unit – II Classification of bacterial –Bergey’s system, Lechevalie’s system - Stainer’s system outline, classification in latest edition of Bergey’s manual – Cyanobacteria. Unit – III Classification of fungi – Lower and higher fungi – Life cycles of Plasmodiophora, Spongospora, Pythium, Rhizopus, Sclerospora, Puccinia, Uromyces, Ustilago, Tolyposporium, Agaricus, Cercospora, Rhizoctonia and Mycorrhizal fungi. Unit – IV Outline classification of algae – Chrysophyta, Englenophyta, Chlorophyta, Pyrrophyta Phacophyta, Rhodophyta – Classification of protozoa. Unit – V Viruses – Nature and properties in relation to classification and nomenclature of viruses – Various system of Classification – Classification of mycoplasma. References. 1. Leive, L. 1973. Membranes and wall of Bacteria, Dekker, New York. 2. Deacon J. 1984. Introduction of Modern Mycology, Blackwell science Publ., London. 3. Alexopoulos, C.J and Mims. 1983. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern Ltd, Chennai. 4. Bergey’s Manula of systematic Bacterialogy 8th Edn. Page 23 23 IMBP34 : LAB IN IMBT32 & IMBT 33 1. Examinations of Cell Wall / Gram positive / Gram Negative. 2. Cell Membrane Structure / Endospores / Flagella Structure. 3. Examination of internal Structures of bacteria. 4. Fungal Spore types Sclerotia, Chlamydospores, Sporangia, Conidia etc., 5. Sporulation and Budding in yeast. 6. Protozoa Types. 7. Plaque formulation and observation. 8. Algal Types. 9. Systematic study of different classes of fungi Plasmodiophoria / Pythium / Phytophthora / Aspergillus / Penicillium / Agaricus / Puccinia / Septoria / Pyricullaria / Saccharomyces / Helminthosporium / Rhizoctonia. 10. Cultural characters and BioChemical tests of Bacteria in each order and family. 11. Linear Growth of fungi in solid media. 12. Growth of fungi in liquid media. 13. Determination of generation time. Page 24 24 SECOND YEAR: FOURTH SEMESTER IMBT41 : CELL BIOLOGY, CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE Objectives : The Courses cell biology deals with both structure and function of the organelles in the cell and the matrix, it has been organized into three sections, Concerned with anatomy, Physiology, and metabolism of the cells, and finally nuclecytoplasmic relations of cells. The another importance section concerned with plant tissue culture emphasis on organic haploid of isolation and transformation of protoplast. Unit – I Cell theory – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (Plants and animal) General structure – supramolecular structure of the cell surface – molecular organization of cell membrane – cell permeability – Cell membrane differentiation and intercellular communications – Cell coat and cell recognition. Unit – II Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles – cytoskeleton and Cell motility Microtubles and – Micro filaments – Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Cell secretion – Microsomes – functions of ER – synthesis of Exportable protein – Golgi cell secretion. Unit –III Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation – morphology – structure – isolation of mitochondria membranes – molecular organization and function of mitochondria – permeability of mitochondria – biogenesis of mitochondria. Lysosomes and peroxisomes. Characteristics of lysosomes. Endocysts – intramolecular digestion – peroxisomes. Plant cell wall cytoplasm and chloroplast – chloroplasts and plastids – molecular organization of thylakoids. Photosynthesis – structural and functional model of chloroplast membrane – chloroplast as semi – antonomous organelle. Unit – IV Nucleus and chromosomes – interphase nucleus chromosomes – nucular envelope – chromatin – heterochromatin – nucleolus. The cell cycles and DNA – replications – comparison of mitosis and meiosis – description of meiosis – genetic consequences of meiosis. Types of meiosis and biochemistry of meiosis – cell differentiation – cytoplasmic interaction – molecular mechanism of nuclear cytoplasmic interactions. Unit – V Plant tissue culture – Culture techniques – organogenesis and embryogenesis – Androgenic haploids – isolation and transformation of protoplasts – uptake of DNA by plant cells – animal cell – Kinetics of cell growth – Hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies – application – chimaeric antibody – transgenic plants and animals. Page 25 25 References 1. DeRobertis and DeRobertis 1983. Essentials of cell and molecular biology, Saunders college publishing New York. 2. Breger, E.M.1963. Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms. An introduction to a comparative structural anatomy of cellular organization. Academic press. 3. Burgess, J. 1985. An introduction to plant cell Development, Cambridge University press. 4. Cutter, E.G.1978, Plant Anatomy, part 1 : cells and Tissues 2nd Edi.Edward Arnold. 5. Gomperts, B.D1976, The Plasma membrane. Models for its structure and function, Academic press. 6. Gunning,B.E.S and Steer, M.W.1975. Ultra structure and Biology of cells,Edward Arnold. 7. Hall, J.L. Flowers T.J. and Roberts, R.M. 1984. Plant cell structure and metabolism, ELBS / Longman. 8. Ledbetter, M.C 1970. Introduction To The Fine Structure Of Plant Cells, Springer Verlag. 9. Risley, M.S. 1986. Chromosomes structure and function, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 10. Rost, T.L. Gifford Jr. & Ernest, M. 1977. Mechanisms and control of cell division, Academic press. 11. Sheeler P. and Bianchi, D. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology. 12. M.D Trevan, S.Boffey K.H.Goulding. Biotechnology the Biological principles, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, New Delhi. Page 26 26 IMBT 42 : MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM. Unit – I Biosynthesis of peptidoglycon – Outer membrane, Techoicacid – Exopolysaccharides – Cytoplasmic membrane. Pili, Fimbriae, S – Layer, Transport mechanisms – Active, Passive facilitated diffusions - Uni, sym, Antiports – Chemiosmotic theory. Unit – II Microbial differentiation – sporulation –Endo and Exospores – Endospore formation in Bacillus .sp. Exospore formation in Streptomyces – Reproduction in fungi – formation of specialized structure – akinetes, cysts and heterocysts. Unit – III Anaerobic respiration and fermentation – Anabolic and catabolic processes of lipids, Reproductive physiology of microorganisms. Unit – IV Autotrophs – Heterotorophs – Myxotrophs – Cyanobacterra. Photosynthetic bacteria and green algae – Photosynthesis – Anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis – CO2 fixation – Calvin cycle, Biological nitrogen fixation – genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation. Unit – V Denitrification and reductions of nitrate, nitrite. Reduction of sulphate & Sulphur & H2S formation. Oxidation of reduced sulphur – Reduction reactions : carbonate to methane – Carbonate to acetate – Fumerate to succinate – Iron oxides reduction. References 1. Caldwell, D.R 1995. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, WM.C.Brown Publisher, USA. 2. Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. 1988, Microbial Physiology, Second Edition, John wiley & Sons. 3. Murray, R.K. Granner , M.D Mayer P.A. and Rod Well, V.W. 1990.Biochemistry, Prentice Hall international Inc., London. 4. Brayant. D.A. 1994. The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwar Academic Publications, London. Page 27 27 IMBT 43: MICROBIAL GENETICS Objectives : The emphasis of the course will be on chromosomes structure and function , Plasmids, transposon, Genetic recombination, bacteriophages, genetic of viruses, fungi and yeast and mutation, Unit : 1 Experiments showing DNA as Genetics Material – Components of DNA and RNA – Arrangement of nucleotides in DNA – Chromosomes structure and function – Types of chromosome – Variation in chromosome structure – Chromosome theory. Unit : II Plasmids – methods of isolation and purification – Mechanism of gene transfer system – Main types of vectors – Properties sizes and number of plasmids – Plasmid incompatibility. Bacteriophage – Properties – features – transposon. Unit : III Genetic recombination – type Transformation natural and artificial competence, Transformation in Bacillus, E Coli, Conjugation – Orgin of congucation – Hfr & Fstrains – Interrupted, uninterrupted mating – Time map and recombination map, Congucation in E coli. Transduction – Generalized and specialized, fine structure through transduction. Mechanism of recombination – homologues site specific. Unit – IV Genetics of viruses. Bacteriophages – lytic cycle and lysogeny. RNA virues, retero viruses. Genetics of Neurospora crassa. Aspergillus nidulans and yeast. Unit – V Mutant and Mutation – Orgin of mutation – Fluctuation test – mutagens – Physical and chemical agents – induced mutation – types – mechanisms of mutation induction – suppression of mutation – intergenic and intragenic suppression – frame shift mutation – reversion – fine structure mapping – r II mutants of T4. References 1. Adoph. K.W.1995. Methods in molecular genetics Microbial – Gene Techniques Vol.IV Academic press, New York. 2. Freifelder, D. 1995. Molecular Biology. Naroza Publishing House, New Delhi. 3. Freifelder, D. 1995 Molecular Genetics , Narosa publishing House, New Delhi. 4. Lewin. B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford Univeristy press, Oxford. 5. R.S Old and primtose, S.B. 1989. Principles of gene Manipulation, 4th Ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. 6. Waever, F. and Hedric. W. 1997. Genetics. Third Edition, WCB Publishers. Page 28 28 IMBP44: LAB IN IMBT41, IMBT42 & IMBT 43 1. Cell structure : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell types with the operation of light microscopes – phase – contrast the polarizing microscopes. 2. Seperation and isolation of cells by sedimentation velocity in units gravity. 3. Study of subcellular organelles : Methods of disrupting cells. 4. Techniques in the isolation and fractionation of eukaryotic chromosomes. 5. Cell and tissue culture techniques 6. Cytochemical demonstration of phosphateses in tissue sections. 7. Cells / tissue preparation techniques for scanning electron microcopy 8. Screening the native microorganisms for intrinsic antibiotic resistance. 9. Mutagenisis of E.Coli using ultra violet radiation and ethyl methyl sulphonate. 10. Isolation of auxotrophic & drug resistanct mutant – Tooth pick method. 11. Bacterial conjugation 12. Effect of various carbon sources on growth of bacteria. 13. Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth of bacteria. 14. Effect of C: N ratio on bacterial growth 15. Effect of PH on Bacterial growth. Page 29 29 THIRD YEAR: FIFTH SEMESTER IMBT 51: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Objectives : To Educate the students with the basic principles of genetics, organization of genetic material, concept of centre dogma of life , genetic code etc., Unit : I Basic Mendelian Genetics and chromosome Organization Definitions of some common terms in genetics – allele, character, gene, gene locus, genotype, hemizygous, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype.Basic mendelian genetics – Mendal’ s laws and linkage.Molecular structure of the bacterial nucleoid – E. Coil and DNA binding proteins. Plasmids : Structure and Classficacation. Eukaryotic chromation – necleosome structure – histones non – histone proteins. Higher order chromatin structure – the 30 nm fiber, chromation loops. Euchromatin and hetrochromatin. Dnase I sensitivity, CPG methylation, Chromatin domins and boundary loops. Unit : II Genome complexity. Genome complexity – Genes and non coding DNA, Concept of the gene – cistron relationship – Typical structure of protein – coding genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Definition of functional parts of a gene – coding region (ORF) transcription unit, untranslated region (UTR) split genes, Overlapping and nested genes. The eukaryotic gene – exons and introns, gene families, pseudogenes and processed pseudogenes. Noncoding DNA – Unique sequence DNA, Dispersed relative sequences (SINES AND LINES ) clustered and repetitive sequences (Satellite, Minisatellite and microsatellite DNA) variable number of tandem repeats. Organelle genomes. Unit III - Replication. Replication – Semiconservative mechanism. Enzymes involved in replication – helicases, SSB, topisomerases, DNA polymerases,DNA ligases. Mechanism of DNA replication in bacteria and eukaryotes – initiation. elongation and termination inhibitors of replication. RNA – directed DAN polymerases. DNA damage – Physical and chemical mutagens. DNA repair – excision repair. Mismatch repair. Unit – IV : Transcription and regulation. Basic principles of transcription – E. Coil, RNA polymerase subunit structure. Promoter sequence in E. coil. Steps on transcription – initation, elongation and termination. Post transcriptional processing on rRNA and tRNA . Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes – the lac operon. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. RNA pol I, II and III promoters, Transcription factors, Transcription complex assembly and mechanism of transcription. Post – transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA – Alternative splicing – Brief account of ribozymes. Unit – V Genetic code, Translation The genetic code – general feature – Mitochondrial genetic code, Components of protein synthesis –mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA. Mechanism of protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation, elongation and termination. Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation. Elongation and termination. Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes. Page 30 30 Inhibition of protein synthesis – co and post translational modification. Protein targeting and degradation. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reference Books. 1. Lewin 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University press. 2. Twyman. 1998 Advance molecular biology. Viva pub. 2 Ed. 3. Lodish. 2000 Baltimore et al. Molecular cell biology. Freeman. 4. Alberts. 2002. Molecular biology of the cell. Garlamd sci. 5. Watsen et al. Molecular biology of the gene4th edn. Benjmin cummings. 6. Stansfield et al. 1996. Molecular cell Biology. Schaum’s series McGraw Hill. 7. Nelson Cox. Lehniger’s 2000. Principles of biochemistry, Macmillion. 8. Elrod. S. and stansfield. 2002. Schaum’s outlines Genetics,4 th edn. 9. Weaver. 2001. Molecular biology. MCGraw hill 2nd Edn. Page 31 31 IMBT52 : VIROLOGY Objectives : The study about viruses and their role in diseases development. Unit : 1 Development of virology – detection and identification of viruses – general properties of viruses – cultivation of viruses – viruses purification assays – chemical composition of virus – structure of viruses – viron size – Helical capsids – nucleic acids – serological properties of viruses – serological diagnosis – ELISA – PCR techniques. Unit : II Nomenclature and taxonomy of viruses – Principles of classification – Bacteriophages – reproduction of DNA Phages – lytic cycle – reproduction of RNA phages, Temperate bacteriophages – Lysogeny. Unit – III Viruses of Eukaryotes – Classification of animal viruses – Animal RNA viruses – VSV. Poliovirus – Revirus – Retrovirus – Animal DNA viruses – Papoviruses – Adenovirus – Reproduction of Animal viruses – Plant viruses – viron morphology – plant virus taxonomy – reproduction – viruses of fungi and Algae – Viruses of insects – Viroids and prioids. Unit – IV Host virus interaction – Bacteriophage – bacterial system – Plant virus and their hosts – Animal virus with their host – virus infection – Cytocidal infection and cell damages – Persistent – latent and slow virus infection – Host specificity – Vector control induced resistance and interferon. Unit – V ViralPathogen city – antiviral drugs and vaccines, pox virus – The herpes virus – vesicular virus influenzaviruses and tumors – oncogenic viruses – Carcinogens and concogenes – oncogenes in cancer cells – Oncogenes and induction of cancer. Reference Books. 1. Luria, S.E. 1959. General Virology – John wiley & Sons, Inc. Newyork. 2. Topley and Wilson, 1983. Principles of Bacteriology. Virology and immunity 7th (Ed) Vol.4 Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd London. 3. Prescott, Harley and kluni. 1993, Microbiology, Wm.C.Brown Publisher – USA. 4. Biswas, S.B. and Biswas, A. 1976, An introduction to viruses. Vikas publishing House P.Ltd., New Delhi. Page 32 32 IMBT 53 : BIOSTATISTICS Objectives : The course aims at skill development for data analysis98+ Unit – 1 Introduction to Biostatistics – Definition, Statistical methods, Biological measurements , kinds of biological data. Functions of statistics and limitation of statistics collection of data, sampling and sampling designs. Classification and tabulation. Types of representations – graphic – bar diagrams – Pie diagrams and curves. Unit – II Measures of central tendency, mean, meridian, mode and geometric mean, correlation – different types of correlation – positive, negative, simple, partial, multiple, linear, and nonlinear correlation, Methods of studying correlations. Unit –III Measuring of dispersion and variability changes, Deviations – Quartile deviation – mean deviation. Standard deviation. Coefficient of variation, Lorenzer’s curve. Regressiontypes and method of analysis. Regression line. Regression equations, deviation taken from arithmetic mean of x on y. Deviation taken from the assumed mean. Unit – IV Distribution types test for analysis. Sampling methods and test for significance – students ‘t’ test. ‘chi’square test, analysis of variance. Review of design for laboratory and field experiments. CRD, RBD, and LSD – efficiency of designs – sub sampling in experimental plotsgroup comparisons – missing plot technique in RBD and LSD – analysis of covariance factorial experiments – symmetrical and Asymmetrical, factorial experiments. Layout and analysis of factorial experiments and split plot design – (With combination of two factors in main plots) Split plot design – split block design. Unit – V Skewness, kurtosis, moments, Meaning tests of skewness, characteristics of dispersion and skewness. Measure of skewness. Objective – karl pearson coefficient of skewness. Bocoley’s efficient of skewness., kelley’s co-efficient of skewness. Kurtosis, measures, moments. Reference Books. 1. Palanisamy S. and Manoharan.M., 1994. Statistical methods for Biologists (Bio – Statistics), Palani Paramount publication. Tamilnadu. 2. Arora P.N. Malhan P.K. 1996. Biostatistics, Himalaya Publishing house, Mumbai. 3. Stanton A.Clantz. Primer of statistics. Tata McGraw Hill Inc. Newyork. 4. Sokal and Rohif. 1973. Introduction to Biostatistics. Toppan Co. Japan. Page 33 33 IMBP54 : LAB IN IMBT51 & IMBT52 1. Extraction of protein and quantification. 2. Isoenzymes. 3. PAGE. 4. SDS –PAGE. 5. Western blotting. 6. Southern blotting. 7. Northern blotting. 8. Isoelectric focusing. 9. Genomic DNA. 10. Total DNA. 11. Total RNA. 12. mRNA extraction. 13. Gel Documentation. 14. Morphology of Viruses. 15. Cytology of viruses. 16. Symptoms of viral diseases and Mycoplasma diseases. 17. Transmission of viral diseases by various agents. 18. Insect transmission. 19. Sap transmission. 20. Transmission of viruses by other agents. IMBP55 : LAB IN IMBT 53 1. Comparison of mean and preparation using ‘Z’ test – ‘t’ test - independent Samples. 2. Variances – paired ‘t’ tests – comparison of two means using ‘F’ test paired samples – independent samples. 3. Chi square test – Test of goodness of fit for different segregation ratios. 4. Bartlett’s test for Homogeneity of variables. 5. Computation of correlation co-efficient and testing it’s significance – comparison of two (or) more correlation co – efficints. 6. Dolittle solution fitting and testing – Quadrative curve – cubic curve. 7. Analysis of CRD (equal replications including estimation of co- efficiency) 8. CRD for unequal number if replication. 9. Missing plot technique in RBD with one missing observations – Missing plot technique in RBD for two values. 10. Mission plot technique in LSD with one missing observation. 11. Analysis of Co-variance in RBD. 12. Analysis of Factorial experiment. 13. Split plot design.(With two factors in main plots). 14. Analysis of data with logarithmic transformation Angular square transformation. 15. Durgan’s multiple range test. Page 34 34 THIRD YEAR : SIXTH SEMESTER IMBT 61 : MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIO-DIVERSITY. Objectives : The aim of the course will be teaching on the concept microbial ecology, air microbiology, aquaticmicrobiology and biogeochemical cycles. Unit – I Concept of microbial ecology – Relationship between microorganisms and different environments – Land, water, air, natural selection – species diversity – colonization and succession. Unit – II Microbiology of air – organisms in air – Distribution and sources of air borne organisms – aerosols and droplet nuclei – Air sampling techniques – Air samples enumeration – potential hazards of laboratory techniques – Air borne diseases – Air sanitation. Unit – III Aquatic habitats – Sediments – Surface water – littoral habitats. Soil and associated systems & habitats – factors influencing microflora : Minerals – PH – Organic matter – water and soil texture – altitudional variations in microflora – Microbes associated at the interface - Microbes associated with plants, animal and insects (Symbiotic and pathogenic ) – Parasitic microbes – symbotic microflora – space parasites – saprophytes. Unit – IV Rhizosphere – Rhizoplane – Phyllosphere – Phylloplane – Symbiotic – endophytes in plants – Termite and other insects gut microbes – termite hills – Acidophiles – Alkalohalophiles – Xerophiles – Osmophiles – Halophiles – Thermophiles – Extreme thermophiles – Psychrophiles – Methanophiles – Acidophiles – Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Sulphur bacteria – Xenobiotics – Lignocellulolytic microbes. Unit – V Biochemical cycles – Role of Microorganisms in carbon, sulphur and iron cycle – Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms – Microbial gas metabolism – carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and hydrogen sulphide. Reference 1. Campbell.R.1993. Microbial Ecology 2nd edition Black well scientific publications. London. 2. Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil Microbiology. John wiley and sons. New York. 3. Subbarao, N.S 1995. Soil Microorganisms and plant growth. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd. 4. Atlas, R.M. 1998. Microbial Ecology, Benjaming cummings Sci. Publishers, California. 5. Alexander, M. 1978, Advances in Microbial Ecology, Plenum press. New York. 6. Burns, R.G. and Slater, J.H. 1982. Experimental Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Sci. Pub. Edinburg. 7. Hermann Remmert, 1990. Ecology. A Text Book. Springer – Verlag Berlin. Page 35 35 IMBT 62 – WATER AND TEXTILE MICROBIOLOGY Objectives : The study Emphasises the different types of water habitats, estuaries, microbial ecosystems, microbial analysis of water, sources of water pollution and purification, biological sludge digestion, spoilage of aquatic products and its utilization, microbial degradation of fibers viz., jute, hemp, coir, flax, cotton, wood and leather and also prevention of damages of fibers. Unit –I Microbiology of Water – Types of water – Fresh water – Ponds, Lakes, Streams – Marine habitats – Estuaries – Mangroves – Deepsea – Hydrothermal vents – Salt pans – Coral reefs – Microbial ecosystems – Potability of water – Microbial assessment of water quality – Water purification – Brief account of water borne diseases. Unit – II Microbial analysis of water – Sanitary tests for coliforms – The MPN of coliforms (the membarane filter technique, advantages, disadvantages, defined substrate test, tMViC ftest) – Purification of water : Sedimentation filteration, disinfection Unit –III Sources of water pollution – water recycling – BOD – COD – Methods of sewage treatment – (Biological – Sludge digestion, activated sludge, aeration filters , oxidation ponds) imhoff tanks – Spoilage of aquatic products – corrosion and leaching. Unit – IV Liquid waste treatment – Treatment methods primary, Secondary (anaerobic – methanogenesis : aerobic trickling filter and activated sludge process – Oxidation ponds) tertiary treatment – Utilization of liquid wastes. Unit – V Microbiology of fibers – Retting of plant fibers – jute,hemp, coir,flax ect. – Microbial digeradation of cotton , jute coir, wood and leather – prevention of damage of fibers. Reference 1. Nybakken W.1982 Marine biology – An Ecological Approach, Ames harper and Row publications. New York. 2. Reheinheimer G. 1980. Aquatic Microbiology. 3. Mitchell R. 1974. Introduction to environmental Microbiology. 4. Dubey ,R.C and Maheswari, D.K. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand and company Ltd., New Delhi. Page 36 36 IMBT 63 : ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives : To provide a Fundamental knowledge about the various scopes in applied microbiology like aeromicrobiology, disposal and commercial aspects of soil microbiology, To study the applied of microorganisms for improvement of environmental quality, the discovery of microorganisms with metabolic potentials that can be employed for industrial application. Unit : I Concept and scope of environmental microbiology: Chemistry of atmosphere – Composition, Structure – Chemical and photo chemical reaction : Chemistry of Hydrosphere – water resources, hydrological cycle: Chemistry of Lithosphere – Composition, Relation ship between microorganisms and different environments - land, water and air – Microorganisms inhibiting extreme environments. Unit : II Early concept of Air – Vedic technology for air purification – indoor aeromicrobiology – Aeromicroflora of pharmacy – aeromicroflora of hospitals and other houses. Aeromicroflora of storage materials (Library, wall paintings) : Aeroallergens and aeroallergy – House dust allergens, pollen grains, Cosmetics – Air Pollution – Sources, major pollutionts and the chemistry , adverse effect on the environmental – Acid rain – impact on ecosystem – gaseous emission – Green house effect – Global warming. Unit – III Types of wastes – Characterization of solid and liquid wastes. Solid waste treatment – Saccharification – Gasification – composting – Utilization of solid wastes – Food ( SCP, Mushroom, yeast) : Fuel ( ethanol , Methane): Fertilizer (Composting) Composting – Straw decomposition – probiotic microorganisms – Role of lactic acid bacteria in silage additives. Unit – IV Mineral leaching by bacteria – Microorganisms involved in the sulfide mineral leaching – Chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation by bacteria – Exploitation of dump and heap leaching – insitu bacterial leaching of ore – mineral concentrate leaching – Utilization of biologically generated solvents – Heavy metal pollutants removed by bioaccumulation. Unit –V Microbial Control of environmental pollution - Bioremediation concepts – Microbial and phytoremediation – Biodegradation : Biodegradation of petroleum – Microbial degradation of xenobioties – characteristics of microbial metabolism – Common process of insecticidal metabolism – Microorganisms in abatement of heavy metal pollution – Heavy metal tolerance in microbes – Mechanism of heavy metal resistance – Microbial plastics. Page 37 37 Reference : 1. Ec.eldowney, S.Hardman.D.J. and Waite,S. 1993. Pollution Ecology and Biotreatment. Longman scientific Techincal. 2. Bakes, KH and Herson, D.S1994,Bioremedation. Mc.Graw hill Inc.Newyork. 3. Joyland, S.N.1995, Environmental Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 4. Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari , D.K. 1999., A text book of Microbiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Erickson, L.E and Fung D.Y. 1988 Hand book on anaerobic fermentations. Marcel and Dekker Inc. New York. Page 38 38 IMBT 64 : BIO – ENERGY. Objectives : The emphasis of course is learning the energy and sources , types of biogas plants , feedstock materials for biogas plant, utilization of biomass for energy production and as biofuels. Unit – I : Energy. Energy –Renewable and non – renewable energy – Energy plantations – Latex producing plants – nuclear energy – Energy management and use. Unit – II : Bio gas plants Biogas plant – Types – Construction details – Loading of biogas plants – Biogas requirement for various use – Biogas applications – dual fuel engine. Unit –III : Alternative feedback for biogas plants. Effective use of Agricultural , Horticultural, Forest and fishery wastes and byproducts as an alternative feed stock for biogas plants – Bio digested slurry – Manural value – Enrichment – Pelletization. Unit – IV : Utilization of biomass for energy production. Bio mass residues for agriculture , Horticulture , forest and fishery energetic – fast growing biomass species as energy source – solid, liquid, gaseous energy production from biomass and its use. Unit – V Biomass briquetting – coir pith groundnut shell etc., - Alcohol from sweet sorghum, tapioca , sweet potato – producer gas – Aqua gas , pyrolytic gas from biomass such as maize cob, groundnut husk, cotton stalk, briquettes. Reference : 1. Chawla, O.P.1986, Advances in Biogas Technology. ICAR Publication , New Delhi. 2. Khandelwall, K.C. and S.S. Mahdi 1989. Biogas technology. Tata Mcgraw. Hill Publishing company Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Kuppuswamy , G. and A.Jeyabal . 1996 . Biogas from Alternative feed stocks. MNES project publication. 4. Mathur, A.N & N.S. Rathore . 1992. Bio gas Production Management and utilization. Himanashu publications Udaipur. Rajasthan. Page 39 39 IMBP65 : LAB IN IMBT61, IMBT62, IMBT63 & IMBT64 1. Enumeration of microorganisms in soil , sewage and fresh water. 2. Effect of temperature on Microorganisms. 3. Effect of acidity on microorganisms. 4. Antibiotics assay. 5. Microbial utilization of plant residues. 6. Dual culture techniques – compatibility of biopesticides. 7. Presumptive test, confirmed coliform test, completed coliform test, 8. Water analysis by MPN technique. 9. Tests for water borne pathogens. 10. Indole test. 11. Methyl red test. 12. Voges – Proskauer test. 13. Citrate utilization. 14. Estimation of BOD. 15. Estimation of COD. 16. Estimation of heavy metals. 17. Total organic carbon. 18. Composting , biological manipulation on nutrient improvement, pathogen destruction. 19. Mineral leaching. 20. Microbial assessments of air quality – open plate method and Air sampler techniques. 21. Dual culture technique – synergistic activity. 22. Interrelationship between micro and macroorganisms. 23. Estimation of toxic pesticides in water. 24. Soil analysis pH chlorides, nitrates, calcium, magnesium and total phosphorus. 25. Isolation and identification of methanogens. 26. Use of various feed stocks for biogas production . 27. Pretreatment of substrates. 28. Quantification of biogas from different feedstocks. 29. Analysis of nutritive value of biogas slurry. 30. Biomass briquetting – coir pith, groundnut cake, begasse. Page 40 40 FOURTH YEAR – SEVENTH SEMESTER IMBT 71 : IMMUNOLOGY Objectives The aim of the course is to learn about the types of immunity, immune system, antigen, antigen anti – body reaction. Hyper sensitivity reaction, immune deficiency disorders and concept of auto and transplantation of immunity. Unit –I: Types of immunity. Introduction : History of immunology – immune technology - blood groups – blood transfusion – Rh factor – incompatibilities – immunity – types of immunity – inate and acquired. Unit – II: Immune systems, Immune systems : Anatomy of lympho – reticular system – primary lymphoid organ – secondary lymphoid tissue – cells of the immune system – detailed aspects of T and B Cells – receptors – activation and function. Unit –III: Antigens Antigens : types, properties, haptans – adjuvants – vaccines – types – toxoids – antitoxins, immunoglobulins – structure, types and properties, theories of antibody production. Unit – IV: Antigen Antibody Reaction. Antigen – antibody reaction-in-vitro methods: agglutination – precipitation. Complement fixation – immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA, in vivo methods, immunodeficiency disorders – AIDS. Unit –V: Concept of Development and immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions – basic concept in auto immunity and transplantation immunity. References: 1. Goldshy, 2004. Immunology.5th Edn. New Era Books. Banglore. 2. Jams Kuby. 2003. Immunology III Edn. Panima book company limited. New Delhi. 3. Lydyand, P.M.2000. Instant notes on immunology, Panima Book Company limited, New Delhi. 4. Rao, C.V. 2002. An introduction to immunology. Panima book company limited. New Delhi. Page 41 41 IMBT 72: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives This course aims to study about the microorganism associated with human beings and methods of diagnosis, symptoms caused by them. It also emphasizes to learn about the viral diseases and anti microbials and development of drug resistance. Unit-1: Microbes Associated with Human Body Normal microbial flora of the human body, Host microbe interaction – Virulence factors of microbes – invasiveness and pathogenecity. Non specific resistance factors Unit-II: Diagnose of Microorganism Diagnostic microbiology: collection and transport of specimen for microbiological examination – general methods for isolation and identification of bacteria – typing of bacterial isolates – sero diagnosis. Unit-III: Clinical Symptoms Clinical symptoms: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the following bacterial infections; streptococcal infections – staphylocal infections – tuberculosis – leprosy – gastro intestinal disorders – typhoid, cholera, bacillary dysentery – sexually transmitted diseases – syphilis, gonorrhea – Anaerobic wound infections – tetanus, Gas gangrene Unit-IV: Viral Diseases Diseases caused by viruses – varicella – rubella, influenza, Herpes simplex – Hepatitis papilloma – Arbo viruses and polimyelities, HIV. Unit-V: Antimicrobials and Drug Resistance General characteristics of antimicrobials – antiseptic & disinfectants, antibiotics, β – lactam, aminoglycoside, polycyclic alkanes, mechanism of action - minimal inhibitory concentration – drug resistance – antiviral and anti parasitic drugs. Reference 1) Collee J.C Duguid, J.P. Fraser, A.C. and Marimon B.P., 1989. Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th edn. Churchill Livingston. 2) Gerald Collee. J and Anthony Simmons, 2000. Practical Medical Microbiology. Longman Singapore (P) Ltd, Singapore 3) Green Wood, D., R. Slack and J. Peutherer. 1997. Medical Microbiology. Churchill Livingston, Medical Division of Longman Group Edinburgh, UK Ltd., 4) Schaechter, M., Medoff. G and Eisenstein, B.C. 1993. Mechanism of Microbial Diseases. 2 nd edition - Williams & Wilkins, Baltilmore. 5) Tom Parker. M. Leslie, H. Collier Topley and Wilison, S. 1990. Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity (8th edn.). Page 42 42 IMBT73: ENZYMOLOGYAND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Objectives The emphasis of the course will be on enzyme characteristics and applications, food microflora and preservation, food quality control, microbial foods, food spoilage and food poisoning. Unit-I: Enzyme Characteristics and Applications Importance, Historical resume. Nomenclature and I.U.B. system of classification. Biological role of enzymes – Chemical nature of enzymes – Mechanism of enzyme action – Bruk equation – Significance of Km and Vm – Active site – Modifiers of enzyme activity –Enzyme Linked assay system. Unit-II: Food Microflora and Preservation of Foods Introduction: importance of food microbiology types of microorganisms in food – source of contamination (Primary sources) – factors influencing microbial growth of food (extrinsic and intrinsic) Food preservation: principles of food preservation- methods of preservation (a) Physical (irradiation, drying, heat processing, chilling and freezing, high pressure and modification of atmosphere) (b) Chemical (sodium benzoate class I and II). Food sanitation – food manufacturing practices – Hazard analysis, critical control points, personnel hygiene. Unit-III: Fermented Foods Food fermentation: Bread, wine, fermented vegetables – Idli – methods and organisms used, food and enzymes from microorganisms – single cell protein, production of enzymes. Unit-IV: Food Spoilage Contamination and spoilage - cereals, Sugar products, vegetables and fruits, meat and meat products, milk and milk products, fish and seafood – poultry, spoilage of canned foods. Unit-V: Food Poisoning Food poisonings: food borne infections (a) Bacterial: Staphylococcus, Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella (b) fungal: Mycotoxinx, including aflatoxins (c) viral: Hepatitis (d) Protozoa – Amoebiasis. References 1) Addms, M.R and M.O. Moss., 1995. Food Microbiology. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2) Doyle, M.P. 2001. Food Microbiology. 2nd Edn. Panima Book Company Limited, New Delhi. 3) Frazier, W.C./ and Westhoff D.C. 1988. Food Microbiology. TATA McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 4) Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology., 4th Edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. 5) Stanbury, P.F. Whitaker and Hall. S.J. 1995. Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd edition, Pergaman Press. 6) Thomas E. Barman, 1969. Enzyme HandBook Vol.5 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidgeberg. Newyork. Page 43 43 IMBP74: LAB IN IMBT71&IMBT72 1) Preparation of Antigen. 2) Methods of bleeding. 3) Antigen – Antibody reaction. 4) Blood group typing. 5) Immunoelectrophoresis. 6) ELISA 7) Media and reagents for hybridoma preparation and preparation of feeders for hybridoma culture. 8) Examination of parasitic ova and cysts from fecal samples. 9) Identification of pathogenic organisms with smear culture and bio – chemical tests for the following, a, Staphylococcus b, E. coli c, Klebsiella sp d, Salmonella typhi 10) Potassium hydroxide and Lactophenol preparations for skin scrapings for fungi and seabiesmites. 11) Simple, differential and special staining of clinical material viz., Throat swab, Vaginal swab, Split smears, Pus, Sputum stool etc,. 12) Enumeration of Bacteria in urine. Qualitative urine culture 13) Germ tube, assimilation and fermentation tests for yeast 14) Antimicrobial sensitivity testing and determination of MIC and quality control. 15) Identification of pathogenic microbes including viruses in solids/smears/specimens as spotters. IMBP 75 : Lab in IMBT73 1. Isolation , Purifiaction and assay of enzyme, 2. Effect of pH temperature and inhibitors. 3. Studies on the enzyme induction in bacterial culture 4. Enzyme production (Amylase, protease) – Submerged fermentation 5. Solid state fermentation techniques productivity enzymes 6. Examinations of microorganisms on normal and spoiled fruits and vegetables – cereal products – sugar products and vegetables. 7. Use of food preservatives Viz., Chemicals, irradiation, low and high temperature on the control of food borne microorganisms. 8. Microbial control of canned and bottled food meat and fish. 9. Diagnosis of spoilage of various foods. 10. Microbial survey in utensils and processing plants. 11. Fermentation of lactic acid and vinegar. 12. Assay the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella as indicator organisms. Page 44 44 FOURTH YEAR : EIGHTH SEMESTER IMBT81 : GENETIC ENGINEERING Objectives. To educate the students with the advanced techniques in genetic engineering like restriction enzymes. Vectors in genetic engineering. Gene cloning construction of gene Libraries. PCR tecxhnology transposable elements and applications of genetic engineering techniques etc. Unit – I : Restriction Enzymes and vectors. Restriction and modification in bacteria E.Coli K & B system- Restriction endo nucleases type I, II & III. Ligases vectors – Plasmids – Phages, cosmids, Phagemids, special vectors – Broad host range, Expression , integrating shuttle vectors – yeast vectors. Unit – II : Gene cloning and gene libraries Principles of gene cloning - a complementation – Genomic library & cDNA Library – Shot gun cloning – Screening of recombinants – Phenotypic expression of characters – Colony hydridation – southern hybridization – Use of Antibody – Western blot – Physical map of cloned gene. Genomics – Construction of BAC, YAC libraries, E. Coli genome – Gene chip – Preparation and Application – Analysis of transcripts – Gene expression – Micro array. Unit – III : PCR and its Applications. PCR technology – Gene amplification – PCR primer designing and optimization : Variations in PCR (RT PCR RACE) RAPD, RFLP and site directed mutagenesis – DNA Sequencing – Manual and automated chromosome walking – DNA foot printing. Unit – IV Transposable Elements. Transposable elements – identification of types – Tn 3. Tn5. Tn 10-1S elements in maize, Drosophila & Yeast. Mechanisms of transposons – Conservative and replicate. Use of transposable elements in gene cloning - gene cloning in vivo - Mu phage and derivatives – Isolation of operon and gene fusion Mating type switch in yeast. Unit – V : Applications of Genetic Engineering. Genetic engineering and strain improvement – Application of conjugation , transformation, transduction and transfection – Principles and application of recombinant DNA technology – Enzymology of the process. References : 1. Brown T.A. 1995. Gene cloning 3rd edition. Chapmann and Hall publications , USA. 2. Jagond, S.N. 1997, Gene Biotechnology , Himalaya Publishing house, Banglore. 3. Lewin B. 2000. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press. 4. Old.R.W. Primrose S.P. 1996. Principles of Gene Manipulations. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Germany. 5. Winnaker, EL. 1987. From Genes to clones : Introduction to Gene Technology, VCH Publications, Germany. Page 45 45 IMBT82 : DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY Objectives. The course aims to study about the microorganism associated with milk and dairy products, spoilage caused by microorganisms and their preservation and processing techniques. It also empasises to learn about the fermented dairy products. Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Milk and Dairy products. Microorganisms of milk and milk products – factors affecting growth of microorganisms – types of microorganisms in milk and dairy products like butter, cheese, cream, ice cream, yogurt, whey – Examination or assessing microbial load of milk and milk products – quantitative and qualitative test. Unit – II : Preservation of milk and milk products. Types of milk and milk products – pasteurization – sterilization – radiation – Ionizing radiation – chemicals. Unit – III Spoilage of milk and milk products. Types of microbial spoilage of milk and milk products – spoilage of milk , butter , cheese, yogurt, raw milk – dry milk, ice- cream, whey. Unit – IV : Fermented dairy products. Fermentation of milk and milk products – fermentation of milk, koumiss, yogurt – fermentation of whey in industrial uses – lactic acid production – Alcohololic fermentation of whey and yeast delactosed whey – sunthesis of vitamins – diseases spread by microorganisms through milk – Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Phytogenes , Micrococcus, Phyogenes var aureus. Unit – V : Processing of Dairy products. Milk and milk products processing – Milk sanitation – cleaning and sanitization of milking utensils – microbiological standards and guidelines – quality control – dairy plant waste disposal – treatment - preventing dairy wastes. References 1. Robinson.R. 1990. Dairy Microbiology 2nd Edn. Elesvir Applied science Pub. 2. YAdav. J.S., Sunitha, G. and V.K. Batish. 1993, Comprehensive Dairy Microbiology. Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi. Page 46 46 IMBT 83 : VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY Objectives : The aim of the course is to learn about the different diseases caused in animals by bacteria, fungi, viruses, their treatment and control and also emphasizes the study of different parasites on animal and control. Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Animal Diseases. General characteristics of bacteria causing animal disease – Pathogenic bacteria – Defense mechanism of the host – Actinobacillosis – Anthrax – Tuberculosis – Bovine mastitis – Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control – Haemorrhagic specticaemia. Unit – II : Mycotic Diseases and Control. Pathogenic fungi – Characteristics Epidemoilogy of fungal diseases symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control of mycotic diseases of animals. Unit – III. Parasites and control. Definition – Parasites , host, vector, parasitism , Effect of parasitism on the host – Protozoan parasites – Trypanosomes, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Coccidia – Diagnosis, treatment and control. Miscellaneous Protozoan parasites – Amoebae, Ciliates Sarcocysts. Unit – IV Types of important viral Diseases on animal. General properties of virus : Morphology , size of viruses : Viral proteins , Nucleic acid, and lipids – Purification of virus particles and reaction of viruses to physical and chemical agents. Classification cultivation and replication of viruses. Viral genetics and interaction. Viral haemgglutination, interference and inclusion bodies. Oncogenic and latent viruses. Unit – V : Types of Important viral diseases on Animals. Picorna virus group – Foot mouth disease virus – Enteroviruses of animals – Reovirus group – African horse sickness virus – Blue tongue virus – Roto viruses – Infectious bursal diseases virus. Togo virus group – Swinefever viruses, Mucosal disease virus – Paramyxovirus group, pseudovirus group, Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus References 1. Batzing , B.L.2002, Microbiology , An Introduction. Thamsan Brooks cole Publication, London. 2. Inglis T.J.J. 1996. Microbiology and infection. Long Man Singapore pub.Ltd. 3. Ingraham, J.L and C.A Ingarham 2002. Introduction to microbiology, 2nd Edn. Thamsan Brooks Cole publication, London. 4. Johnson,A.G. 1996, Microbiology and Immunology 3rd Edn, Williams and Wilkins Pub. U.K 5. Prescott, M.L., J.P.Harley and D.A Klein. 2002. Microbiology 5th Edn. McGraw Hills, USA. Page 47 47 IMBP84 : LAB IN IMBT81 1. Isolation of plasmid (pBR 322/ pBluescript) from E.Coil – Separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. 2. Restriction digestion of plasmid – single and double digestion – Determination of molecular weight . – physical mapping. 3. Cloning of fragment in pBR 322/ Bluescript – insertional inactivation / blue white selection. 4. Reisolation of plasmid from the recombinant clone, Restriction digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis confirmation of size of insert. 5. IPTG induction of expression of cloned gene in E.Coli. 6. PCR amplification of DNA , RAPD, RFLP : Gel electrophoresis – analysis of fragments – Finger printing analysis. 7. Isolation of mutants by Tn 1000 mutagenesis 8. Isolation of bacterial chromosomal DNA – Determination of purity and quantity. IMBP85 : LAB IN IMBT82 & IMBT83 1. Assessment of milk quality by methylene blue reduction test. 2. Detection of bacteria in milk by standard plate counts (SPC) dye reduction . Detection of number of bacteria in milk. 3. Isolation of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus from curd 4. Preperation of yougurt 5. Isolation of bacteria , fungi and actinomyeetes from spoiled milk and milk products. 6. Microbiological survey in utensils and processing plants. 7. Assessing the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella in milk as indicator organism. 8. Special staining technique : Capsular, Acid fast, Lactophenol cotton blue. 9. Titration of virus. 10. Viral haemagglutination 11. Examination of the faecal material for identification of intestinal protozoa. 12. Preparation of blood smears their staining and examination of slides for haemoprotozoan parasites. Page 48 48 FIFTH YEAR : NINTH SEMESTER IMBT91 : AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives The aim of the course is to learn about the microorganisms associated with plants beneficial role in soil fertility productivity. It is also emphasizes the study of diseases caused by microbes on plants and use of biopesticides for crop protection. Unit- I: Interaction of Microobes with Plants Microbes harmful and beneficial to plants – Microbial association – Beneficial – Nitrogen fixing organisms – Associative symbiosis – Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Cyanobacteria. Unit-II: Biological Nitrogen Fixation Biology of nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen fixing genes and their regulation in Klebsiella, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacteer, and Agrobacterium – Plant tumor – Ti – Plasmids – Ri – Plasmids – Genetic regulation of tumorogenity in plants. Unit-III: Biofertilizers Production of bacterial biofertilizer – Criteria for strain selection – Steps for preparing biofertilizers (seed pelletiing, inoculant carriers, quality standards for inoculants) – Green manuring – Algae and other biofertilizer, Azolla and phosphate solublizers – Production of mycorrhizal biofertilizers – ecto and endo mycorrhizae – Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Pseudomonas. Unit-IV: Diseases of Crop Plants A brief account of the symptoms, etiology, life cycle and management of bacterial (blight of Paddy, citrus canker): fungal (late blight of potato and stem rust of wheat) diseases of crop plants. Unit-V: Crop Protection and Biopesticide Crop protection – disease control – fungicides – Bacterial disease – control – Bacterial insecticides – Biocontrol agents – principles and practices – microbial herbicides – viral insecticides – Entomopathogenic fungi. References 1) Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbioogy. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi. 2) Martin Alexander, 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 3) Rangaswamy, G. and D.J. Bagyarai., 1993. Agricultural Microbiology. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Page 49 49 IMBT92: SOIL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives The aim of the course is to learn about the role of microorganism in soil fertility, microbially mediated transformation of minerals in soil and decomposition of organic matter. It also emphasises the study of Rhizosphere Concept and PGPR. Unit-I: Role of Microorganism in Soil Fertility Development of soil microbiology – Distribution of soil microorganisms in soil – Role of microorganisms in soil fertility – Influence of soil and environmental factors on soil microflora – Interactions among microorganisms – Symbiosis – Mutualism – Commensalism – Competition – Parasitism – Predation. Unit-II: Microbial Transformation of Minerals Microorganisms in soil processes – Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, iron cycle, phosphorous cycle – Nitrogen fixation – Ammonification – Organisms involved. Unit- III: Interaction of Microbes with Plants Interrelationship between plants and microorganisms – Rhizospphere concept – Quantitative and qualitative studies – R:S ratio – Rhizoplane – Spermosphere – phyllosphere microorganisms – their importance in plant growth – Pesticide and other agrochemicals – recalcitrant molecules. Unit-IV: Mycorrhizae and PGPR Mycorrhizae – Plant growth regulators production by microorganisms – Microbial leaching of metal ores. Unit-V: Organic Matter Decomposition Organic matter decomposition – Composition of litters – Carbon assimilation and immobilization – Organic mater dynamics in soil – Microorganisms associated with organic matter decomposition – Factors affecting organic matter decomposition – Microbial biomass as an index of soil fertility – Humus. References 1) Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand and Co.Ltd. New Delhi. 2) Martin Alexander. 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 3) Mishra, R.R. 2000. Soil Microbiology. Jagmander Book Agency. New Delhi. 4) Subba Rao, N.S. 1977. Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. 5) Walker, N. 1975. Soil Microbiology. Butterworth. London. Page 50 50 IMBT93 : MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Objectives : To study the microbial biotechnology aspects of enzyme production and its process, Different techniques of biotechnology , value added microbial biotechnology. Unit – I Introduction of biotechnology Biotechnology – definition and concepts – History and achievements – Culturing of microorganisms for production – introduction to metabolism – Aerobic microbial growth – products from microbes – Environmental control of the processes. Unit – II Enzyme and its production technology. Enzyme biotechnology – Enzyme production technology from microbes – problems and applications – Enzyme immobilization – Immobilization methods and substrates – Application of immobilization – Protoplasting of microbiual cells, their immobilization and advantages. Unit – III : Different Techniques of Biotechnology. Production of antigens and interferon by cloning and expression in microbes – Cloning vectors – Plasmids , Cosmids , Bacteriophages, prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors – Broad host range and shuttle vectors – Recombinant vaccines from plants – Down stream processing of protein products – Polymer degrading enzymes of industrial significance – other protein of industrial significance. Unit IV : Microbial Biotechnology Microbial biotechnology – Cultivation methods of Spirulina – Biotechnology potentials of micro algae – Food , feed and fuel production – Pharmaceutically valuable compounds of micro algae. Unit – V : Recombinant Technology. Recombinant Vaccines – Production of Human insulin, interferon, Somatostatin , nif gene organization regulation and expression – Transfer of nif genes to prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Gene transfer for developing salinity and drought tolerance and pest and diseases resistant transgenic plants. Transgenic animals. References : 1. Demain A.L.and J.E Davis , 2004. Manual of industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company , New Delhi. 2. Glover, D.M. and B.D.Hames , 1995. DNA Cloning I.2nd edition JRL press , Oxford University press, New youk. 3. Ranga, M.M. 2004. Animal Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company, New Delhi. 4. Reddy, S.M 2004. Microbial Biotechnology. Panima Book Publishing company, New Delhi. 5. Sambrooks, Fristch Maniatis, 1989. Molecular cloning – A Lab manual II edition volume III,CSH press. 6. Trivedi, P.C 2004. Microbial Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company, New Delhi. Page 51 51 IMBT94: BIO-INFORMATICS Objectives The aim of the course is to make the student to understand the application of computer tectnology in biological studies and emphasizes the study of genomics data bases, tools modeling of biomolecules and use of internet & Bionet. Unit-I: Genomics and Proteomics Introduction – The uses of computers in biology – Bio informatics – Functional genomic, structural genomic, proteomics. Unit-II: Data Bases and Mining Data bases and data mining – Sequence data base – Structural data base & EST data base – SCOP, CATH. –Collection and downloading informations from data bases – Literature search – CCOD – Medline – Biological websites. Unit-III: Tools in Bioinformatics Tools – Pair wise alignment, multiple alignment (dynamic programming) BLAST, FASTA, PSI BLAST, Vector NTI, Clustalw, PHYLIP, EMBOSS – Profile – hmm profile. Unit-IV: Modelling of Biomolecules Proteins – Amino acids structure – primary, secondary, tertiary and quartinary – ORFs – Protein folding – Secondary structure prediction, threading, jpred, CASP, 3D Models of protein – RASMOL – Modeling – modeler – homology modeling. Unit-VL: Internet and Bionet Accessing information through internet – Bio net news groups – WWW software (http, html). References 1) Bax Vanis, A.D. and B.F. Francis Ovellette, 2002. Panima Book Publishing Company, New Delhi. 2) Baxevanis, A.D. and B.F. Fransis (eds.). 1998. Bio Informatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Willy & sons. 3) Bryan Dergovon, M.D. 2003. Bioinformatics Computing. Prientice Hall of India, New Delhi. 4) Durbin. R., S.R. Eddy, A. Knogh and G. Mitchison. 2000. Biological Sequence Analysis. Cambridge University Press. 5) Ranga, M.M. 2004. Bio Informatics. Panima Book Publishing Company, New Delhi. 6) Rawlings, C.J. 1986. Software Directory for Biologist Mac Millan Publishers. 7) Von Heijne, G. 1987. Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biollogy. Acacemic Press. Page 52 52 IMBP95: LAB IN IMBT91, IMBT92 & IMBT 93 1. Nitrogen fixing organisms – Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Acetobacter, Cyanobacteria. 2. Green manuring Azolla, Azorhizobium. 3. Phosphate Solubilizers. 4. PGPR – Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Pseudomonas. 5. Bacterial and fungal diseases of crop plants. 6. Biocontrol agents. 7. Enumeration of microbial population in soil – Quantitative and qualitative distribution. 8. Isolation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria – Nonsymbiotic and associative symbiotic bacteria. 9. Nitrification and denitrification. 10 Organic matter decomposition – CO2 evolution. 11 Rhizosphere – Spermosphere – Phyllosphere. 12 Frankia isolation. 13 Mycorrhiza isolation and plant infection studies. 14 Associative and antagonistic relationships among soil microorganisms. 15 Isolation of sulphur and iron bacteria. 16. Genetic improvement of industrially useful microorganisms, through mutation 17. Immobilization techniques for increasing the fermentation products 17) Bioassay techniques for antibiotics 18) Bioassay techniques for vitamins 19) Production of pharmaceutical compounds from spirulina sp. 20) Production of protein rich feed from green algae. 21) Production of SCP. IMBP96: LAB IN IMBT94 1) Working with MS office, Linus, Biojava. 2) Working with Bio – XML, HTML. 3) Working with Oracle, VB. 4) Designing a 3D structure of protein. 5) Designing resource database. 6) Sequence analysis of protein. 7) Collection and Downloading data from databases. 8) Browsing microbiological websites. Page 53 53 FIFTH YEAR : TENTH SEMESTER IMBT101 : INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Objective : To study the industrially importance microorganisms, fermentor design, fermentation economics , production recovery, antibiotics production and some industrial value products. Unit – I : History and Development of Industrial Microbiology. Historical development of industrial microbiology – industrially important microorganisms, major classes of products and processes – improvement of industrially important microbial strains. Unit – II : Fermentors and its process Design of feremntors – types of fermentors and basic functions . fermentation media formulation strategies – Economical means of providing energy – carbon, nitrogen , vitamin and mineral sources – Role of buffers – precursors – inhibitors – inducers and antifoams – types of fermentation. Unit – III : Fermentation Recovery process. The recoveries of purifications of fermentation products (intracellular and extracellular ) - cell disruption , precipitation, fileratrion, centrifugation solvent recovery, chromatography, ultra filtration, drying , cell immobilization and its application, culture preservation – Lyophilization. Unit – IV Pharmaceutical products. Microbial products of pharamaceutical value – raw materials – organism and industrial processes involved in the production of penicillin – vitamin B-12 Riboflavin – Rabies vaccine. Unit – V Microbial products of industries. Microbial products of industrial value – raw materials, organisms and industrial processes involved in the production of ethanol., vinegar, amylase, protease, glutamic, acid and – recycling and safe disposal of industrial wastes through microbes. Referecnces 1. Crueger, W., 2000. A text book of industrial microbiology, 2nd Edn, Panima Book Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi. 2. Stankury P.F., Allan Whitaker , and Stephen. J. Hall 1996, Principles of fermentation Technology , Pergrmon. 3. Prescott, D.M., 2002. Industrial microbiology , Panima Book Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi. Page 54 54 IMBP 102 ; LAB IN IMB101 1. Isolation and screening of industrially useful microorganisms. 2. Preparation of inocula and fermentation media. 3. Fermentation of alcohol 4. Fermentation of organic acid citric, latic acid. 5. Fermentation of amino acid 6. Fermentation of enzymes. 7. Production of antibiotics IMBT 103 : PROJECT PROJECT WORK. Page 55 55 CORE 101. MUSHROOM TECHNOLOGY Objectives The course deals with the various aspects of the production techniques and problems in mushroom cultivation. Unit I Mushroom science : Landmarks – edible and poisonous mushrooms – nutritive value, mushroom diseases – application of related fields – microbiology, fermentation technology and environmental engineering – Genetic resources : Population diversity, speciation, culture collection centers and bio informatics resources. Unit II Taxonomy and biology : Classification – molecular approaches and life cycles of important edible mushrooms – Pleurotus, Volvariella, Calocybe, Lentinus, Auricularia and Agaricus – Morphogenesis: basidiocarp development, role of enzymes – cellulases, hemicellulases , laccase, petase, amylolytic enzymes – B 1,3 glucanase , mannitol dehydrogenase, PO and PPO amylolytic enzymes – Role of metabolic gases in fruiting body morphology. Unit IV Cultivation : Substrate formulation – science of composting and casing – Physiological physical and biochemical considerations for the cultivation of different edible mushrooms – Role of bioinoculants in mushroom growing – problems in mushroom cultivation. Unit V Methods of chemical analysis of mushrooms : post harvest storage ; Physiological changes, enzymatic and non – enzymatic browning , auto-oxidation, microbial spoilage – Biomolecules from mushrooms and toadstools ; nutriceutical , pharmaceutical and pesticidal molecules from macrobasidiomycetes. Reference Books : 1. Aneja, K.R 1996 Experiments in microbiology plant pathology, Tissue culture and mushroom (2nd Edition ) Wishwa prokashan, New Delhi. 2. Bahl, N., 1997, Hand Book of Mushroom cultivation in India, Oxford & IBH PublishingCo., New Delhi. 3. Chandha , K.L.and S.R. Sharma, 1995 Mushroom Biotechnology – Advances in Horticulture Vol., 13., Malhotra publishing House, New Delhi 4. Chang, S.T., and H. Quimio, Hayes, 1978, Biology and cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, Academic press, New York. 5. Chang, S.t. and H. Quimio 1982, Tropical Edible Mushromms, The chines University press, Hongkong. Page 56 56 ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS) Regulation Common to all Departments of Studies in the Faculty of Science. Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Earth Sciences, and Bio Chemistry. Master Programme. A Master’s Programme consists of a number of courses, in M.Sc. A Master’s Programme consists of a set of compulsory courses and Language papers. The entire course carriers credit system. The number and distribution of credits for the courses will be decided by the respective faculties. A course is divided into two semesters, odd semester and Even semester. Credits The terms credit is used to describe the quantum of syllabus for various program in terms and hours of study. In indicates differential weightage given according to the contents and duration of the courses in the curriculum design. The minimum credit requirement for the award of the degree of Five years Master’s Programme shall be 154. Courses Each course may consist of Lectures / Tutorials/ Laboratory work / seminar / project work / practical training report / Viva Voce etc. Normally in each of the courses, credits will be assigned on the basis of the lectures/ Tutorials/ Laboratory work and other form of learning in a 18 week schedule. Eligibility for Admission. Candidates for admission to the first year of the five year integrated M.Sc Degree courses shall be required to have passed the final examinations of the plus 2 Higher secondary course and Equivalent thereto with a minimum of 50% aggregate under academic stream with the following subjects as in Appendix – A, Conducted by the Board of Secondary Education, Tamilnadu Government or an examination of any other authority there to. They shall satisfy the conditions regarding qualifying marks, age and physical fitness as may be prescribed by the syndicate of the Annamalai University from time to time. Grading system The term grading system indicates a 10 point scale of evaluation of the performance of students in terms of marks grade points, letter grade and class Course Duration The duration for completion of a five year intergraded M.Sc. Programme in any course is ten semesters. Page 57 57 Student counselors To help the students in planning their course of study and for general advice on the academic programme, the Head of the Department will attach a certain number of student to a member of the faculty who shall function’s student counselor for those students throughout their period of study. Attendance Every teaching faculty handing a course shall responsible for the maintenance of attendance Register for candidates who have registered for the course. The instructor of the course must intimate the Head of the Department at least seven calendar days before the least instruction day in the semester about the particulars of all students who have secured an attendance of less than 80% A candidate who has attendance less than 80% shall not be permitted to sit for the End – Semester Examinations in the course in which the shortage exists. However, it shall be open to the authorities to grant exemption to a candidates who has failed to obtain the prescribed 80% attendance for valid reasons on payment of a condonation fee and such exemption should not under any circumstances be granted for attendance below 70%. Examination There will be two sessional assessments and one end semester Examinations during each semester. Sessional Test – I will be held during sixth week for the syllabi converted till then. Sessional Test – I will be a combination of a variety of tools such as class test, assignment and paper presentation that would be suitable to the course. This requires an element of openness. The students are to be informed in advance. However, the tests are compulsory. Test –I may be for one hour duration. The pattern of question will be decided by the respective faculty. Sesssional test – II carry 20 % of marks of the entire course. There will be one end semester Examinations of 3 hours duration in each course. The end semester Examination will cover all the syllabus of the course for 60% of marks. Evaluation Evaluation will be done on a continuous basis evaluation may be objective type Questions, Quiz, Short answers, Essays or a combination of these, but at the end semester it has to be a written examinations. The performance of students in each course is evaluated in terms of percentage of marks (PM) with a provision for conversion to grade point (GP) the sum total performance in each semester will be rated by GPA while the continuous performance from the 2nd semester onwards will be marked by (OGPA). Marks and Grading A student cannot repeat the assessment of sessional Test –I and Seesional Test – II. However, If for any compulsive reason the student could not attend the test, the prerogative of arranging a special test lies with the teacher in consultation with the Head of the Department. A minimum of 50 % marks in each course is prescribed for a pass. A student has to securer 50 % minimum in the End semester Examination. Page 58 58 If a candidate who has not secured a minimum of 50 % of marks in a course shall be deemed to have failed in that course. The students can repeat the end semester Examinations when it is offered in the subsequent odd / even semesters till the regulations are in force. However a candidate cannot move to the next odd/ even semesters if he / she have more then six papers as arrears at any point of time. A candidate who has secured a minimum of 50% marks in all courses prescribed in the programme and earned a minimum of the credits will be considered to have passed the Master programme. Grading A ten point rating is used for the evaluation of the performance of the student to provide grade for each course and overall grade for the master’s programme. Marks Grade points Letter grade Class 90+ 10 S Exemplary 85-89 9.0 D++ Distinction 80-84 8.5 D+ Distinction 75-79 8.0 D Distinction 70-74 7.5 A++ First Class 65-69 7.0 A+ First Class 60-64 6.5 A First Class 55-59 6.0 B Second Class 50-54 5.5 C Second Class 49 or Less F Fail The successful candidates in the core subjects are classified as follows. I – Class 60 % marks and above in over all percentage of marks (OPM) II - Class 50-59% marks in over all percentage of marks. Candidates who obtain 75% and above but below 90% of marks (OPM) shall be deemed to have passed the examinations in first Class / Distinction) provided he / she passed all the course prescribed for the programme at the first appearance. Candidates who obtain 90% and above (OPM) shall be deemed to have passed the examination in first class (Exemplary) provided he / she pass the entire course prescribed for the programme at the first appearance. Candidates who obtain highest marks in all examinations at the first appearance alone considered for ranking. For the internal Assessment Evaluation the break up marks shall be as follows Test (15 +15) : 30Marks Assignment : 05 Marks Case Study / Seminar / Short Answer etc. : 05 Marks Total : 40 Marks Page 59 59 Course – wise letter grades The percentage of marks obtained by a candidate in a course will be indicating in a letter grade. A student is considered to have completed a course successfully and earned the credits if he / she secured over all grades other than F. A Letter grade F in any course imples a failure in that course. A course successfully completed cannot be reapeated for the purpose of improving the grade point. The F grade once awards stays in the grade card of the students and is not deleted even when he/ she completed the course successfully later. The grade acquired later by the student will be indicated in the grade sheet of the odd/ Even semester in which the candidates has appeared for clearance of the arrears. If a students secured F grade in the Project work / Fieldwork / Practical work / Dissertation. Either he / she shall improved it and resubmit it if it involves only rewriting incorporation the clarification of the evaluation or he/ she can re- register and carry out the same in the subsequent semester for evaluation. Transitory Regulations Wherever there had been change of syllabi, examinations based on the existing syllabus will be conducted for three consecutive times after implementation of the new syllabus in order to enable the students to clear the arrears. Beyond that the student will have to take up their examinations in equivalent subjects as per the new syllabus on the recommendations of the Head of the Department concerned. APPENDIX – A M.Sc, Microbiology : A Pass in H.Sc. (10+2 Level) and Equivalent there to with a minimum of 50% aggraded under academic stream with the following students viz. Physics & chemistry. Biology or Botany and Zoology. Page 60 60 M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS) SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS Total Credits: 154 First year: I Semester. Code Subject Credits ITAC 11 IENC 12 ICEC 13 IMBT 14 IMBP 15 Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French Part II : Language – English : Basic English Skills Civics, Environmental and Health Science General Microbiology Lab in IMB14 3 3 3 4 1 First year: II Semester. Code Subject Credits ITAC 21 IENC 22 ICAC 23 IMBT 24 IMBP 25 Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French Part II : Language – English : Technology & Communicative English Computer Applications - I General Bio chemistry Lab in IMB24 3 3 3 4 1 Second year: III Semester. Code Subject Credits ICAC 31 IMBT 32 IMBT 33 IMBP 34 Computer Applications – II Morphology , cytology and Growth of Microorganisms Taxonomy of Microorganisms Lab in , IMB32, IMB33 4 4 5 2 Second year: IV Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 41 IMBT 42 IMBT 43 IMBP 44 Cell Biology, Cell and Tissue Culture Microbial Physiology and Metabolism Microbial Genetics Lab in IMB41, IMB42, IMB43 4 4 4 3 Third year: V Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 51 IMBT 52 IMBT 53 IMBP 54 IMBP 55 Molecular Biology Virology Biostatistics Lab in IMB51, IMB62 Lab in IMB53 4 4 4 2 1 Page 61 61 Third year: VI Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 61 IMBT 62 IMBT 63 IMBT 64 IMBP 65 Microbial Ecology and Bio – Diversity Water and Textile Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Bio Energy Lab in IMB61, IMB62, IMB63 & IMB64 4 4 4 4 4 Fourth year: VII Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 71 IMBT 72 IMBT 73 IMBP 74 IMBP 75 Immunology Medical Microbiology Enzymology and Food Microbiology Lab in IMB71 & IMB72 Lab in IMB73 4 4 4 2 1 Fourth year: VIII Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 81 IMBT 82 IMBT 83 IMBP 84 IMBP 85 Genetic Engineering Dairy Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Lab in IMB81 Lab in IMB82 & IMB83 4 4 4 1 2 Fifth year: XI Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 91 IMBT 92 IMBT 93 IMBP 94 IMBP 95 IMBP 96 Agricultural Microbiology Soil Microbiology Microbial Bio Technology Bio Informatics Lab in IMB91, IMB92 & IMB93 Lab in IMB94 4 4 4 4 3 1 Fifth year: X Semester. Code Subject Credits IMBT 101 IMBP 102 IMBP 103 Industrial Microbiology Lab in IMB101 Project 4 1 6 Page 62 62 M. Sc Microbiology Five Year Integrated Degree ON – Campus Programme (CBS) Syllabus First Year – First Semester Part – I: Language ITAC 11: Tamil (Option) 遑 1 : 褞∋撰 爼齒 貉顴 橙1 袷錢 遑 蒡 陦踉∵ /nobr> (硴∵ .3.40.44.54.57.69.135.167.197) 橙2 腰錚鐸∩陟 陦踉∵ /nobr> (硴∵ 47.86.112.163.182.184.192.235.239) 橙3 遒取 - 蔟♭ 蔗♯ 樌よs蘂蔟 /nobr> 橙4 蔡 鵤顳鴉顴 - 駕 茖蹉跣 - 茖譬蠅陟 韭 /nobr> 橙5 酷譬蠅∵ - 陦齊ゎj褜 爼齒 - 蔡 - 譯茴譯 .介.顳蹐蔡 /nobr> PART – 1 Language ITAC 11 : Hindi (Option) Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – 1 First 15 Lesson only (Poems omitted) (Published by D.B Hindi prachara sabha . T.Nagar Chennai - 17 ) S.R. Sastri – Sarai Hindi Vyakaran – Part I (Published by D.B. Hindi prachara sabha , T.Nagar Chennai – 17 ) PART – I ITAC11: French (Option) Book: Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres – 1 (Methods de francals) First 2 Units. Page 63 63 PART – II: ENGLISH IENC12: BASIC ENGLISH SKILLS Objectives: The course aims at developing communicative competence of the students in the English Language by emphasizing the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing and by enabling them to perform different tasks successfully in a variety of real life academic contexts. Encouraging a student – centered approach to the learning of English through materials and activities of intrinsic interest and relevance to students lives the course aims at making the language learning process enjoyable and in prepairing students to read and write effectively Course Book : Shridar, Gokhale, Vanashree Joshi. and Britan Robinson. Developing your English : Mumbai Frank Brothers & Co., 1998. The book treats serious moral, ethical, social and cultural themese that of importance to the student community. under each unit of the course book, the student will have opportunity to explore different types of texts, to critically analyse the topic covered, to articulate their beliefs and opinions, and to participate in class activities as speaking listening, reading, writing and answering grammar exercises and global questions. Unit – I: Superstitions and Magic, Young People Listening: 1. In some Tamil Nadu Villages people shun umbrellas During the Rains. 3. Money Matters Most for Today’s Youth. Reading: Text A: Superstition is a Belief , Half – Belief Text B: Night of the Scorpion Text C: Genuine East Indian Magic Text D: The Young Ones Text E: The Home coming Writing: 1. A Spiritualist’s Bluff 2. The Mother Daughter Relationship I & II Grammar: The passive, Indirect Speech Speaking: Global Questions Unit – II: Food and Health, Indian Films. Listening: 1. Animal or Vegetable? 2. Problems of a Bengal Film Maker Reading: Text A: Tea or Coffee Text B: Choice of Crops for Improved Nutrition Text C: The Luncheon Text D: On Top of the World Text E: Corrosive Rhythms Writing: 1. Take Care: Cigarettes 2. A Film Review Grammar: Model Auxiliaries, Simple Past and Past Progressive, Past Perfect Speaking: Global Questions Unit – III: Urban and Rural Life, Advertising Listening: 1. A Frightening Scenario 2. A: The Royal parks of London B: Richmond Park Can be a very big place if you’re only three feet Tall Reading: Text A: Urban Villagers Page 64 64 Text B: We Die Together Text C: Henchad’s Oath Text D: Ode on Solitude Text E: Age of Virtuous Ad Text F: Code of Ethics for Advertising Writing: 1. Psyches crumble as Bombayites Fight Stress, 2. Visual Writing Grammar: Prepositions of Phrasal Verbs, Conditional Sentences Speaking: Global Questions. Unit – IV: Environment, Women in India. Listening: 1. Induswtrialist’s Recipe for money. 2. Famous Indian Women A.M.S Subbulakshmi B: Kiran Bedi. Reading: Text A: Noise – Global perspective. Text B: Earth worm Text C: Science for Man. Not Nations Text D: Relationships Text E: Talking Runs! Text F: Indian Women Writing: 1. Eco – Friendly Disposal of Waste Course 2. Women and Men Do think Differently 3. Bihar Parties ‘High – Pitched Drive to Woo Women Grammar: Present perfect and present progressive, Stative and Dynamic Verbs, Articles. Speaking: Global Questions. Unit – V Famous People , English in the World. Listening: 1. My Finest Hour 2. British and American English – Part I & II Reading: Text A : Habba Khatoon Text B: ….. And Allah Created Lata Text C: Vinoba Bhave Text D: A Psalm of Life. Text E: How Indians Use English Text F: What is your Good Name, Please? Text G: Meeting Friends. Writing: 1. My Sixteenth Year 2. Marriage Lines Grammar: Concord , Features of Indian English Speaking: Global Questions. Reference 2. Shridar, Gokhale , Vanashree Joshi and BrianRobinson. 1998. Developing your English, Mumbai:Frank Brothers & Co. Page 65 65 ICEC 13: CIVICS, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND HEALTH SCIENCE (A) Civics UNIT – I : Introduction Democracy – Citizenship – duties of Good Citizen – Society state and citizen – Limits of state Activity. Indian Constitution preamble – Basic Features – Citizenship – Fundemental Duties. Unit – II Political System. Union Government President – Prime Minister – Parliament – Supreme Court – Electoral system – State Government : Governor – Chief Minister – Center state Relations. Local Government : Urban Administrative system Panchayati Raj system. References: 5. Fadia, B.L. 1999. Indian Government and Politics, Agra. Sahitya Bhawan Publication. 6. Maheswari, S.R. 1996 Local Government in India Agra, Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. 7. Agrawal. R.C 2000. Indian Political system, New Delhi, S.Chand & Company 8. James H. 1961 Mccrocklin, Building Citizenship, USA Allyn and Bacon . INC. (B) Environmental Sciences Unit – I Ecosystems Fundamental Concepts and Principles – Structure and Function – Classification – Modern concept of Ecosystem – Energy flow – Ecological indicators. Unit - II Environment Definition – Natural Resources – Classification – Conservation – Development of public water supply – Need for producted water supply – Per capita consumption – Sanitation – Sewage system – Disposal of sewage – Kinds of pollution – Their effect of human beings. References 5. Odum, E.P 1971 Fundamental Ecology, 3rd Edition, Saunders. 6. Colvinvaux, P. 1986. Ecology. John Wiley & Sons 7. Agarwal & Rana, S.V.S 1985 Environmental & Natural Resources, Society of Biosciences 8. Duggal K.N 1994. A Text Book on Public Health Engineering. S.Chand & Co. Ram Nagar, New Delhi. Page 66 66 (C) Health Sciences Unit -I Physical Health – Introduction to health – Food meaning of balanced diet. Sources, common nutritional deficiencies and prevention. Personal health – Cleanliness of body, care of Skin. Nails, Eye, Hair, Oral Health, Clothing, Body posture and good habits such as exercises – Importance of avoiding smoking , alcoholism , drugs etc., Population explosion and family planning – importance, common methods of Planning for men & Women. Mothers and children – Immunisation of children ( Importance, schedule ) care of mothers during pregnancy and after delivery. Communicable Diseases – Symptoms and prevention Unit – II (3) Mental Health – Factors for maintenance of good mental health (a) Adolescent problems (b) First Aid. (4) Environment – Ventilation, Lighting . Simple method of purification of water sanitary latrine, prevention of worm infestation (Round worm, hook worm). References 5. Murray Grant 1987. Hand Book of Community health, Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger Publications. 6. Lawrence B. Chenoweth, et al, 1934. Community Hygiene, New york: F.S Croft’s & Co 7. Charies Frederic Boldman, et al. 1936. Public Health and Hygiene, Philadelphia : W.B.Saunders Company. 8. Harold S, Diehl, 1945. Text Book Of Healthful Living , New York: Mc Grqw Hill Book Company. Page 67 67 IMBT14 : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Unit – I Definition and scope of Microbiology – History and recent developments – Spontaneous generation theory – Biogenesis – Contribution of Louis Pasteur – Leewenhoek, Lazaro spallanzani, John Tyndall, Joseph Lister, Robert koch, Edward Jenner, Stanley , Alexander Fleming - Waksman. Unit – II Microscopy : Principles and application of simple, compound, bright field, dark field , phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscopy – Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Unit – III Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, General characteriscs and nature of Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Rickettsiae, Chlamydias, Spirochaetes, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasma, Viruses, Algae, Fungi and protozoa. Unit – IV Sterilization : Principles and methods – Physical (moist heat, dry heat, filtration, Pasteurization. Tyndalization, radiations) and chemical (antibiotics, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, halogens and hypochlorites) – disinfection. Principle of staining : Nature of dyes types of staining – simple, differential, negative and spore staining. Unit – V Culture technique : Types of media – simple, defined, enriched and transport media with examples. Aerobic and Anaerobic culture technique method of maintenance and preservation of microbial cultures. Reference Books : 1. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan E.C.S and Kreig,1993. Microbiology, McGraw Hill, Inc., New york 2. Stainer R.Y., Ingraham J.L., Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R. 1986 General Microbioloy, Mcmillan Education Ltd., London. 3. Prescott. L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein , B.A.,2000. Microbiology (Fourth edition), Wm.C. Brown publisher IOWA, U.S.A. Page 68 68 IMBP15 : LAB IN IMBT 14 19. Study of Microscopes 20. Methods of sterilization 21. Micrometry 22. Preperation of culture media and Agar slants 23. Purification of Bacteria 24. Purification of Fungi 25. Gram staining 26. Endospore staining 27. Negative staining 28. Capsule staining 29. Total cell count (Haemocyto meter) 30. Morphology of Fungi : Somatic structure and reproductive structures. 31. Morphology Bacteria. 32. Hydrolysis of starch. 33. Gelatin liquefaction. 34. Production of H2 S and IMVIC Test. 35. Methyle Red and VP Test. 36. Preservation and Microbial cultures. Reference Books : 4. Beistir, L.1996. Microbiology (6th Edition), Adelandwsky, Langman, New York. 5. Bensen J.H 1996 Microbiological Applications : A Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology, (6th Edition) WN.C. Brown Publication, IOWA, USA 6. James G.C and Sharman , N.1996. Microbiology : A Laboratory Manual (4th Edition ) The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, International, USA. Page 69 69 FIRST YEAR : SECOND SEMESTER Part - I : Language ITAC21 : Tamil (Option) 遑 - 2: 頏褜陦譬喜 鉐 /nobr> 橙1 阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚 茲.頌錢遑髯s -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇 橙2 阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚 茲.頌錢遑髯s -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇 橙3 茗 蝪槇 汕∵顴 譯茴譯 潁n 褪♯陟顆 - 陦賈槇 - 茗 →蝪槇 汕∵顴 橙4 飫 鉐 /nobr> 茨 檐錢銷 - 陦賈槇 - 錵蘂萓顴 韋∬w鵤蔗q /nobr> 橙5 滕 を槇 蓐 眇駆槇 銛遐遒 姻‡茴握 椪蔟 - 陦賈槇 蠅錢遯孖 蝪 /nobr> Part – 1 : Language ITAC21 : Hindi (Option) 3. Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – II ( First 10 Lesson Only ) 4. Manohar kahaniyan – Part – II ( First 10 stories Only ) Published by D.B. Hindi Prachara Sabha , T.Nagar, Chennai – 17 Part – I : Language ITAC21 : French (option) Book : Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres - 1 (Method de francais) – III and IV Unit Page 70 70 Part – II : English IENC22 : TECHNICAL AND COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH. Objectives : The Course is task oriented and aims at imparting proficiency in English skills for advanced level learners, through appropriate communication activities, specimens, illustrations and telling examples. By way of fulfilling the needs and requirements of students at the advanced level, the course trains students in diverse practice materials to acquire proficiency in learning through the strategies of self – motivation, self – evaluation, and self- correction. Course Book : Mohan Krishnan and Raman, Meenakshi, Effective English communication, New Delhi : Tata McGraw – Hill 2000. Besides the prescribed text, teaching materials drawn from various sources such as radio and television programs, newspapers, and magazines would we supplied to students as handouts. Unit – I : Spoken English : Practice in the correct pronunciation of English vowels and consonants , syllables and accent, Unit – II Written communication Vocabulary development , word structure , word order, and phrasal verbs. Unit – III comprehension Listening and Reading comprehension. Unit –IV : Composition Paragraph writing, precis writing, dicto composition, letters writing, writing a term course, writing book reviews. Unit – V : Forms of Technical communication 1.Technical Reports 2. Forms, Memos and E- Mail 3. Business letters 4. Presentation 5. Job search – Resumes and letters. In addition to those components , students would be involved in performing communicative tasks such as making short speeches, interpreting visual presentations, role play, and group discussions. References : 3. Mohan Krishna and Raman, Meenakshi, 2000. Effective English Communication. New Delhi: Tata Mc Grawe Hill. 4. Ruther Ford, Andero J. 2001. Basic Communication skills for Technology – Peaisons. Page 71 71 ICAC23 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – I Unit – I Introduction to computers – Application of computers – Concepts of Data and information – A Typical computer system – Memory concepts – History of computers Types of computers. Input – Output Devices – Data storage Devices – Software – The Definitions – The Role of Software – Housekeeping. Unit – II The Computer Internals – Typical PC Configiration – Booting – Virus, Anti virus , Vaccine – Versions of software. Operating system – Definition – Classification – Basic of MSDOS – Introduction to windows operating system – Features of windows OS – Desktop and Desktop icon – Starting programs – Browsing and managing windos explorer Setting – Taskbars and creating shortcuts. Unit – III Introduction to internet – Client server Basics, E- Mail , Telnet and Archive – FTP – Gopher Jughead and Veronica – WAIS and World Wide Web. Fundementals of HTML , TC/IP and E – Commerce. Unit – IV Issue involved in web site Management – Addressing – Designing web sites with Front page. Unit – V Multimedia – Concept, Requirements Applications and future – Hardware and software Requirements for multimedia Development and Delivery Platforms – Multimedia methodologies – Fundamentals and use of Hypertext, Hypermedia, sound , Image, Animation, Video. Using Multi Media : Multimedia Interface, Planning and Developments of Multimedia projects. Text Books. 6. Ron Mansfield, Osborne, Windows 95 for Busy People, McGraw Hill. 7. Ron White , How Computers work.BPB. 8. Christian crumlish, The ABCs of the internet. 9. Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon. “ Internet in a nut Shell” Leon Press, Chennai & Vikas publishing House, New Delhi. 10. Tay Vaughan, Multimedia Marking it work, Osborne Tata McGraw Hill 1996. References Books. 8. Computer Fundementals and Windows with internet Technology by Krishnan, Scitech publication (India) Pvt.Ltd. Chennai. 9. Windows and MS – OFFICE 2000 with data base concepts by Krishnan, Scientech Publications (India) PVt. Ltd, Chennai. 10. Stephen Nelson, Field Guide to the internet. 11. James Meade, David Grower, Rhonda Grower, Microsoft DHTML, 12. Rosen Brog. A Guide of Multimedia. 13. Ned Sneel, The Internet starter Kit in 24 hours Techmedia 1998. 14. Michael Goodwin, Marking Multimedia Works . Coomdex, 1995. Page 72 72 MBT24 – GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY. Unit – I Acid and base – Definition. Conjugate acids and bases, ionic product of water, ionic strength, dissociation constants. pH and pH measurement. Buffers – Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Biologically important buffers. Concept of free energy and entropy Free energy changes in biological reactions . High energy compounds. The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Unit – II Carbohydrates – General account of classification and properties. Metabolism of carbohydrates : Glycolysis, Entner Doudoroff pathway. Gluconeogensis, Citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate and glyoxylate pathway. Metabolism of glycogen and regulation. Unit – III Classification of amino acids, Biologically importance peptides, proteins – Classification, orders of protein structure ( Primary , Secondary, tertiary and quaternary) A brief account of biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids. Metabolism of amino acid nitrogen – transamination, deamination, Urea cycle. Elementary details of catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids. Unit – IV Lipids – Classification and general properties. Fatty acid metabolism, βOxidation and biosynthesis. A brief account of triglycerides and cholesterol biosynthesis Vitamin sources, requirements, biological functions of fat soluble (A,B,E and K) and water soluble vitamins (Thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, folic acid and B12) Unit – V Nucleic acid: Purines , Pyrimidines , nucleosides, nucleotides, Watson – Crick model of DNA Structure, Majour Classes of RNA. Biosynthesis and degradation of purines and pyrimidines. Minerals : Sources, Daily allowances , Biological function of phosphorous , magnesium, sodium, potassium , iron copper and Zinc. Reference Book 6. Biochemistry, Zubay, 4th Edition, 1998. William C.Brown Publication. 7. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition McGraw Hill 8. Biochemistry, Stryer, 4th Edition Freeman, 9. Principle of Biochemistry, Lehniger Nelson Cox. Macmillan Worth Publisher, 2000. 10. Biochemistry, Vooet and Voet. Page 73 73 IMBP 25: Lab in IMBT24 15. Preperation of buffers and pH Measurements. 16. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates. 17. Qualitative analysis of amino acids. 18. Seperation of amino acids and sugars by paper chromatography. 19. Isolation and estimation of starch. 20. Estimation of sugars by Anthrone methods. 21. Estimation of protein by Lowry’s Methods. 22. Estimation of pentose by orcinol method. 23. Estimation of DNA – Diphenylamine method. 24. Estimation of Inogranic phosphorus by Fiske of Subbarow method. 25. Estimation of glucose by benedicts method. 26. Estimation of Vitamin C by 2,4 dichlorphenol indophenol method. 27. Estimation of calcium – ammonium oxalate method. 28. Estimation of protein by Biuret method. Page 74 74 SECOND YEAR : THIRD SEMESTER ICAC31 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – II Unit – I Introduction to Microsoft Office – Create and Modify Documents – Formate the Text, Tables within the Documents – Merge the Documents and print – Working with World Wide Web. Unit – II Create and modify spreadsheets – Formate the Cells – Different 2D and 3D Charts – Creation and Modification – Budget preparation – Functions – Printing of Spreadsheet and Charts. Unit – III Concept of data types, field, record, table and Data Base – Creation – Modification – Manipulation – backup and recovery- significance and need of Queries. Unit – IV Importance of the Primary key – Foreign keys and Lookup lists – Significance of Data validation – Input Mask – Sorting and indexing – Use Table relationship and forms – Application – Reports – Creation and Printing. Unit – V Create and modify presentations – Create master slide and templates – Different views of slide – Add animation and transitions. Reference Books 3. Joe Habreken , Microsoft Office 2000, PHI, 1998. 4. Microsoft Office 2000 Complete, Sybex, 1999. Reference 4. Sharma M.C 1997 Desk Top Pop Publishing on PC BPB Pub. 5. Krishnan. Windows and MS – Office 2000 With data base concepts scitech publication (India) P.Ltd., Chennai. 6. Ron Mansfield Working in Microsoft Office , Tata McGraw Hill. Page 75 75 IMBT 32 : MORPHOLOGY , CYTOLOGY AND GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS. Unit – I Morphology of bacteria – Size and shape – structure of Bacterial Cell – Capsule , flagella – Fimbriae, Chaemotaxis, Cytology of bacterial cell – cytoplasmic membranes mesosomes – DNA , RNA Constituents – Cytoplasmic inclusions. Factors affecting the growth of Bacterial populations. Unit – II Morphology of fungi – Cell wall structure – Fungal thallus –Unicellurar fungi – Filamentrous fungi – Cytology of fungi – Mitochondria – Golgibodies – Endoplasmic reticulum – woronin bodies – Lysosomes. Unit – III Morphology of Algae – Types of vegetative forms, heterocysts and non – heterocystous forms – cocolithous in algae. Cytology of algae – Pigments formation – cell inclusions. Unit – IV Morphology of protozoa – shapes and sizes of protozoa. Cytology of protozoa – body covering and skeletons in protozoa – locomotory organelles in protozoa internal organells of protozoa viruses, shape, structure - Bacteriophages – shape , size structure. Unit – V Microbial Growth – phases of growth curve measurement of growth – calculations of growth rate-Generation time – Synchronous growth – induction of synchronous growth , synchrony index – Factors affecting growth – PH’’ temperature , substrate and osmotic condition. References 4. Dubey R.C and Maheswari D.K 1999. A Text book of Microbiology. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Pelczar M.J., E.C.S chan and Krieg N.L 1993. Microbiology. McGraw Hill international , Edition 5th Ed., New York. 6. Schelegal H. 1993. General Microbiology. Cambridge Unbiveristy Press, Cambridge. Page 76 76 IMBT 33: TAXONOMY OF MICROORGANISMS Unit – I General Principles of Classification – Evolution – Methods of classification – International codes of Nomenclature – Modern approaches in the classification – 16s RNA Sequences and protein sequences, Numerical taxonomy – DNA hybridization, DNA base ratio, serology. Unit – II Classification of bacterial –Bergey’s system, Lechevalie’s system - Stainer’s system outline, classification in latest edition of Bergey’s manual – Cyanobacteria. Unit – III Classification of fungi – Lower and higher fungi – Life cycles of Plasmodiophora, Spongospora, Pythium, Rhizopus, Sclerospora, Puccinia, Uromyces, Ustilago, Tolyposporium, Agaricus, Cercospora, Rhizoctonia and Mycorrhizal fungi. Unit – IV Outline classification of algae – Chrysophyta, Englenophyta, Chlorophyta, Pyrrophyta Phacophyta, Rhodophyta – Classification of protozoa. Unit – V Viruses – Nature and properties in relation to classification and nomenclature of viruses – Various system of Classification – Classification of mycoplasma. References. 5. Leive, L. 1973. Membranes and wall of Bacteria, Dekker, New York. 6. Deacon J. 1984. Introduction of Modern Mycology, Blackwell science Publ., London. 7. Alexopoulos, C.J and Mims. 1983. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern Ltd, Chennai. 8. Bergey’s Manula of systematic Bacterialogy 8th Edn. Page 77 77 IMBP34 : LAB IN IMBT32 & IMBT 33 14. Examinations of Cell Wall / Gram positive / Gram Negative. 15. Cell Membrane Structure / Endospores / Flagella Structure. 16. Examination of internal Structures of bacteria. 17. Fungal Spore types Sclerotia, Chlamydospores, Sporangia, Conidia etc., 18. Sporulation and Budding in yeast. 19. Protozoa Types. 20. Plaque formulation and observation. 21. Algal Types. 22. Systematic study of different classes of fungi Plasmodiophoria / Pythium / Phytophthora / Aspergillus / Penicillium / Agaricus / Puccinia / Septoria / Pyricullaria / Saccharomyces / Helminthosporium / Rhizoctonia. 23. Cultural characters and BioChemical tests of Bacteria in each order and family. 24. Linear Growth of fungi in solid media. 25. Growth of fungi in liquid media. 26. Determination of generation time. Page 78 78 SECOND YEAR: FOURTH SEMESTER IMBT41 : CELL BIOLOGY, CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE Objectives : The Courses cell biology deals with both structure and function of the organelles in the cell and the matrix, it has been organized into three sections, Concerned with anatomy, Physiology, and metabolism of the cells, and finally nuclecytoplasmic relations of cells. The another importance section concerned with plant tissue culture emphasis on organic haploid of isolation and transformation of protoplast. Unit – I Cell theory – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (Plants and animal) General structure – supramolecular structure of the cell surface – molecular organization of cell membrane – cell permeability – Cell membrane differentiation and intercellular communications – Cell coat and cell recognition. Unit – II Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles – cytoskeleton and Cell motility Microtubles and – Micro filaments – Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Cell secretion – Microsomes – functions of ER – synthesis of Exportable protein – Golgi cell secretion. Unit –III Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation – morphology – structure – isolation of mitochondria membranes – molecular organization and function of mitochondria – permeability of mitochondria – biogenesis of mitochondria. Lysosomes and peroxisomes. Characteristics of lysosomes. Endocysts – intramolecular digestion – peroxisomes. Plant cell wall cytoplasm and chloroplast – chloroplasts and plastids – molecular organization of thylakoids. Photosynthesis – structural and functional model of chloroplast membrane – chloroplast as semi – antonomous organelle. Unit – IV Nucleus and chromosomes – interphase nucleus chromosomes – nucular envelope – chromatin – heterochromatin – nucleolus. The cell cycles and DNA – replications – comparison of mitosis and meiosis – description of meiosis – genetic consequences of meiosis. Types of meiosis and biochemistry of meiosis – cell differentiation – cytoplasmic interaction – molecular mechanism of nuclear cytoplasmic interactions. Unit – V Plant tissue culture – Culture techniques – organogenesis and embryogenesis – Androgenic haploids – isolation and transformation of protoplasts – uptake of DNA by plant cells – animal cell – Kinetics of cell growth – Hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies – application – chimaeric antibody – transgenic plants and animals. Page 79 79 References 13. DeRobertis and DeRobertis 1983. Essentials of cell and molecular biology, Saunders college publishing New York. 14. Breger, E.M.1963. Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms. An introduction to a comparative structural anatomy of cellular organization. Academic press. 15. Burgess, J. 1985. An introduction to plant cell Development, Cambridge University press. 16. Cutter, E.G.1978, Plant Anatomy, part 1 : cells and Tissues 2nd Edi.Edward Arnold. 17. Gomperts, B.D1976, The Plasma membrane. Models for its structure and function, Academic press. 18. Gunning,B.E.S and Steer, M.W.1975. Ultra structure and Biology of cells,Edward Arnold. 19. Hall, J.L. Flowers T.J. and Roberts, R.M. 1984. Plant cell structure and metabolism, ELBS / Longman. 20. Ledbetter, M.C 1970. Introduction To The Fine Structure Of Plant Cells, Springer Verlag. 21. Risley, M.S. 1986. Chromosomes structure and function, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 22. Rost, T.L. Gifford Jr. & Ernest, M. 1977. Mechanisms and control of cell division, Academic press. 23. Sheeler P. and Bianchi, D. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology. 24. M.D Trevan, S.Boffey K.H.Goulding. Biotechnology the Biological principles, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, New Delhi. Page 80 80 IMBT 42 : MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM. Unit – I Biosynthesis of peptidoglycon – Outer membrane, Techoicacid – Exopolysaccharides – Cytoplasmic membrane. Pili, Fimbriae, S – Layer, Transport mechanisms – Active, Passive facilitated diffusions - Uni, sym, Antiports – Chemiosmotic theory. Unit – II Microbial differentiation – sporulation –Endo and Exospores – Endospore formation in Bacillus .sp. Exospore formation in Streptomyces – Reproduction in fungi – formation of specialized structure – akinetes, cysts and heterocysts. Unit – III Anaerobic respiration and fermentation – Anabolic and catabolic processes of lipids, Reproductive physiology of microorganisms. Unit – IV Autotrophs – Heterotorophs – Myxotrophs – Cyanobacterra. Photosynthetic bacteria and green algae – Photosynthesis – Anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis – CO2 fixation – Calvin cycle, Biological nitrogen fixation – genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation. Unit – V Denitrification and reductions of nitrate, nitrite. Reduction of sulphate & Sulphur & H2S formation. Oxidation of reduced sulphur – Reduction reactions : carbonate to methane – Carbonate to acetate – Fumerate to succinate – Iron oxides reduction. References 5. Caldwell, D.R 1995. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, WM.C.Brown Publisher, USA. 6. Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. 1988, Microbial Physiology, Second Edition, John wiley & Sons. 7. Murray, R.K. Granner , M.D Mayer P.A. and Rod Well, V.W. 1990.Biochemistry, Prentice Hall international Inc., London. 8. Brayant. D.A. 1994. The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwar Academic Publications, London. Page 81 81 IMBT 43: MICROBIAL GENETICS Objectives : The emphasis of the course will be on chromosomes structure and function , Plasmids, transposon, Genetic recombination, bacteriophages, genetic of viruses, fungi and yeast and mutation, Unit : 1 Experiments showing DNA as Genetics Material – Components of DNA and RNA – Arrangement of nucleotides in DNA – Chromosomes structure and function – Types of chromosome – Variation in chromosome structure – Chromosome theory. Unit : II Plasmids – methods of isolation and purification – Mechanism of gene transfer system – Main types of vectors – Properties sizes and number of plasmids – Plasmid incompatibility. Bacteriophage – Properties – features – transposon. Unit : III Genetic recombination – type Transformation natural and artificial competence, Transformation in Bacillus, E Coli, Conjugation – Orgin of congucation – Hfr & Fstrains – Interrupted, uninterrupted mating – Time map and recombination map, Congucation in E coli. Transduction – Generalized and specialized, fine structure through transduction. Mechanism of recombination – homologues site specific. Unit – IV Genetics of viruses. Bacteriophages – lytic cycle and lysogeny. RNA virues, retero viruses. Genetics of Neurospora crassa. Aspergillus nidulans and yeast. Unit – V Mutant and Mutation – Orgin of mutation – Fluctuation test – mutagens – Physical and chemical agents – induced mutation – types – mechanisms of mutation induction – suppression of mutation – intergenic and intragenic suppression – frame shift mutation – reversion – fine structure mapping – r II mutants of T4. References 7. Adoph. K.W.1995. Methods in molecular genetics Microbial – Gene Techniques Vol.IV Academic press, New York. 8. Freifelder, D. 1995. Molecular Biology. Naroza Publishing House, New Delhi. 9. Freifelder, D. 1995 Molecular Genetics , Narosa publishing House, New Delhi. 10. Lewin. B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford Univeristy press, Oxford. 11. R.S Old and primtose, S.B. 1989. Principles of gene Manipulation, 4th Ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. 12. Waever, F. and Hedric. W. 1997. Genetics. Third Edition, WCB Publishers. Page 82 82 IMBP44: LAB IN IMBT41, IMBT42 & IMBT 43 16. Cell structure : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell types with the operation of light microscopes – phase – contrast the polarizing microscopes. 17. Seperation and isolation of cells by sedimentation velocity in units gravity. 18. Study of subcellular organelles : Methods of disrupting cells. 19. Techniques in the isolation and fractionation of eukaryotic chromosomes. 20. Cell and tissue culture techniques 21. Cytochemical demonstration of phosphateses in tissue sections. 22. Cells / tissue preparation techniques for scanning electron microcopy 23. Screening the native microorganisms for intrinsic antibiotic resistance. 24. Mutagenisis of E.Coli using ultra violet radiation and ethyl methyl sulphonate. 25. Isolation of auxotrophic & drug resistanct mutant – Tooth pick method. 26. Bacterial conjugation 27. Effect of various carbon sources on growth of bacteria. 28. Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth of bacteria. 29. Effect of C: N ratio on bacterial growth 30. Effect of PH on Bacterial growth. Page 83 83 THIRD YEAR: FIFTH SEMESTER IMBT 51: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Objectives : To Educate the students with the basic principles of genetics, organization of genetic material, concept of centre dogma of life , genetic code etc., Unit : I Basic Mendelian Genetics and chromosome Organization Definitions of some common terms in genetics – allele, character, gene, gene locus, genotype, hemizygous, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype.Basic mendelian genetics – Mendal’ s laws and linkage.Molecular structure of the bacterial nucleoid – E. Coil and DNA binding proteins. Plasmids : Structure and Classficacation. Eukaryotic chromation – necleosome structure – histones non – histone proteins. Higher order chromatin structure – the 30 nm fiber, chromation loops. Euchromatin and hetrochromatin. Dnase I sensitivity, CPG methylation, Chromatin domins and boundary loops. Unit : II Genome complexity. Genome complexity – Genes and non coding DNA, Concept of the gene – cistron relationship – Typical structure of protein – coding genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Definition of functional parts of a gene – coding region (ORF) transcription unit, untranslated region (UTR) split genes, Overlapping and nested genes. The eukaryotic gene – exons and introns, gene families, pseudogenes and processed pseudogenes. Noncoding DNA – Unique sequence DNA, Dispersed relative sequences (SINES AND LINES ) clustered and repetitive sequences (Satellite, Minisatellite and microsatellite DNA) variable number of tandem repeats. Organelle genomes. Unit III - Replication. Replication – Semiconservative mechanism. Enzymes involved in replication – helicases, SSB, topisomerases, DNA polymerases,DNA ligases. Mechanism of DNA replication in bacteria and eukaryotes – initiation. elongation and termination inhibitors of replication. RNA – directed DAN polymerases. DNA damage – Physical and chemical mutagens. DNA repair – excision repair. Mismatch repair. Unit – IV : Transcription and regulation. Basic principles of transcription – E. Coil, RNA polymerase subunit structure. Promoter sequence in E. coil. Steps on transcription – initation, elongation and termination. Post transcriptional processing on rRNA and tRNA . Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes – the lac operon. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. RNA pol I, II and III promoters, Transcription factors, Transcription complex assembly and mechanism of transcription. Post – transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA – Alternative splicing – Brief account of ribozymes. Page 84 84 Unit – V Genetic code, Translation The genetic code – general feature – Mitochondrial genetic code, Components of protein synthesis –mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA. Mechanism of protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation, elongation and termination. Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation. Elongation and termination. Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes. Inhibition of protein synthesis – co and post translational modification. Protein targeting and degradation. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reference Books. 10. Lewin 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University press. 11. Twyman. 1998 Advance molecular biology. Viva pub. 2 Ed. 12. Lodish. 2000 Baltimore et al. Molecular cell biology. Freeman. 13. Alberts. 2002. Molecular biology of the cell. Garlamd sci. 14. Watsen et al. Molecular biology of the gene4th edn. Benjmin cummings. 15. Stansfield et al. 1996. Molecular cell Biology. Schaum’s series McGraw Hill. 16. Nelson Cox. Lehniger’s 2000. Principles of biochemistry, Macmillion. 17. Elrod. S. and stansfield. 2002. Schaum’s outlines Genetics,4 th edn. 18. Weaver. 2001. Molecular biology. MCGraw hill 2nd Edn. Page 85 85 IMBT52 : VIROLOGY Objectives : The study about viruses and their role in diseases development. Unit : 1 Development of virology – detection and identification of viruses – general properties of viruses – cultivation of viruses – viruses purification assays – chemical composition of virus – structure of viruses – viron size – Helical capsids – nucleic acids – serological properties of viruses – serological diagnosis – ELISA – PCR techniques. Unit : II Nomenclature and taxonomy of viruses – Principles of classification – Bacteriophages – reproduction of DNA Phages – lytic cycle – reproduction of RNA phages, Temperate bacteriophages – Lysogeny. Unit – III Viruses of Eukaryotes – Classification of animal viruses – Animal RNA viruses – VSV. Poliovirus – Revirus – Retrovirus – Animal DNA viruses – Papoviruses – Adenovirus – Reproduction of Animal viruses – Plant viruses – viron morphology – plant virus taxonomy – reproduction – viruses of fungi and Algae – Viruses of insects – Viroids and prioids. Unit – IV Host virus interaction – Bacteriophage – bacterial system – Plant virus and their hosts – Animal virus with their host – virus infection – Cytocidal infection and cell damages – Persistent – latent and slow virus infection – Host specificity – Vector control induced resistance and interferon. Unit – V ViralPathogen city – antiviral drugs and vaccines, pox virus – The herpes virus – vesicular virus influenzaviruses and tumors – oncogenic viruses – Carcinogens and concogenes – oncogenes in cancer cells – Oncogenes and induction of cancer. Reference Books. 1. Luria, S.E. 1959. General Virology – John wiley & Sons, Inc. Newyork. 2. Topley and Wilson, 1983. Principles of Bacteriology. Virology and immunity 7th (Ed) Vol.4 Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd London. 3. Prescott, Harley and kluni. 1993, Microbiology, Wm.C.Brown Publisher – USA. 4. Biswas, S.B. and Biswas, A. 1976, An introduction to viruses. Vikas publishing House P.Ltd., New Delhi. Page 86 86 IMBT 53 : BIOSTATISTICS Objectives : The course aims at skill development for data analysis98+ Unit – 1 Introduction to Biostatistics – Definition, Statistical methods, Biological measurements , kinds of biological data. Functions of statistics and limitation of statistics collection of data, sampling and sampling designs. Classification and tabulation. Types of representations – graphic – bar diagrams – Pie diagrams and curves. Unit – II Measures of central tendency, mean, meridian, mode and geometric mean, correlation – different types of correlation – positive, negative, simple, partial, multiple, linear, and nonlinear correlation, Methods of studying correlations. Unit –III Measuring of dispersion and variability changes, Deviations – Quartile deviation – mean deviation. Standard deviation. Coefficient of variation, Lorenzer’s curve. Regressiontypes and method of analysis. Regression line. Regression equations, deviation taken from arithmetic mean of x on y. Deviation taken from the assumed mean. Unit – IV Distribution types test for analysis. Sampling methods and test for significance – students ‘t’ test. ‘chi’square test, analysis of variance. Review of design for laboratory and field experiments. CRD, RBD, and LSD – efficiency of designs – sub sampling in experimental plotsgroup comparisons – missing plot technique in RBD and LSD – analysis of covariance factorial experiments – symmetrical and Asymmetrical, factorial experiments. Layout and analysis of factorial experiments and split plot design – (With combination of two factors in main plots) Split plot design – split block design. Unit – V Skewness, kurtosis, moments, Meaning tests of skewness, characteristics of dispersion and skewness. Measure of skewness. Objective – karl pearson coefficient of skewness. Bocoley’s efficient of skewness., kelley’s co-efficient of skewness. Kurtosis, measures, moments. Reference Books. 5. Palanisamy S. and Manoharan.M., 1994. Statistical methods for Biologists (Bio – Statistics), Palani Paramount publication. Tamilnadu. 6. Arora P.N. Malhan P.K. 1996. Biostatistics, Himalaya Publishing house, Mumbai. 7. Stanton A.Clantz. Primer of statistics. Tata McGraw Hill Inc. Newyork. 8. Sokal and Rohif. 1973. Introduction to Biostatistics. Toppan Co. Japan. Page 87 87 IMBP54 : LAB IN IMBT51 & IMBT52 21. Extraction of protein and quantification. 22. Isoenzymes. 23. PAGE. 24. SDS –PAGE. 25. Western blotting. 26. Southern blotting. 27. Northern blotting. 28. Isoelectric focusing. 29. Genomic DNA. 30. Total DNA. 31. Total RNA. 32. mRNA extraction. 33. Gel Documentation. 34. Morphology of Viruses. 35. Cytology of viruses. 36. Symptoms of viral diseases and Mycoplasma diseases. 37. Transmission of viral diseases by various agents. 38. Insect transmission. 39. Sap transmission. 40. Transmission of viruses by other agents. IMBP55 : LAB IN IMBT 53 18. Comparison of mean and preparation using ‘Z’ test – ‘t’ test - independent Samples. 19. Variances – paired ‘t’ tests – comparison of two means using ‘F’ test paired samples – independent samples. 20. Chi square test – Test of goodness of fit for different segregation ratios. 21. Bartlett’s test for Homogeneity of variables. 22. Computation of correlation co-efficient and testing it’s significance – comparison of two (or) more correlation co – efficints. 23. Dolittle solution fitting and testing – Quadrative curve – cubic curve. 24. Analysis of CRD (equal replications including estimation of co- efficiency) 25. CRD for unequal number if replication. 26. Missing plot technique in RBD with one missing observations – Missing plot technique in RBD for two values. 27. Mission plot technique in LSD with one missing observation. 28. Analysis of Co-variance in RBD. 29. Analysis of Factorial experiment. 30. Split plot design.(With two factors in main plots). 31. Analysis of data with logarithmic transformation Angular square transformation. 32. Durgan’s multiple range test. Page 88 88 THIRD YEAR : SIXTH SEMESTER IMBT 61 : MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIO-DIVERSITY. Objectives : The aim of the course will be teaching on the concept microbial ecology, air microbiology, aquaticmicrobiology and biogeochemical cycles. Unit – I Concept of microbial ecology – Relationship between microorganisms and different environments – Land, water, air, natural selection – species diversity – colonization and succession. Unit – II Microbiology of air – organisms in air – Distribution and sources of air borne organisms – aerosols and droplet nuclei – Air sampling techniques – Air samples enumeration – potential hazards of laboratory techniques – Air borne diseases – Air sanitation. Unit – III Aquatic habitats – Sediments – Surface water – littoral habitats. Soil and associated systems & habitats – factors influencing microflora : Minerals – PH – Organic matter – water and soil texture – altitudional variations in microflora – Microbes associated at the interface - Microbes associated with plants, animal and insects (Symbiotic and pathogenic ) – Parasitic microbes – symbotic microflora – space parasites – saprophytes. Unit – IV Rhizosphere – Rhizoplane – Phyllosphere – Phylloplane – Symbiotic – endophytes in plants – Termite and other insects gut microbes – termite hills – Acidophiles – Alkalohalophiles – Xerophiles – Osmophiles – Halophiles – Thermophiles – Extreme thermophiles – Psychrophiles – Methanophiles – Acidophiles – Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Sulphur bacteria – Xenobiotics – Lignocellulolytic microbes. Unit – V Biochemical cycles – Role of Microorganisms in carbon, sulphur and iron cycle – Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms – Microbial gas metabolism – carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and hydrogen sulphide. Reference 8. Campbell.R.1993. Microbial Ecology 2nd edition Black well scientific publications. London. 9. Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil Microbiology. John wiley and sons. New York. 10. Subbarao, N.S 1995. Soil Microorganisms and plant growth. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd. 11. Atlas, R.M. 1998. Microbial Ecology, Benjaming cummings Sci. Publishers, California. 12. Alexander, M. 1978, Advances in Microbial Ecology, Plenum press. New York. 13. Burns, R.G. and Slater, J.H. 1982. Experimental Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Sci. Pub. Edinburg. 14. Hermann Remmert, 1990. Ecology. A Text Book. Springer – Verlag Berlin. Page 89 89 IMBT 62 – WATER AND TEXTILE MICROBIOLOGY Objectives : The study Emphasises the different types of water habitats, estuaries, microbial ecosystems, microbial analysis of water, sources of water pollution and purification, biological sludge digestion, spoilage of aquatic products and its utilization, microbial degradation of fibers viz., jute, hemp, coir, flax, cotton, wood and leather and also prevention of damages of fibers. Unit –I Microbiology of Water – Types of water – Fresh water – Ponds, Lakes, Streams – Marine habitats – Estuaries – Mangroves – Deepsea – Hydrothermal vents – Salt pans – Coral reefs – Microbial ecosystems – Potability of water – Microbial assessment of water quality – Water purification – Brief account of water borne diseases. Unit – II Microbial analysis of water – Sanitary tests for coliforms – The MPN of coliforms (the membarane filter technique, advantages, disadvantages, defined substrate test, tMViC ftest) – Purification of water : Sedimentation filteration, disinfection Unit –III Sources of water pollution – water recycling – BOD – COD – Methods of sewage treatment – (Biological – Sludge digestion, activated sludge, aeration filters , oxidation ponds) imhoff tanks – Spoilage of aquatic products – corrosion and leaching. Unit – IV Liquid waste treatment – Treatment methods primary, Secondary (anaerobic – methanogenesis : aerobic trickling filter and activated sludge process – Oxidation ponds) tertiary treatment – Utilization of liquid wastes. Unit – V Microbiology of fibers – Retting of plant fibers – jute,hemp, coir,flax ect. – Microbial digeradation of cotton , jute coir, wood and leather – prevention of damage of fibers. Reference 5. Nybakken W.1982 Marine biology – An Ecological Approach, Ames harper and Row publications. New York. 6. Reheinheimer G. 1980. Aquatic Microbiology. 7. Mitchell R. 1974. Introduction to environmental Microbiology. 8. Dubey ,R.C and Maheswari, D.K. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand and company Ltd., New Delhi. Page 90 90 IMBT 63 : ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives : To provide a Fundamental knowledge about the various scopes in applied microbiology like aeromicrobiology, disposal and commercial aspects of soil microbiology, To study the applied of microorganisms for improvement of environmental quality, the discovery of microorganisms with metabolic potentials that can be employed for industrial application. Unit : I Concept and scope of environmental microbiology: Chemistry of atmosphere – Composition, Structure – Chemical and photo chemical reaction : Chemistry of Hydrosphere – water resources, hydrological cycle: Chemistry of Lithosphere – Composition, Relation ship between microorganisms and different environments - land, water and air – Microorganisms inhibiting extreme environments. Unit : II Early concept of Air – Vedic technology for air purification – indoor aeromicrobiology – Aeromicroflora of pharmacy – aeromicroflora of hospitals and other houses. Aeromicroflora of storage materials (Library, wall paintings) : Aeroallergens and aeroallergy – House dust allergens, pollen grains, Cosmetics – Air Pollution – Sources, major pollutionts and the chemistry , adverse effect on the environmental – Acid rain – impact on ecosystem – gaseous emission – Green house effect – Global warming. Unit – III Types of wastes – Characterization of solid and liquid wastes. Solid waste treatment – Saccharification – Gasification – composting – Utilization of solid wastes – Food ( SCP, Mushroom, yeast) : Fuel ( ethanol , Methane): Fertilizer (Composting) Composting – Straw decomposition – probiotic microorganisms – Role of lactic acid bacteria in silage additives. Unit – IV Mineral leaching by bacteria – Microorganisms involved in the sulfide mineral leaching – Chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation by bacteria – Exploitation of dump and heap leaching – insitu bacterial leaching of ore – mineral concentrate leaching – Utilization of biologically generated solvents – Heavy metal pollutants removed by bioaccumulation. Unit –V Microbial Control of environmental pollution - Bioremediation concepts – Microbial and phytoremediation – Biodegradation : Biodegradation of petroleum – Microbial degradation of xenobioties – characteristics of microbial metabolism – Common process of insecticidal metabolism – Microorganisms in abatement of heavy metal pollution – Heavy metal tolerance in microbes – Mechanism of heavy metal resistance – Microbial plastics. Page 91 91 Reference : 6. Ec.eldowney, S.Hardman.D.J. and Waite,S. 1993. Pollution Ecology and Biotreatment. Longman scientific Techincal. 7. Bakes, KH and Herson, D.S1994,Bioremedation. Mc.Graw hill Inc.Newyork. 8. Joyland, S.N.1995, Environmental Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 9. Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari , D.K. 1999., A text book of Microbiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. 10. Erickson, L.E and Fung D.Y. 1988 Hand book on anaerobic fermentations. Marcel and Dekker Inc. New York. Page 92 92 IMBT 64 : BIO – ENERGY. Objectives : The emphasis of course is learning the energy and sources , types of biogas plants , feedstock materials for biogas plant, utilization of biomass for energy production and as biofuels. Unit – I : Energy. Energy –Renewable and non – renewable energy – Energy plantations – Latex producing plants – nuclear energy – Energy management and use. Unit – II : Bio gas plants Biogas plant – Types – Construction details – Loading of biogas plants – Biogas requirement for various use – Biogas applications – dual fuel engine. Unit –III : Alternative feedback for biogas plants. Effective use of Agricultural , Horticultural, Forest and fishery wastes and byproducts as an alternative feed stock for biogas plants – Bio digested slurry – Manural value – Enrichment – Pelletization. Unit – IV : Utilization of biomass for energy production. Bio mass residues for agriculture , Horticulture , forest and fishery energetic – fast growing biomass species as energy source – solid, liquid, gaseous energy production from biomass and its use. Unit – V Biomass briquetting – coir pith groundnut shell etc., - Alcohol from sweet sorghum, tapioca , sweet potato – producer gas – Aqua gas , pyrolytic gas from biomass such as maize cob, groundnut husk, cotton stalk, briquettes. Reference : 5. Chawla, O.P.1986, Advances in Biogas Technology. ICAR Publication , New Delhi. 6. Khandelwall, K.C. and S.S. Mahdi 1989. Biogas technology. Tata Mcgraw. Hill Publishing company Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Kuppuswamy , G. and A.Jeyabal . 1996 . Biogas from Alternative feed stocks. MNES project publication. 8. Mathur, A.N & N.S. Rathore . 1992. Bio gas Production Management and utilization. Himanashu publications Udaipur. Rajasthan. Page 93 93 IMBP65 : LAB IN IMBT61, IMBT62, IMBT63 & IMBT64 31. Enumeration of microorganisms in soil , sewage and fresh water. 32. Effect of temperature on Microorganisms. 33. Effect of acidity on microorganisms. 34. Antibiotics assay. 35. Microbial utilization of plant residues. 36. Dual culture techniques – compatibility of biopesticides. 37. Presumptive test, confirmed coliform test, completed coliform test, 38. Water analysis by MPN technique. 39. Tests for water borne pathogens. 40. Indole test. 41. Methyl red test. 42. Voges – Proskauer test. 43. Citrate utilization. 44. Estimation of BOD. 45. Estimation of COD. 46. Estimation of heavy metals. 47. Total organic carbon. 48. Composting , biological manipulation on nutrient improvement, pathogen destruction. 49. Mineral leaching. 50. Microbial assessments of air quality – open plate method and Air sampler techniques. 51. Dual culture technique – synergistic activity. 52. Interrelationship between micro and macroorganisms. 53. Estimation of toxic pesticides in water. 54. Soil analysis pH chlorides, nitrates, calcium, magnesium and total phosphorus. 55. Isolation and identification of methanogens. 56. Use of various feed stocks for biogas production . 57. Pretreatment of substrates. 58. Quantification of biogas from different feedstocks. 59. Analysis of nutritive value of biogas slurry. 60. Biomass briquetting – coir pith, groundnut cake, begasse. Page 94 94 FOURTH YEAR – SEVENTH SEMESTER IMBT 71 : IMMUNOLOGY Objectives The aim of the course is to learn about the types of immunity, immune system, antigen, antigen anti – body reaction. Hyper sensitivity reaction, immune deficiency disorders and concept of auto and transplantation of immunity. Unit –I: Types of immunity. Introduction : History of immunology – immune technology - blood groups – blood transfusion – Rh factor – incompatibilities – immunity – types of immunity – inate and acquired. Unit – II: Immune systems, Immune systems : Anatomy of lympho – reticular system – primary lymphoid organ – secondary lymphoid tissue – cells of the immune system – detailed aspects of T and B Cells – receptors – activation and function. Unit –III: Antigens Antigens : types, properties, haptans – adjuvants – vaccines – types – toxoids – antitoxins, immunoglobulins – structure, types and properties, theories of antibody production. Unit – IV: Antigen Antibody Reaction. Antigen – antibody reaction-in-vitro methods: agglutination – precipitation. Complement fixation – immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA, in vivo methods, immunodeficiency disorders – AIDS. Unit –V: Concept of Development and immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions – basic concept in auto immunity and transplantation immunity. References: 5. Goldshy, 2004. Immunology.5th Edn. New Era Books. Banglore. 6. Jams Kuby. 2003. Immunology III Edn. Panima book company limited. New Delhi. 7. Lydyand, P.M.2000. Instant notes on immunology, Panima Book Company limited, New Delhi. 8. Rao, C.V. 2002. An introduction to immunology. Panima book company limited. New Delhi. Page 95 95 IMBT 72: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives This course aims to study about the microorganism associated with human beings and methods of diagnosis, symptoms caused by them. It also emphasizes to learn about the viral diseases and anti microbials and development of drug resistance. Unit-1: Microbes Associated with Human Body Normal microbial flora of the human body, Host microbe interaction – Virulence factors of microbes – invasiveness and pathogenecity. Non specific resistance factors Unit-II: Diagnose of Microorganism Diagnostic microbiology: collection and transport of specimen for microbiological examination – general methods for isolation and identification of bacteria – typing of bacterial isolates – sero diagnosis. Unit-III: Clinical Symptoms Clinical symptoms: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the following bacterial infections; streptococcal infections – staphylocal infections – tuberculosis – leprosy – gastro intestinal disorders – typhoid, cholera, bacillary dysentery – sexually transmitted diseases – syphilis, gonorrhea – Anaerobic wound infections – tetanus, Gas gangrene Unit-IV: Viral Diseases Diseases caused by viruses – varicella – rubella, influenza, Herpes simplex – Hepatitis papilloma – Arbo viruses and polimyelities, HIV. Unit-V: Antimicrobials and Drug Resistance General characteristics of antimicrobials – antiseptic & disinfectants, antibiotics, β – lactam, aminoglycoside, polycyclic alkanes, mechanism of action - minimal inhibitory concentration – drug resistance – antiviral and anti parasitic drugs. Reference 1) Collee J.C Duguid, J.P. Fraser, A.C. and Marimon B.P., 1989. Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th edn. Churchill Livingston. 2) Gerald Collee. J and Anthony Simmons, 2000. Practical Medical Microbiology. Longman Singapore (P) Ltd, Singapore 3) Green Wood, D., R. Slack and J. Peutherer. 1997. Medical Microbiology. Churchill Livingston, Medical Division of Longman Group Edinburgh, UK Ltd., 4) Schaechter, M., Medoff. G and Eisenstein, B.C. 1993. Mechanism of Microbial Diseases. 2 nd edition - Williams & Wilkins, Baltilmore. 5) Tom Parker. M. Leslie, H. Collier Topley and Wilison, S. 1990. Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity (8th edn.). Page 96 96 IMBT73: ENZYMOLOGYAND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Objectives The emphasis of the course will be on enzyme characteristics and applications, food microflora and preservation, food quality control, microbial foods, food spoilage and food poisoning. Unit-I: Enzyme Characteristics and Applications Importance, Historical resume. Nomenclature and I.U.B. system of classification. Biological role of enzymes – Chemical nature of enzymes – Mechanism of enzyme action – Bruk equation – Significance of Km and Vm – Active site – Modifiers of enzyme activity –Enzyme Linked assay system. Unit-II: Food Microflora and Preservation of Foods Introduction: importance of food microbiology types of microorganisms in food – source of contamination (Primary sources) – factors influencing microbial growth of food (extrinsic and intrinsic) Food preservation: principles of food preservation- methods of preservation (a) Physical (irradiation, drying, heat processing, chilling and freezing, high pressure and modification of atmosphere) (b) Chemical (sodium benzoate class I and II). Food sanitation – food manufacturing practices – Hazard analysis, critical control points, personnel hygiene. Unit-III: Fermented Foods Food fermentation: Bread, wine, fermented vegetables – Idli – methods and organisms used, food and enzymes from microorganisms – single cell protein, production of enzymes. Unit-IV: Food Spoilage Contamination and spoilage - cereals, Sugar products, vegetables and fruits, meat and meat products, milk and milk products, fish and seafood – poultry, spoilage of canned foods. Unit-V: Food Poisoning Food poisonings: food borne infections (a) Bacterial: Staphylococcus, Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella (b) fungal: Mycotoxinx, including aflatoxins (c) viral: Hepatitis (d) Protozoa – Amoebiasis. References 1) Addms, M.R and M.O. Moss., 1995. Food Microbiology. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2) Doyle, M.P. 2001. Food Microbiology. 2nd Edn. Panima Book Company Limited, New Delhi. 3) Frazier, W.C./ and Westhoff D.C. 1988. Food Microbiology. TATA McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 4) Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology., 4th Edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. 5) Stanbury, P.F. Whitaker and Hall. S.J. 1995. Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd edition, Pergaman Press. 6) Thomas E. Barman, 1969. Enzyme HandBook Vol.5 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidgeberg. Newyork. Page 97 97 IMBP74: LAB IN IMBT71&IMBT72 1) Preparation of Antigen. 2) Methods of bleeding. 3) Antigen – Antibody reaction. 4) Blood group typing. 5) Immunoelectrophoresis. 6) ELISA 7) Media and reagents for hybridoma preparation and preparation of feeders for hybridoma culture. 8) Examination of parasitic ova and cysts from fecal samples. 9) Identification of pathogenic organisms with smear culture and bio – chemical tests for the following, a, Staphylococcus b, E. coli c, Klebsiella sp d, Salmonella typhi 10) Potassium hydroxide and Lactophenol preparations for skin scrapings for fungi and seabiesmites. 11) Simple, differential and special staining of clinical material viz., Throat swab, Vaginal swab, Split smears, Pus, Sputum stool etc,. 12) Enumeration of Bacteria in urine. Qualitative urine culture 13) Germ tube, assimilation and fermentation tests for yeast 14) Antimicrobial sensitivity testing and determination of MIC and quality control. 15) Identification of pathogenic microbes including viruses in solids/smears/specimens as spotters. IMBP 75 : Lab in IMBT73 1) Isolation , Purifiaction and assay of enzyme, 2) Effect of pH temperature and inhibitors. 3) Studies on the enzyme induction in bacterial culture 4) Enzyme production (Amylase, protease) – Submerged fermentation 5) Solid state fermentation techniques productivity enzymes 6) Examinations of microorganisms on normal and spoiled fruits and vegetables – cereal products – sugar products and vegetables. 7) Use of food preservatives Viz., Chemicals, irradiation, low and high temperature on the control of food borne microorganisms. 8) Microbial control of canned and bottled food meat and fish. 9) Diagnosis of spoilage of various foods. 10) Microbial survey in utensils and processing plants. 11) Fermentation of lactic acid and vinegar. 12) Assay the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella as indicator organisms. Page 98 98 a. FOURTH YEAR : EIGHTH SEMESTER IMBT81 : GENETIC ENGINEERING Objectives. To educate the students with the advanced techniques in genetic engineering like restriction enzymes. Vectors in genetic engineering. Gene cloning construction of gene Libraries. PCR tecxhnology transposable elements and applications of genetic engineering techniques etc. Unit – I : Restriction Enzymes and vectors. Restriction and modification in bacteria E.Coli K & B system- Restriction endo nucleases type I, II & III. Ligases vectors – Plasmids – Phages, cosmids, Phagemids, special vectors – Broad host range, Expression , integrating shuttle vectors – yeast vectors. Unit – II : Gene cloning and gene libraries Principles of gene cloning - a complementation – Genomic library & cDNA Library – Shot gun cloning – Screening of recombinants – Phenotypic expression of characters – Colony hydridation – southern hybridization – Use of Antibody – Western blot – Physical map of cloned gene. Genomics – Construction of BAC, YAC libraries, E. Coli genome – Gene chip – Preparation and Application – Analysis of transcripts – Gene expression – Micro array. Unit – III : PCR and its Applications. PCR technology – Gene amplification – PCR primer designing and optimization : Variations in PCR (RT PCR RACE) RAPD, RFLP and site directed mutagenesis – DNA Sequencing – Manual and automated chromosome walking – DNA foot printing. Unit – IV Transposable Elements. Transposable elements – identification of types – Tn 3. Tn5. Tn 10-1S elements in maize, Drosophila & Yeast. Mechanisms of transposons – Conservative and replicate. Use of transposable elements in gene cloning - gene cloning in vivo - Mu phage and derivatives – Isolation of operon and gene fusion Mating type switch in yeast. Unit – V : Applications of Genetic Engineering. Genetic engineering and strain improvement – Application of conjugation , transformation, transduction and transfection – Principles and application of recombinant DNA technology – Enzymology of the process. References : 1) Brown T.A. 1995. Gene cloning 3rd edition. Chapmann and Hall publications , USA. 2) Jagond, S.N. 1997, Gene Biotechnology , Himalaya Publishing house, Banglore. 3) Lewin B. 2000. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press. 4) Old.R.W. Primrose S.P. 1996. Principles of Gene Manipulations. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Germany. 5) Winnaker, EL. 1987. From Genes to clones : Introduction to Gene Technology, VCH Publications, Germany. Page 99 99 6) IMBT82 : DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY Objectives. The course aims to study about the microorganism associated with milk and dairy products, spoilage caused by microorganisms and their preservation and processing techniques. It also empasises to learn about the fermented dairy products. Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Milk and Dairy products. Microorganisms of milk and milk products – factors affecting growth of microorganisms – types of microorganisms in milk and dairy products like butter, cheese, cream, ice cream, yogurt, whey – Examination or assessing microbial load of milk and milk products – quantitative and qualitative test. Unit – II : Preservation of milk and milk products. Types of milk and milk products – pasteurization – sterilization – radiation – Ionizing radiation – chemicals. Unit – III Spoilage of milk and milk products. Types of microbial spoilage of milk and milk products – spoilage of milk , butter , cheese, yogurt, raw milk – dry milk, ice- cream, whey. Unit – IV : Fermented dairy products. Fermentation of milk and milk products – fermentation of milk, koumiss, yogurt – fermentation of whey in industrial uses – lactic acid production – Alcohololic fermentation of whey and yeast delactosed whey – sunthesis of vitamins – diseases spread by microorganisms through milk – Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Phytogenes , Micrococcus, Phyogenes var aureus. Unit – V : Processing of Dairy products. Milk and milk products processing – Milk sanitation – cleaning and sanitization of milking utensils – microbiological standards and guidelines – quality control – dairy plant waste disposal – treatment - preventing dairy wastes. References 1) Robinson.R. 1990. Dairy Microbiology 2nd Edn. Elesvir Applied science Pub. 2) YAdav. J.S., Sunitha, G. and V.K. Batish. 1993, Comprehensive Dairy Microbiology. Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi. Page 100 100 3) IMBT 83 : VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY Objectives : The aim of the course is to learn about the different diseases caused in animals by bacteria, fungi, viruses, their treatment and control and also emphasizes the study of different parasites on animal and control. Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Animal Diseases. General characteristics of bacteria causing animal disease – Pathogenic bacteria – Defense mechanism of the host – Actinobacillosis – Anthrax – Tuberculosis – Bovine mastitis – Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control – Haemorrhagic specticaemia. Unit – II : Mycotic Diseases and Control. Pathogenic fungi – Characteristics Epidemoilogy of fungal diseases symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control of mycotic diseases of animals. Unit – III. Parasites and control. Definition – Parasites , host, vector, parasitism , Effect of parasitism on the host – Protozoan parasites – Trypanosomes, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Coccidia – Diagnosis, treatment and control. Miscellaneous Protozoan parasites – Amoebae, Ciliates Sarcocysts. Unit – IV Types of important viral Diseases on animal. General properties of virus : Morphology , size of viruses : Viral proteins , Nucleic acid, and lipids – Purification of virus particles and reaction of viruses to physical and chemical agents. Classification cultivation and replication of viruses. Viral genetics and interaction. Viral haemgglutination, interference and inclusion bodies. Oncogenic and latent viruses. Unit – V : Types of Important viral diseases on Animals. Picorna virus group – Foot mouth disease virus – Enteroviruses of animals – Reovirus group – African horse sickness virus – Blue tongue virus – Roto viruses – Infectious bursal diseases virus. Togo virus group – Swinefever viruses, Mucosal disease virus – Paramyxovirus group, pseudovirus group, Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus References 1) Batzing , B.L.2002, Microbiology , An Introduction. Thamsan Brooks cole Publication, London. 2) Inglis T.J.J. 1996. Microbiology and infection. Long Man Singapore pub.Ltd. 3) Ingraham, J.L and C.A Ingarham 2002. Introduction to microbiology, 2nd Edn. Thamsan Brooks Cole publication, London. 4) Johnson,A.G. 1996, Microbiology and Immunology 3rd Edn, Williams and Wilkins Pub. U.K 5) Prescott, M.L., J.P.Harley and D.A Klein. 2002. Microbiology 5th Edn. McGraw Hills, USA. Page 101 101 IMBP84 : LAB IN IMBT81 1) Isolation of plasmid (pBR 322/ pBluescript) from E.Coil – Separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. 2) Restriction digestion of plasmid – single and double digestion – Determination of molecular weight . – physical mapping. 3) Cloning of fragment in pBR 322/ Bluescript – insertional inactivation / blue white selection. 4) Reisolation of plasmid from the recombinant clone, Restriction digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis confirmation of size of insert. 5) IPTG induction of expression of cloned gene in E.Coli. 6) PCR amplification of DNA , RAPD, RFLP : Gel electrophoresis – analysis of fragments – Finger printing analysis. 7) Isolation of mutants by Tn 1000 mutagenesis 8) Isolation of bacterial chromosomal DNA – Determination of purity and quantity. IMBP85 : LAB IN IMBT82 & IMBT83 1) Assessment of milk quality by methylene blue reduction test. 2) Detection of bacteria in milk by standard plate counts (SPC) dye reduction . Detection of number of bacteria in milk. 3) Isolation of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus from curd 4) Preperation of yougurt 5) Isolation of bacteria , fungi and actinomyeetes from spoiled milk and milk products. 6) Microbiological survey in utensils and processing plants. 7) Assessing the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella in milk as indicator organism. 8) Special staining technique : Capsular, Acid fast, Lactophenol cotton blue. 9) Titration of virus. 10) Viral haemagglutination 11) Examination of the faecal material for identification of intestinal protozoa. 12) Preparation of blood smears their staining and examination of slides for haemoprotozoan parasites. Page 102 102 FIFTH YEAR : NINTH SEMESTER IMBT91 : AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives The aim of the course is to learn about the microorganisms associated with plants beneficial role in soil fertility productivity. It is also emphasizes the study of diseases caused by microbes on plants and use of biopesticides for crop protection. Unit- I: Interaction of Microobes with Plants Microbes harmful and beneficial to plants – Microbial association – Beneficial – Nitrogen fixing organisms – Associative symbiosis – Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Cyanobacteria. Unit-II: Biological Nitrogen Fixation Biology of nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen fixing genes and their regulation in Klebsiella, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacteer, and Agrobacterium – Plant tumor – Ti – Plasmids – Ri – Plasmids – Genetic regulation of tumorogenity in plants. Unit-III: Biofertilizers Production of bacterial biofertilizer – Criteria for strain selection – Steps for preparing biofertilizers (seed pelletiing, inoculant carriers, quality standards for inoculants) – Green manuring – Algae and other biofertilizer, Azolla and phosphate solublizers – Production of mycorrhizal biofertilizers – ecto and endo mycorrhizae – Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Pseudomonas. Unit-IV: Diseases of Crop Plants A brief account of the symptoms, etiology, life cycle and management of bacterial (blight of Paddy, citrus canker): fungal (late blight of potato and stem rust of wheat) diseases of crop plants. Unit-V: Crop Protection and Biopesticide Crop protection – disease control – fungicides – Bacterial disease – control – Bacterial insecticides – Biocontrol agents – principles and practices – microbial herbicides – viral insecticides – Entomopathogenic fungi. References 1) Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbioogy. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi. 2) Martin Alexander, 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 3) Rangaswamy, G. and D.J. Bagyarai., 1993. Agricultural Microbiology. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Page 103 103 IMBT92: SOIL MICROBIOLOGY Objectives The aim of the course is to learn about the role of microorganism in soil fertility, microbially mediated transformation of minerals in soil and decomposition of organic matter. It also emphasises the study of Rhizosphere Concept and PGPR. Unit-I: Role of Microorganism in Soil Fertility Development of soil microbiology – Distribution of soil microorganisms in soil – Role of microorganisms in soil fertility – Influence of soil and environmental factors on soil microflora – Interactions among microorganisms – Symbiosis – Mutualism – Commensalism – Competition – Parasitism – Predation. Unit-II: Microbial Transformation of Minerals Microorganisms in soil processes – Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, iron cycle, phosphorous cycle – Nitrogen fixation – Ammonification – Organisms involved. Unit- III: Interaction of Microbes with Plants Interrelationship between plants and microorganisms – Rhizospphere concept – Quantitative and qualitative studies – R:S ratio – Rhizoplane – Spermosphere – phyllosphere microorganisms – their importance in plant growth – Pesticide and other agrochemicals – recalcitrant molecules. Unit-IV: Mycorrhizae and PGPR Mycorrhizae – Plant growth regulators production by microorganisms – Microbial leaching of metal ores. Unit-V: Organic Matter Decomposition Organic matter decomposition – Composition of litters – Carbon assimilation and immobilization – Organic mater dynamics in soil – Microorganisms associated with organic matter decomposition – Factors affecting organic matter decomposition – Microbial biomass as an index of soil fertility – Humus. References 1) Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand a. and Co.Ltd. New Delhi. 2) Martin Alexander. 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd. a. New Delhi. 3) Mishra, R.R. 2000. Soil Microbiology. Jagmander Book Agency. New Delhi. 4) Subba Rao, N.S. 1977. Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. 5) Walker, N. 1975. Soil Microbiology. Butterworth. London. Page 104 104 6) IMBT93 : MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Objectives : To study the microbial biotechnology aspects of enzyme production and its process, Different techniques of biotechnology , value added microbial biotechnology. Unit – I Introduction of biotechnology Biotechnology – definition and concepts – History and achievements – Culturing of microorganisms for production – introduction to metabolism – Aerobic microbial growth – products from microbes – Environmental control of the processes. Unit – II Enzyme and its production technology. Enzyme biotechnology – Enzyme production technology from microbes – problems and applications – Enzyme immobilization – Immobilization methods and substrates – Application of immobilization – Protoplasting of microbiual cells, their immobilization and advantages. Unit – III : Different Techniques of Biotechnology. Production of antigens and interferon by cloning and expression in microbes – Cloning vectors – Plasmids , Cosmids , Bacteriophages, prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors – Broad host range and shuttle vectors – Recombinant vaccines from plants – Down stream processing of protein products – Polymer degrading enzymes of industrial significance – other protein of industrial significance. Unit IV : Microbial Biotechnology Microbial biotechnology – Cultivation methods of Spirulina – Biotechnology potentials of micro algae – Food , feed and fuel production – Pharmaceutically valuable compounds of micro algae. Unit – V : Recombinant Technology. Recombinant Vaccines – Production of Human insulin, interferon, Somatostatin , nif gene organization regulation and expression – Transfer of nif genes to prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Gene transfer for developing salinity and drought tolerance and pest and diseases resistant transgenic plants. Transgenic animals. References : 1) Demain A.L.and J.E Davis , 2004. Manual of industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company , New Delhi. 2) Glover, D.M. and B.D.Hames , 1995. DNA Cloning I.2nd edition JRL press , Oxford University press, New youk. 3) Ranga, M.M. 2004. Animal Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company, New Delhi. 4) Reddy, S.M 2004. Microbial Biotechnology. Panima Book Publishing company, New Delhi. 5) Sambrooks, Fristch Maniatis, 1989. Molecular cloning – A Lab manual II edition volume III,CSH press. 6) Trivedi, P.C 2004. Microbial Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company, New Delhi. Page 105 105 7) IMBT94: BIO-INFORMATICS Objectives The aim of the course is to make the student to understand the application of computer tectnology in biological studies and emphasizes the study of genomics data bases, tools modeling of biomolecules and use of internet & Bionet. Unit-I: Genomics and Proteomics Introduction – The uses of computers in biology – Bio informatics – Functional genomic, structural genomic, proteomics. Unit-II: Data Bases and Mining Data bases and data mining – Sequence data base – Structural data base & EST data base – SCOP, CATH. –Collection and downloading informations from data bases – Literature search – CCOD – Medline – Biological websites. Unit-III: Tools in Bioinformatics Tools – Pair wise alignment, multiple alignment (dynamic programming) BLAST, FASTA, PSI BLAST, Vector NTI, Clustalw, PHYLIP, EMBOSS – Profile – hmm profile. Unit-IV: Modelling of Biomolecules Proteins – Amino acids structure – primary, secondary, tertiary and quartinary – ORFs – Protein folding – Secondary structure prediction, threading, jpred, CASP, 3D Models of protein – RASMOL – Modeling – modeler – homology modeling. Unit-VL: Internet and Bionet Accessing information through internet – Bio net news groups – WWW software (http, html). References 1) Bax Vanis, A.D. and B.F. Francis Ovellette, 2002. Panima Book Publishing a. Company, New Delhi. 2) Baxevanis, A.D. and B.F. Fransis (eds.). 1998. Bio Informatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Willy & sons. 3) Bryan Dergovon, M.D. 2003. Bioinformatics Computing. Prientice Hall of India, New Delhi. 4) Durbin. R., S.R. Eddy, A. Knogh and G. Mitchison. 2000. Biological Sequence Analysis. Cambridge University Press. 5) Ranga, M.M. 2004. Bio Informatics. Panima Book Publishing Company, New Delhi. 6) Rawlings, C.J. 1986. Software Directory for Biologist Mac Millan Publishers. 7) Von Heijne, G. 1987. Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biollogy. Acacemic Press. Page 106 106 8) IMBP95: LAB IN IMBT91, IMBT92 & IMBT 93 10. Nitrogen fixing organisms – Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Acetobacter, Cyanobacteria. 11. Green manuring Azolla, Azorhizobium. 12. Phosphate Solubilizers. 13. PGPR – Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Pseudomonas. 14. Bacterial and fungal diseases of crop plants. 15. Biocontrol agents. 16. Enumeration of microbial population in soil – Quantitative and qualitative distribution. 17. Isolation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria – Nonsymbiotic and associative symbiotic bacteria. 18. Nitrification and denitrification. 10 Organic matter decomposition – CO2 evolution. 11 Rhizosphere – Spermosphere – Phyllosphere. 12 Frankia isolation. 13 Mycorrhiza isolation and plant infection studies. 14 Associative and antagonistic relationships among soil microorganisms. 16 Isolation of sulphur and iron bacteria. 33. Genetic improvement of industrially useful microorganisms, through mutation 34. Immobilization techniques for increasing the fermentation products 22) Bioassay techniques for antibiotics 23) Bioassay techniques for vitamins 24) Production of pharmaceutical compounds from spirulina sp. 25) Production of protein rich feed from green algae. 26) Production of SCP. IMBP96: LAB IN IMBT94 9) Working with MS office, Linus, Biojava. 10) Working with Bio – XML, HTML. 11) Working with Oracle, VB. 12) Designing a 3D structure of protein. 13) Designing resource database. 14) Sequence analysis of protein. 15) Collection and Downloading data from databases. 16) Browsing microbiological websites. Page 107 107 FIFTH YEAR : TENTH SEMESTER IMBT101 : INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Objective : To study the industrially importance microorganisms, fermentor design, fermentation economics , production recovery, antibiotics production and some industrial value products. Unit – I : History and Development of Industrial Microbiology. Historical development of industrial microbiology – industrially important microorganisms, major classes of products and processes – improvement of industrially important microbial strains. Unit – II : Fermentors and its process Design of feremntors – types of fermentors and basic functions . fermentation media formulation strategies – Economical means of providing energy – carbon, nitrogen , vitamin and mineral sources – Role of buffers – precursors – inhibitors – inducers and antifoams – types of fermentation. Unit – III : Fermentation Recovery process. The recoveries of purifications of fermentation products (intracellular and extracellular ) - cell disruption , precipitation, fileratrion, centrifugation solvent recovery, chromatography, ultra filtration, drying , cell immobilization and its application, culture preservation – Lyophilization. Unit – IV Pharmaceutical products. Microbial products of pharamaceutical value – raw materials – organism and industrial processes involved in the production of penicillin – vitamin B-12 Riboflavin – Rabies vaccine. Unit – V Microbial products of industries. Microbial products of industrial value – raw materials, organisms and industrial processes involved in the production of ethanol., vinegar, amylase, protease, glutamic, acid and – recycling and safe disposal of industrial wastes through microbes. Page 108 108 Referecnces 1) Crueger, W., 2000. A text book of industrial microbiology, 2nd Edn, Panima Book Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi. 2) Stankury P.F., Allan Whitaker , and Stephen. J. Hall 1996, Principles of fermentation Technology , Pergrmon. 3) Prescott, D.M., 2002. Industrial microbiology , Panima Book Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi. IMBP 102 ; LAB IN IMB101 8. Isolation and screening of industrially useful microorganisms. 9. Preparation of inocula and fermentation media. 10. Fermentation of alcohol 11. Fermentation of organic acid citric, latic acid. 12. Fermentation of amino acid 13. Fermentation of enzymes. 14. Production of antibiotics IMBT 103 : PROJECT PROJECT WORK. Page 109 109 CORE 101. MUSHROOM TECHNOLOGY Objectives The course deals with the various aspects of the production techniques and problems in mushroom cultivation. Unit I Mushroom science : Landmarks – edible and poisonous mushrooms – nutritive value, mushroom diseases – application of related fields – microbiology, fermentation technology and environmental engineering – Genetic resources : Population diversity, speciation, culture collection centers and bio informatics resources. Unit II Taxonomy and biology : Classification – molecular approaches and life cycles of important edible mushrooms – Pleurotus, Volvariella, Calocybe, Lentinus, Auricularia and Agaricus – Morphogenesis: basidiocarp development, role of enzymes – cellulases, hemicellulases , laccase, petase, amylolytic enzymes – B 1,3 glucanase , mannitol dehydrogenase, PO and PPO amylolytic enzymes – Role of metabolic gases in fruiting body morphology. Unit IV Cultivation : Substrate formulation – science of composting and casing – Physiological physical and biochemical considerations for the cultivation of different edible mushrooms – Role of bioinoculants in mushroom growing – problems in mushroom cultivation. Unit V Methods of chemical analysis of mushrooms : post harvest storage ; Physiological changes, enzymatic and non – enzymatic browning , auto-oxidation, microbial spoilage – Biomolecules from mushrooms and toadstools ; nutriceutical , pharmaceutical and pesticidal molecules from macrobasidiomycetes. Reference Books : 1) Aneja, K.R 1996 Experiments in microbiology plant pathology, Tissue culture and mushroom (2nd Edition ) Wishwa prokashan, New Delhi. 2) Bahl, N., 1997, Hand Book of Mushroom cultivation in India, Oxford & IBH PublishingCo., New Delhi. 3) Chandha , K.L.and S.R. Sharma, 1995 Mushroom Biotechnology – Advances in Horticulture Vol., 13., Malhotra publishing House, New Delhi 4) Chang, S.T., and H. Quimio, Hayes, 1978, Biology and cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, Academic press, New York. 5) Chang, S.t. and H. Quimio 1982, Tropical Edible Mushromms, The chines University press, Hongkong.