Download Syllabus of M.Sc Microbiology of Annamalai University

ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY
FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE
ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS)
Regulation
Common to all Departments of Studies in the Faculty of Science.
Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Earth Sciences,
and Bio Chemistry.
Master Programme.
A Master’s Programme consists of a number of courses, in M.Sc. A Master’s
Programme consists of a set of compulsory courses and Language papers.
The entire course carriers credit system. The number and distribution of credits
for the courses will be decided by the respective faculties.
A course is divided into two semesters, odd semester and Even semester.
Credits
The terms credit is used to describe the quantum of syllabus for various program
in terms and hours of study. In indicates differential weightage given according to the
contents and duration of the courses in the curriculum design.
The minimum credit requirement for the award of the degree of Five years
Master’s Programme shall be 154.
Courses
Each course may consist of Lectures / Tutorials/ Laboratory work / seminar /
project work / practical training report / Viva Voce etc.
Normally in each of the courses, credits will be assigned on the basis of the
lectures/ Tutorials/ Laboratory work and other form of learning in a 18 week schedule.
Eligibility for Admission.
Candidates for admission to the first year of the five year integrated M.Sc Degree
courses shall be required to have passed the final examinations of the plus 2 Higher
secondary course and Equivalent thereto with a minimum of 50% aggregate under
academic stream with the following subjects as in Appendix – A, Conducted by the
Board of Secondary Education, Tamilnadu Government or an examination of any other
authority there to. They shall satisfy the conditions regarding qualifying marks, age and
physical fitness as may be prescribed by the syndicate of the Annamalai University from
time to time.
Grading system
The term grading system indicates a 10 point scale of evaluation of the
performance of students in terms of marks grade points, letter grade and class
Course Duration
The duration for completion of a five year intergraded M.Sc. Programme in any
course is ten semesters.
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Student counselors
To help the students in planning their course of study and for general advice on
the academic programme, the Head of the Department will attach a certain number of
student to a member of the faculty who shall function’s student counselor for those
students throughout their period of study.
Attendance
Every teaching faculty handing a course shall responsible for the maintenance of
attendance Register for candidates who have registered for the course.
The instructor of the course must intimate the Head of the Department at least
seven calendar days before the least instruction day in the semester about the particulars
of all students who have secured an attendance of less than 80%
A candidate who has attendance less than 80% shall not be permitted to sit for the
End – Semester Examinations in the course in which the shortage exists.
However, it shall be open to the authorities to grant exemption to a candidates
who has failed to obtain the prescribed 80% attendance for valid reasons on payment of a
condonation fee and such exemption should not under any circumstances be granted for
attendance below 70%.
Examination
There will be two sessional assessments and one end semester Examinations
during each semester. Sessional Test – I will be held during sixth week for the syllabi
converted till then.
Sessional Test – I will be a combination of a variety of tools such as class test,
assignment and paper presentation that would be suitable to the course. This requires an
element of openness. The students are to be informed in advance. However, the tests are
compulsory. Test –I may be for one hour duration. The pattern of question will be
decided by the respective faculty. Sesssional test – II carry 20 % of marks of the entire
course. There will be one end semester Examinations of 3 hours duration in each course.
The end semester Examination will cover all the syllabus of the course for 60% of
marks.
Evaluation
Evaluation will be done on a continuous basis evaluation may be objective type
Questions, Quiz, Short answers, Essays or a combination of these, but at the end semester
it has to be a written examinations.
The performance of students in each course is evaluated in terms of percentage of
marks (PM) with a provision for conversion to grade point (GP) the sum total
performance in each semester will be rated by GPA while the continuous performance
from the 2nd semester onwards will be marked by (OGPA).
Marks and Grading
A student cannot repeat the assessment of sessional Test –I and Seesional Test –
II. However, If for any compulsive reason the student could not attend the test, the
prerogative of arranging a special test lies with the teacher in consultation with the Head
of the Department.
A minimum of 50 % marks in each course is prescribed for a pass. A student has
to securer 50 % minimum in the End semester Examination.
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If a candidate who has not secured a minimum of 50 % of marks in a course shall
be deemed to have failed in that course.
The students can repeat the end semester Examinations when it is offered in the
subsequent odd / even semesters till the regulations are in force. However a candidate
cannot move to the next odd/ even semesters if he / she have more than six papers as
arrears at any point of time.
A candidate who has secured a minimum of 50% marks in all courses prescribed
in the programme and earned a minimum of the credits will be considered to have passed
the Master programme.
Grading
A ten point rating is used for the evaluation of the performance of the student to
provide grade for each course and overall grade for the master’s programme.
Marks
Grade points
Letter grade
Class
90+
10
S
Exemplary
85-89
9.0
D++
Distinction
80-84
8.5
D+
Distinction
75-79
8.0
D
Distinction
70-74
7.5
A++
First Class
65-69
7.0
A+
First Class
60-64
6.5
A
First Class
55-59
6.0
B
Second Class
50-54
5.5
C
Second Class
49 or Less
F
Fail
The successful candidates in the core subjects are classified as follows.
I – Class 60 % marks and above in over all percentage of marks (OPM)
II - Class 50-59% marks in over all percentage of marks.
Candidates who obtain 75% and above but below 90% of marks (OPM) shall be deemed
to have passed the examinations in first Class / Distinction) provided he / she passed all
the course prescribed for the programme at the first appearance.
Candidates who obtain 90% and above (OPM) shall be deemed to have passed the
examination in first class (Exemplary) provided he / she pass the entire course prescribed
for the programme at the first appearance. Candidates who obtain highest marks in all
examinations at the first appearance alone considered for ranking.
For the internal Assessment Evaluation the break up marks shall be as follows
Test (15 +15)
: 30Marks
Assignment
: 05 Marks
Case Study / Seminar / Short Answer etc. : 05 Marks
Total
: 40 Marks
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Course – wise letter grades
The percentage of marks obtained by a candidate in a course will be indicating in
a letter grade.
A student is considered to have completed a course successfully and earned the
credits if he / she secured over all grades other than F. A Letter grade F in any course
imples a failure in that course. A course successfully completed cannot be reapeated for
the purpose of improving the grade point.
The F grade once awards stays in the grade card of the students and is not deleted
even when he/ she completed the course successfully later. The grade acquired later by
the student will be indicated in the grade sheet of the odd/ Even semester in which the
candidates has appeared for clearance of the arrears.
If a students secured F grade in the Project work / Fieldwork / Practical work /
Dissertation. Either he / she shall improved it and resubmit it if it involves only rewriting
incorporation the clarification of the evaluation or he/ she can re- register and carry out
the same in the subsequent semester for evaluation.
Transitory Regulations
Wherever there had been change of syllabi, examinations based on the existing
syllabus will be conducted for three consecutive times after implementation of the new
syllabus in order to enable the students to clear the arrears. Beyond that the student will
have to take up their examinations in equivalent subjects as per the new syllabus on the
recommendations of the Head of the Department concerned.
APPENDIX – A
M.Sc, Microbiology
: A Pass in H.Sc. (10+2 Level) and Equivalent there to with a
minimum of 50% aggraded under academic stream with the
following students viz. Physics & chemistry. Biology or
Botany and Zoology.
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M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY
FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE
ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
Total Credits: 154
First year: I Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
ITAC 11
IENC 12
ICEC 13
IMBT 14
IMBP 15
Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French
Part II : Language – English : Basic English
Skills
Civics, Environmental and Health Science
General Microbiology
Lab in IMB14
3
3
3
4
1
First year: II Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
ITAC 21
IENC 22
ICAC 23
IMBT 24
IMBP 25
Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French
Part II : Language – English : Technology &
Communicative English
Computer Applications - I
General Bio chemistry
Lab in IMB24
3
3
3
4
1
Second year: III Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
ICAC 31
IMBT 32
IMBT 33
IMBP 34
Computer Applications – II
Morphology , cytology and Growth of
Microorganisms
Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Lab in , IMB32, IMB33
4
4
5
2
Second year: IV Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 41
IMBT 42
IMBT 43
IMBP 44
Cell Biology, Cell and Tissue Culture
Microbial Physiology and Metabolism
Microbial Genetics
Lab in IMB41, IMB42, IMB43
4
4
4
3
Third year: V Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 51
IMBT 52
IMBT 53
IMBP 54
IMBP 55
Molecular Biology
Virology
Biostatistics
Lab in IMB51, IMB62
Lab in IMB53
4
4
4
2
1
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Third year: VI Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 61
IMBT 62
IMBT 63
IMBT 64
IMBP 65
Microbial Ecology and Bio – Diversity
Water and Textile Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Bio Energy
Lab in IMB61, IMB62, IMB63 & IMB64
4
4
4
4
4
Fourth year: VII Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 71
IMBT 72
IMBT 73
IMBP 74
IMBP 75
Immunology
Medical Microbiology
Enzymology and Food Microbiology
Lab in IMB71 & IMB72
Lab in IMB73
4
4
4
2
1
Fourth year: VIII Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 81
IMBT 82
IMBT 83
IMBP 84
IMBP 85
Genetic Engineering
Dairy Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology
Lab in IMB81
Lab in IMB82 & IMB83
4
4
4
1
2
Fifth year: XI Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 91
IMBT 92
IMBT 93
IMBP 94
IMBP 95
IMBP 96
Agricultural Microbiology
Soil Microbiology
Microbial Bio Technology
Bio Informatics
Lab in IMB91, IMB92 & IMB93
Lab in IMB94
4
4
4
4
3
1
Fifth year: X Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 101
IMBP 102
IMBP 103
Industrial Microbiology
Lab in IMB101
Project
4
1
6
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M. Sc Microbiology
Five Year Integrated Degree
ON – Campus Programme (CBS)
Syllabus
First Year – First Semester
Part – I: Language
ITAC 11: Tamil (Option)
遑 1 : 褞∋撰 爼齒 貉顴
橙1
袷錢 遑 蒡 陦踉∵ /nobr>
(硴∵ .3.40.44.54.57.69.135.167.197)
橙2
腰錚鐸∩陟 陦踉∵ /nobr>
(硴∵ 47.86.112.163.182.184.192.235.239)
橙3
遒取 - 蔟♭ 蔗♯ 樌よｓ蘂蔟 /nobr>
橙4
蔡 鵤顳鴉顴 - 駕 茖蹉跣 - 茖譬蠅陟 韭 /nobr>
橙5
酷譬蠅∵ - 陦齊ゎｊ褜
爼齒 - 蔡 - 譯茴譯 .介.顳蹐蔡
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PART – 1 Language
ITAC 11 : Hindi (Option)
Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – 1
First 15 Lesson only (Poems omitted)
(Published by D.B Hindi prachara sabha . T.Nagar Chennai - 17 )
S.R. Sastri – Sarai Hindi Vyakaran – Part I
(Published by D.B. Hindi prachara sabha , T.Nagar Chennai – 17 )
PART – I
ITAC11: French (Option)
Book: Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres – 1
(Methods de francals) First 2 Units.
PART – II: ENGLISH
IENC12: BASIC ENGLISH SKILLS
Objectives: The course aims at developing communicative competence of the
students in the English Language by emphasizing the skills of listening, speaking, reading
and writing and by enabling them to perform different tasks successfully in a variety of
real life academic contexts. Encouraging a student – centered approach to the learning of
English through materials and activities of intrinsic interest and relevance to students
lives the course aims at making the language learning process enjoyable and in prepairing
students to read and write effectively
Course Book : Shridar, Gokhale, Vanashree Joshi. and Britan Robinson.
Developing your English : Mumbai Frank Brothers & Co., 1998.
The book treats serious moral, ethical, social and cultural themese that of
importance to the student community. under each unit of the course book, the student will
have opportunity to explore different types of texts, to critically analyse the topic
covered, to articulate their beliefs and opinions, and to participate in class activities as
speaking listening, reading, writing and answering grammar exercises and global
questions.
Unit – I: Superstitions and Magic, Young People
Listening: 1. In some Tamil Nadu Villages people shun umbrellas During the Rains.
2. Money Matters Most for Today’s Youth.
Reading:
Text A: Superstition is a Belief , Half – Belief
Text B: Night of the Scorpion
Text C: Genuine East Indian Magic
Text D: The Young Ones
Text E: The Home coming
Writing:
1. A Spiritualist’s Bluff
2. The Mother Daughter Relationship I & II
Grammar: The passive, Indirect Speech
Speaking: Global Questions
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Unit – II: Food and Health, Indian Films.
Listening: 1. Animal or Vegetable?
2. Problems of a Bengal Film Maker
Reading:
Text A: Tea or Coffee
Text B: Choice of Crops for Improved Nutrition
Text C: The Luncheon
Text D: On Top of the World
Text E: Corrosive Rhythms
Writing:
1. Take Care: Cigarettes
2. A Film Review
Grammar:
Model Auxiliaries, Simple Past and Past Progressive, Past Perfect
Speaking: Global Questions
Unit – III: Urban and Rural Life, Advertising
Listening: 1. A Frightening Scenario
2. A: The Royal parks of London
B: Richmond Park Can be a very big place if you’re only three feet Tall
Reading:
Text A: Urban Villagers
Text B: We Die Together
Text C: Henchad’s Oath
Text D: Ode on Solitude
Text E: Age of Virtuous Ad
Text F: Code of Ethics for Advertising
Writing:
1. Psyches crumble as Bombayites Fight Stress,
2. Visual Writing
Grammar:
Prepositions of Phrasal Verbs, Conditional Sentences
Speaking: Global Questions.
Unit – IV: Environment, Women in India.
Listening: 1. Induswtrialist’s Recipe for money.
2. Famous Indian Women
A.M.S Subbulakshmi B: Kiran Bedi.
Reading:
Text A: Noise – Global perspective.
Text B: Earth worm
Text C: Science for Man. Not Nations
Text D: Relationships
Text E: Talking Runs!
Text F: Indian Women
Writing:
1. Eco – Friendly Disposal of Waste Course
2. Women and Men Do think Differently
3. Bihar Parties ‘High – Pitched Drive to Woo Women
Grammar: Present perfect and present progressive,
Stative and Dynamic Verbs, Articles.
Speaking: Global Questions.
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Unit – V Famous People , English in the World.
Listening:
1. My Finest Hour
2. British and American English – Part I & II
Reading:
Text A : Habba Khatoon
Text B: ….. And Allah Created Lata
Text C: Vinoba Bhave
Text D: A Psalm of Life.
Text E: How Indians Use English
Text F: What is your Good Name, Please?
Text G: Meeting Friends.
Writing:
1. My Sixteenth Year
2. Marriage Lines
Grammar: Concord , Features of Indian English
Speaking:
Global Questions.
Reference
1. Shridar, Gokhale , Vanashree Joshi and BrianRobinson. 1998.
Developing your English, Mumbai:Frank Brothers & Co.
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ICEC 13: CIVICS, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND HEALTH SCIENCE
(A) Civics
UNIT – I : Introduction
Democracy – Citizenship – duties of Good Citizen – Society state and citizen –
Limits of state Activity.
Indian Constitution preamble – Basic Features – Citizenship – Fundemental
Duties.
Unit – II Political System.
Union Government President – Prime Minister – Parliament – Supreme Court –
Electoral system – State Government : Governor – Chief Minister – Center state
Relations.
Local
Government
:
Urban
Administrative
system
Panchayati Raj system.
References:
1. Fadia, B.L. 1999. Indian Government and Politics, Agra. Sahitya Bhawan
Publication.
2. Maheswari, S.R. 1996 Local Government in India Agra, Lakshmi Narain
Agarwal.
3. Agrawal. R.C 2000. Indian Political system, New Delhi, S.Chand &
Company
4. James H. 1961 Mccrocklin, Building Citizenship, USA Allyn and Bacon .
INC.
(B) Environmental Sciences
Unit – I Ecosystems
Fundamental Concepts and Principles – Structure and Function – Classification –
Modern concept of Ecosystem – Energy flow – Ecological indicators.
Unit - II Environment
Definition – Natural Resources – Classification – Conservation – Development of
public water supply – Need for producted water supply – Per capita consumption –
Sanitation – Sewage system – Disposal of sewage – Kinds of pollution – Their effect of
human beings.
References
1. Odum, E.P 1971 Fundamental Ecology, 3rd Edition, Saunders.
2. Colvinvaux, P. 1986. Ecology. John Wiley & Sons
3. Agarwal & Rana, S.V.S 1985 Environmental & Natural Resources, Society of
Biosciences
4. Duggal K.N 1994. A Text Book on Public Health Engineering. S.Chand & Co.
Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
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(C) Health Sciences
Unit -I
Physical Health – Introduction to health – Food meaning of balanced diet.
Sources, common nutritional deficiencies and prevention.
Personal health – Cleanliness of body, care of Skin. Nails, Eye, Hair, Oral Health,
Clothing, Body posture and good habits such as exercises – Importance of avoiding
smoking , alcoholism , drugs etc.,
Population explosion and family planning – importance, common methods of
Planning for men & Women.
Mothers and children – Immunisation of children ( Importance, schedule ) care of
mothers during pregnancy and after delivery.
Communicable Diseases – Symptoms and prevention
Unit – II
(1) Mental Health – Factors for maintenance of good mental health (a)
Adolescent problems (b) First Aid.
(2) Environment – Ventilation, Lighting . Simple method of purification of water
sanitary latrine, prevention of worm infestation (Round worm, hook worm).
References
1. Murray Grant 1987. Hand Book of Community health, Philadelphia : Lea &
Febiger Publications.
2. Lawrence B. Chenoweth, et al, 1934. Community Hygiene, New york: F.S
Croft’s & Co
3. Charies Frederic Boldman, et al. 1936. Public Health and Hygiene,
Philadelphia : W.B.Saunders Company.
4. Harold S, Diehl, 1945. Text Book Of Healthful Living , New York: Mc Grqw
Hill Book Company.
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IMBT14 : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Unit – I
Definition and scope of Microbiology – History and recent developments – Spontaneous
generation theory – Biogenesis – Contribution of Louis Pasteur – Leewenhoek, Lazaro
spallanzani, John Tyndall, Joseph Lister, Robert koch, Edward Jenner, Stanley ,
Alexander Fleming - Waksman.
Unit – II
Microscopy : Principles and application of simple, compound, bright field, dark field ,
phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscopy – Scanning electron microscope and
transmission electron microscope.
Unit – III
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, General characteriscs and nature of
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Rickettsiae, Chlamydias, Spirochaetes,
Actinomycetes, Mycoplasma, Viruses, Algae, Fungi and protozoa.
Unit – IV
Sterilization : Principles and methods – Physical (moist heat, dry heat, filtration,
Pasteurization. Tyndalization, radiations) and chemical (antibiotics, alcohols, aldehydes,
phenols, halogens and hypochlorites) – disinfection.
Principle of staining : Nature of dyes types of staining – simple, differential, negative and
spore staining.
Unit – V
Culture technique : Types of media – simple, defined, enriched and transport media with
examples. Aerobic and Anaerobic culture technique method of maintenance and
preservation of microbial cultures.
Reference Books :
1. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan E.C.S and Kreig,1993. Microbiology, McGraw
Hill, Inc., New york
2. Stainer R.Y., Ingraham J.L., Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R. 1986
General Microbioloy, Mcmillan Education Ltd., London.
3. Prescott. L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein , B.A.,2000. Microbiology
(Fourth edition), Wm.C. Brown publisher IOWA, U.S.A.
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IMBP15 : LAB IN IMBT 14
1. Study of Microscopes
2. Methods of sterilization
3. Micrometry
4. Preperation of culture media and Agar slants
5. Purification of Bacteria
6. Purification of Fungi
7. Gram staining
8. Endospore staining
9. Negative staining
10. Capsule staining
11. Total cell count (Haemocyto meter)
12. Morphology of Fungi : Somatic structure and reproductive structures.
13. Morphology Bacteria.
14. Hydrolysis of starch.
15. Gelatin liquefaction.
16. Production of H2 S and IMVIC Test.
17. Methyle Red and VP Test.
18. Preservation and Microbial cultures.
Reference Books :
1. Beistir, L.1996. Microbiology (6th Edition), Adelandwsky, Langman, New York.
2. Bensen J.H 1996 Microbiological Applications : A Laboratory Manual in General
Microbiology, (6th Edition) WN.C. Brown Publication, IOWA, USA
3. James G.C and Sharman , N.1996. Microbiology : A Laboratory Manual (4th
Edition ) The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, International, USA.
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FIRST YEAR : SECOND SEMESTER
Part - I : Language
ITAC21 : Tamil (Option)
遑 - 2: 頏褜陦譬喜 鉐 /nobr>
橙1
阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚
茲.頌錢遑髯ｓ -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇
橙2
阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚
茲.頌錢遑髯ｓ -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇
橙3
茗 蝪槇 汕∵顴
譯茴譯 潁ｎ 褪♯陟顆 - 陦賈槇 - 茗 →蝪槇 汕∵顴
橙4
飫 鉐 /nobr>
茨 檐錢銷 - 陦賈槇 - 錵蘂萓顴 韋∬ｗ鵤蔗ｑ /nobr>
橙5
滕 を槇 蓐 眇駆槇
銛遐遒 姻‡茴握 椪蔟 - 陦賈槇 蠅錢遯孖 蝪 /nobr>
Part – 1 : Language
ITAC21 : Hindi (Option)
1. Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – II
( First 10 Lesson Only )
2. Manohar kahaniyan – Part – II
( First 10 stories Only )
Published by D.B. Hindi Prachara Sabha , T.Nagar, Chennai – 17
Part – I : Language
ITAC21 : French (option)
Book : Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres - 1
(Method de francais) – III and IV Unit
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Part – II : English
IENC22 : TECHNICAL AND COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH.
Objectives :
The Course is task oriented and aims at imparting proficiency in English skills for
advanced level learners, through appropriate communication activities, specimens,
illustrations and telling examples. By way of fulfilling the needs and requirements of
students at the advanced level, the course trains students in diverse practice materials to
acquire proficiency in learning through the strategies of self – motivation, self –
evaluation, and self- correction.
Course Book : Mohan Krishnan and Raman, Meenakshi, Effective English
communication, New Delhi : Tata McGraw – Hill 2000.
Besides the prescribed text, teaching materials drawn from various sources such
as radio and television programs, newspapers, and magazines would we supplied to
students as handouts.
Unit – I : Spoken English :
Practice in the correct pronunciation of English vowels and consonants , syllables and
accent,
Unit – II Written communication
Vocabulary development , word structure , word order, and phrasal verbs.
Unit – III comprehension
Listening and Reading comprehension.
Unit –IV : Composition
Paragraph writing, precis writing, dicto composition, letters writing, writing a term
course, writing book reviews.
Unit – V : Forms of Technical communication
1.Technical Reports 2. Forms, Memos and E- Mail 3. Business letters 4. Presentation 5.
Job search – Resumes and letters.
In addition to those components , students would be involved in performing
communicative tasks such as making short speeches, interpreting visual presentations,
role play, and group discussions.
References :
1. Mohan Krishna and Raman, Meenakshi, 2000. Effective English Communication.
New Delhi: Tata Mc Grawe Hill.
2. Ruther Ford, Andero J. 2001. Basic Communication skills for Technology –
Peaisons.
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ICAC23 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – I
Unit – I
Introduction to computers – Application of computers – Concepts of Data and
information – A Typical computer system – Memory concepts – History of computers Types of computers.
Input – Output Devices – Data storage Devices – Software – The Definitions –
The Role of Software – Housekeeping.
Unit – II
The Computer Internals – Typical PC Configiration – Booting – Virus, Anti virus
, Vaccine – Versions of software.
Operating system – Definition – Classification – Basic of MSDOS – Introduction
to windows operating system – Features of windows OS – Desktop and Desktop icon –
Starting programs – Browsing and managing windos explorer Setting – Taskbars and
creating shortcuts.
Unit – III
Introduction to internet – Client server Basics, E- Mail , Telnet and Archive –
FTP – Gopher Jughead and Veronica – WAIS and World Wide Web. Fundementals of
HTML , TC/IP and E – Commerce.
Unit – IV
Issue involved in web site Management – Addressing – Designing web sites with
Front page.
Unit – V
Multimedia – Concept, Requirements Applications and future – Hardware and
software Requirements for multimedia Development and Delivery Platforms –
Multimedia methodologies – Fundamentals and use of Hypertext, Hypermedia, sound ,
Image, Animation, Video.
Using Multi Media : Multimedia Interface, Planning and Developments of
Multimedia projects.
Text Books.
1. Ron Mansfield, Osborne, Windows 95 for Busy People, McGraw Hill.
2. Ron White , How Computers work.BPB.
3. Christian crumlish, The ABCs of the internet.
4. Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon. “ Internet in a nut Shell” Leon Press, Chennai
& Vikas publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Tay Vaughan, Multimedia Marking it work, Osborne Tata McGraw Hill 1996.
References Books.
1. Computer Fundementals and Windows with internet Technology by Krishnan,
Scitech publication (India) Pvt.Ltd. Chennai.
2. Windows and MS – OFFICE 2000 with data base concepts by Krishnan,
Scientech Publications (India) PVt. Ltd, Chennai.
3. Stephen Nelson, Field Guide to the internet.
4. James Meade, David Grower, Rhonda Grower, Microsoft DHTML,
5. Rosen Brog. A Guide of Multimedia.
6. Ned Sneel, The Internet starter Kit in 24 hours Techmedia 1998.
7. Michael Goodwin, Marking Multimedia Works . Coomdex, 1995.
Page 18
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MBT24 – GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY.
Unit – I
Acid and base – Definition. Conjugate acids and bases, ionic product of water,
ionic strength, dissociation constants. pH and pH measurement. Buffers – Henderson
Hasselbalch equation. Biologically important buffers.
Concept of free energy and entropy Free energy changes in biological reactions .
High energy compounds. The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Unit – II
Carbohydrates – General account of classification and properties.
Metabolism of carbohydrates : Glycolysis, Entner Doudoroff pathway.
Gluconeogensis, Citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate and glyoxylate pathway.
Metabolism of glycogen and regulation.
Unit – III
Classification of amino acids, Biologically importance peptides, proteins –
Classification, orders of protein structure ( Primary , Secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
A brief account of biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids.
Metabolism of amino acid nitrogen – transamination, deamination, Urea cycle.
Elementary details of catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids.
Unit – IV
Lipids – Classification and general properties. Fatty acid metabolism, βOxidation and biosynthesis. A brief account of triglycerides and cholesterol biosynthesis
Vitamin sources, requirements, biological functions of fat soluble (A,B,E and K) and
water soluble vitamins (Thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, folic acid and B12)
Unit – V
Nucleic acid: Purines , Pyrimidines , nucleosides, nucleotides, Watson – Crick
model of DNA Structure, Majour Classes of RNA. Biosynthesis and degradation of
purines and pyrimidines.
Minerals : Sources, Daily allowances , Biological function of phosphorous ,
magnesium, sodium, potassium , iron copper and Zinc.
Reference Book
1. Biochemistry, Zubay, 4th Edition, 1998. William C.Brown Publication.
2. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition McGraw Hill
3. Biochemistry, Stryer, 4th Edition Freeman,
4. Principle of Biochemistry, Lehniger Nelson Cox. Macmillan Worth Publisher,
2000.
5. Biochemistry, Vooet and Voet.
Page 19
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IMBP 25: Lab in IMBT24
1. Preperation of buffers and pH Measurements.
2. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates.
3. Qualitative analysis of amino acids.
4. Seperation of amino acids and sugars by paper chromatography.
5. Isolation and estimation of starch.
6. Estimation of sugars by Anthrone methods.
7. Estimation of protein by Lowry’s Methods.
8. Estimation of pentose by orcinol method.
9. Estimation of DNA – Diphenylamine method.
10. Estimation of Inogranic phosphorus by Fiske of Subbarow method.
11. Estimation of glucose by benedicts method.
12. Estimation of Vitamin C by 2,4 dichlorphenol indophenol method.
13. Estimation of calcium – ammonium oxalate method.
14. Estimation of protein by Biuret method.
Page 20
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SECOND YEAR : THIRD SEMESTER
ICAC31 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – II
Unit – I
Introduction to Microsoft Office – Create and Modify Documents – Formate the
Text, Tables within the Documents – Merge the Documents and print – Working with
World Wide Web.
Unit – II
Create and modify spreadsheets – Formate the Cells – Different 2D and 3D
Charts – Creation and Modification – Budget preparation – Functions – Printing of
Spreadsheet and Charts.
Unit – III
Concept of data types, field, record, table and Data Base – Creation –
Modification – Manipulation – backup and recovery- significance and need of Queries.
Unit – IV
Importance of the Primary key – Foreign keys and Lookup lists – Significance of
Data validation – Input Mask – Sorting and indexing – Use Table relationship and forms
– Application – Reports – Creation and Printing.
Unit – V
Create and modify presentations – Create master slide and templates – Different
views of slide – Add animation and transitions.
Reference Books
1. Joe Habreken , Microsoft Office 2000, PHI, 1998.
2. Microsoft Office 2000 Complete, Sybex, 1999.
Reference
1. Sharma M.C 1997 Desk Top Pop Publishing on PC BPB Pub.
2. Krishnan. Windows and MS – Office 2000 With data base concepts scitech
publication (India) P.Ltd., Chennai.
3. Ron Mansfield Working in Microsoft Office , Tata McGraw Hill.
Page 21
21
IMBT 32 : MORPHOLOGY , CYTOLOGY AND GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS.
Unit – I
Morphology of bacteria – Size and shape – structure of Bacterial Cell – Capsule ,
flagella – Fimbriae, Chaemotaxis, Cytology of bacterial cell – cytoplasmic membranes
mesosomes – DNA , RNA Constituents – Cytoplasmic inclusions. Factors affecting the
growth of Bacterial populations.
Unit – II
Morphology of fungi – Cell wall structure – Fungal thallus –Unicellurar fungi –
Filamentrous fungi – Cytology of fungi – Mitochondria – Golgibodies – Endoplasmic
reticulum – woronin bodies – Lysosomes.
Unit – III
Morphology of Algae – Types of vegetative forms, heterocysts and non –
heterocystous forms – cocolithous in algae. Cytology of algae – Pigments formation –
cell inclusions.
Unit – IV
Morphology of protozoa – shapes and sizes of protozoa. Cytology of protozoa –
body covering and skeletons in protozoa – locomotory organelles in protozoa internal
organells of protozoa viruses, shape, structure - Bacteriophages – shape , size structure.
Unit – V
Microbial Growth – phases of growth curve measurement of growth –
calculations of growth rate-Generation time – Synchronous growth – induction of
synchronous growth , synchrony index – Factors affecting growth – PH’’ temperature ,
substrate and osmotic condition.
References
1. Dubey R.C and Maheswari D.K 1999. A Text book of Microbiology. S. Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Pelczar M.J., E.C.S chan and Krieg N.L 1993. Microbiology. McGraw Hill
international , Edition 5th Ed., New York.
3. Schelegal H. 1993. General Microbiology. Cambridge Unbiveristy Press,
Cambridge.
Page 22
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IMBT 33: TAXONOMY OF MICROORGANISMS
Unit – I
General Principles of Classification – Evolution – Methods of classification –
International codes of Nomenclature – Modern approaches in the classification – 16s
RNA Sequences and protein sequences, Numerical taxonomy – DNA hybridization,
DNA base ratio, serology.
Unit – II
Classification of bacterial –Bergey’s system, Lechevalie’s system - Stainer’s
system outline, classification in latest edition of Bergey’s manual – Cyanobacteria.
Unit – III
Classification of fungi – Lower and higher fungi – Life cycles of
Plasmodiophora, Spongospora, Pythium, Rhizopus, Sclerospora, Puccinia, Uromyces,
Ustilago, Tolyposporium, Agaricus, Cercospora, Rhizoctonia and Mycorrhizal fungi.
Unit – IV
Outline classification of algae – Chrysophyta, Englenophyta, Chlorophyta,
Pyrrophyta Phacophyta, Rhodophyta – Classification of protozoa.
Unit – V
Viruses – Nature and properties in relation to classification and nomenclature of
viruses – Various system of Classification – Classification of mycoplasma.
References.
1. Leive, L. 1973. Membranes and wall of Bacteria, Dekker, New York.
2. Deacon J. 1984. Introduction of Modern Mycology, Blackwell science Publ.,
London.
3. Alexopoulos, C.J and Mims. 1983. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern
Ltd, Chennai.
4. Bergey’s Manula of systematic Bacterialogy 8th Edn.
Page 23
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IMBP34 : LAB IN IMBT32 & IMBT 33
1. Examinations of Cell Wall / Gram positive / Gram Negative.
2. Cell Membrane Structure / Endospores / Flagella Structure.
3. Examination of internal Structures of bacteria.
4. Fungal Spore types Sclerotia, Chlamydospores, Sporangia, Conidia etc.,
5. Sporulation and Budding in yeast.
6. Protozoa Types.
7. Plaque formulation and observation.
8. Algal Types.
9. Systematic study of different classes of fungi Plasmodiophoria / Pythium /
Phytophthora / Aspergillus / Penicillium / Agaricus / Puccinia / Septoria /
Pyricullaria / Saccharomyces / Helminthosporium / Rhizoctonia.
10. Cultural characters and BioChemical tests of Bacteria in each order and family.
11. Linear Growth of fungi in solid media.
12. Growth of fungi in liquid media.
13. Determination of generation time.
Page 24
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SECOND YEAR: FOURTH SEMESTER
IMBT41 : CELL BIOLOGY, CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
Objectives :
The Courses cell biology deals with both structure and function of the organelles
in the cell and the matrix, it has been organized into three sections, Concerned with
anatomy, Physiology, and metabolism of the cells, and finally nuclecytoplasmic relations
of cells. The another importance section concerned with plant tissue culture emphasis on
organic haploid of isolation and transformation of protoplast.
Unit – I
Cell theory – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (Plants and animal) General
structure – supramolecular structure of the cell surface – molecular organization of cell
membrane – cell permeability – Cell membrane differentiation and intercellular
communications – Cell coat and cell recognition.
Unit – II
Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles – cytoskeleton and Cell motility
Microtubles and – Micro filaments – Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Cell secretion –
Microsomes – functions of ER – synthesis of Exportable protein – Golgi cell secretion.
Unit –III
Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation – morphology – structure – isolation
of mitochondria membranes – molecular organization and function of mitochondria –
permeability of mitochondria – biogenesis of mitochondria. Lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Characteristics of lysosomes. Endocysts – intramolecular digestion – peroxisomes. Plant
cell wall cytoplasm and chloroplast – chloroplasts and plastids – molecular organization
of thylakoids. Photosynthesis – structural and functional model of chloroplast membrane
– chloroplast as semi – antonomous organelle.
Unit – IV
Nucleus and chromosomes – interphase nucleus chromosomes – nucular envelope
– chromatin – heterochromatin – nucleolus. The cell cycles and DNA – replications –
comparison of mitosis and meiosis – description of meiosis – genetic consequences of
meiosis. Types of meiosis and biochemistry of meiosis – cell differentiation –
cytoplasmic interaction – molecular mechanism of nuclear cytoplasmic interactions.
Unit – V
Plant tissue culture – Culture techniques – organogenesis and embryogenesis –
Androgenic haploids – isolation and transformation of protoplasts – uptake of DNA by
plant cells – animal cell – Kinetics of cell growth – Hybridomas and monoclonal
antibodies – application – chimaeric antibody – transgenic plants and animals.
Page 25
25
References
1. DeRobertis and DeRobertis 1983. Essentials of cell and molecular biology,
Saunders college publishing New York.
2. Breger, E.M.1963. Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms. An
introduction to a comparative structural anatomy of cellular organization.
Academic press.
3. Burgess, J. 1985. An introduction to plant cell Development, Cambridge
University press.
4. Cutter, E.G.1978, Plant Anatomy, part 1 : cells and Tissues 2nd Edi.Edward
Arnold.
5. Gomperts, B.D1976, The Plasma membrane. Models for its structure and
function, Academic press.
6. Gunning,B.E.S and Steer, M.W.1975. Ultra structure and Biology of
cells,Edward Arnold.
7. Hall, J.L. Flowers T.J. and Roberts, R.M. 1984. Plant cell structure and
metabolism, ELBS / Longman.
8. Ledbetter, M.C 1970. Introduction To The Fine Structure Of Plant Cells, Springer
Verlag.
9. Risley, M.S. 1986. Chromosomes structure and function, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
10. Rost, T.L. Gifford Jr. & Ernest, M. 1977. Mechanisms and control of cell
division, Academic press.
11. Sheeler P. and Bianchi, D. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology.
12. M.D Trevan, S.Boffey K.H.Goulding. Biotechnology the Biological principles,
Tata McGraw Hill Edition, New Delhi.
Page 26
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IMBT 42 : MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM.
Unit – I
Biosynthesis of peptidoglycon – Outer membrane, Techoicacid –
Exopolysaccharides – Cytoplasmic membrane. Pili, Fimbriae, S – Layer, Transport
mechanisms – Active, Passive facilitated diffusions - Uni, sym, Antiports –
Chemiosmotic theory.
Unit – II
Microbial differentiation – sporulation –Endo and Exospores – Endospore
formation in Bacillus .sp. Exospore formation in Streptomyces – Reproduction in fungi –
formation of specialized structure – akinetes, cysts and heterocysts.
Unit – III
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation – Anabolic and catabolic processes of
lipids, Reproductive physiology of microorganisms.
Unit – IV
Autotrophs – Heterotorophs – Myxotrophs – Cyanobacterra. Photosynthetic
bacteria and green algae – Photosynthesis – Anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis –
CO2 fixation – Calvin cycle, Biological nitrogen fixation – genetics and regulation of
nitrogen fixation.
Unit – V
Denitrification and reductions of nitrate, nitrite. Reduction of sulphate & Sulphur
& H2S formation. Oxidation of reduced sulphur – Reduction reactions : carbonate to
methane – Carbonate to acetate – Fumerate to succinate – Iron oxides reduction.
References
1. Caldwell, D.R 1995. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, WM.C.Brown
Publisher, USA.
2. Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. 1988, Microbial Physiology, Second Edition,
John wiley & Sons.
3. Murray, R.K. Granner , M.D Mayer P.A. and Rod Well, V.W.
1990.Biochemistry, Prentice Hall international Inc., London.
4. Brayant. D.A. 1994. The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwar
Academic Publications, London.
Page 27
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IMBT 43: MICROBIAL GENETICS
Objectives :
The emphasis of the course will be on chromosomes structure and function ,
Plasmids, transposon, Genetic recombination, bacteriophages, genetic of viruses, fungi
and yeast and mutation,
Unit : 1
Experiments showing DNA as Genetics Material – Components of DNA and
RNA – Arrangement of nucleotides in DNA – Chromosomes structure and function –
Types of chromosome – Variation in chromosome structure – Chromosome theory.
Unit : II
Plasmids – methods of isolation and purification – Mechanism of gene transfer
system – Main types of vectors – Properties sizes and number of plasmids – Plasmid
incompatibility. Bacteriophage – Properties – features – transposon.
Unit : III
Genetic recombination – type Transformation natural and artificial competence,
Transformation in Bacillus, E Coli, Conjugation – Orgin of congucation – Hfr & Fstrains – Interrupted, uninterrupted mating – Time map and recombination map,
Congucation in E coli. Transduction – Generalized and specialized, fine structure through
transduction. Mechanism of recombination – homologues site specific.
Unit – IV
Genetics of viruses. Bacteriophages – lytic cycle and lysogeny. RNA virues,
retero viruses. Genetics of Neurospora crassa. Aspergillus nidulans and yeast.
Unit – V
Mutant and Mutation – Orgin of mutation – Fluctuation test – mutagens –
Physical and chemical agents – induced mutation – types – mechanisms of mutation
induction – suppression of mutation – intergenic and intragenic suppression – frame shift
mutation – reversion – fine structure mapping – r II mutants of T4.
References
1. Adoph. K.W.1995. Methods in molecular genetics Microbial – Gene Techniques
Vol.IV Academic press, New York.
2. Freifelder, D. 1995. Molecular Biology. Naroza Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Freifelder, D. 1995 Molecular Genetics , Narosa publishing House, New Delhi.
4. Lewin. B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford Univeristy press, Oxford.
5. R.S Old and primtose, S.B. 1989. Principles of gene Manipulation, 4th Ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
6. Waever, F. and Hedric. W. 1997. Genetics. Third Edition, WCB Publishers.
Page 28
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IMBP44: LAB IN IMBT41, IMBT42 & IMBT 43
1. Cell structure : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell types with the operation of light
microscopes – phase – contrast the polarizing microscopes.
2. Seperation and isolation of cells by sedimentation velocity in units gravity.
3. Study of subcellular organelles : Methods of disrupting cells.
4. Techniques in the isolation and fractionation of eukaryotic chromosomes.
5. Cell and tissue culture techniques
6. Cytochemical demonstration of phosphateses in tissue sections.
7. Cells / tissue preparation techniques for scanning electron microcopy
8. Screening the native microorganisms for intrinsic antibiotic resistance.
9. Mutagenisis of E.Coli using ultra violet radiation and ethyl methyl sulphonate.
10. Isolation of auxotrophic & drug resistanct mutant – Tooth pick method.
11. Bacterial conjugation
12. Effect of various carbon sources on growth of bacteria.
13. Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth of bacteria.
14. Effect of C: N ratio on bacterial growth
15. Effect of PH on Bacterial growth.
Page 29
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THIRD YEAR: FIFTH SEMESTER
IMBT 51: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Objectives :
To Educate the students with the basic principles of genetics, organization of genetic
material, concept of centre dogma of life , genetic code etc.,
Unit : I Basic Mendelian Genetics and chromosome Organization
Definitions of some common terms in genetics – allele, character, gene, gene locus,
genotype, hemizygous, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype.Basic mendelian genetics
– Mendal’ s laws and linkage.Molecular structure of the bacterial nucleoid – E. Coil and
DNA binding proteins. Plasmids : Structure and Classficacation.
Eukaryotic chromation – necleosome structure – histones non – histone proteins.
Higher order chromatin structure – the 30 nm fiber, chromation loops. Euchromatin and
hetrochromatin. Dnase I sensitivity, CPG methylation, Chromatin domins and boundary
loops.
Unit : II Genome complexity.
Genome complexity – Genes and non coding DNA, Concept of the gene – cistron
relationship – Typical structure of protein – coding genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Definition of functional parts of a gene – coding region (ORF) transcription unit,
untranslated region (UTR) split genes, Overlapping and nested genes. The eukaryotic
gene – exons and introns, gene families, pseudogenes and processed pseudogenes.
Noncoding DNA – Unique sequence DNA, Dispersed relative sequences (SINES
AND LINES ) clustered and repetitive sequences (Satellite, Minisatellite and
microsatellite DNA) variable number of tandem repeats. Organelle genomes.
Unit III - Replication.
Replication – Semiconservative mechanism. Enzymes involved in replication –
helicases, SSB, topisomerases, DNA polymerases,DNA ligases. Mechanism of DNA
replication in bacteria and eukaryotes – initiation. elongation and termination inhibitors
of replication. RNA – directed DAN polymerases. DNA damage – Physical and chemical
mutagens. DNA repair – excision repair. Mismatch repair.
Unit – IV : Transcription and regulation.
Basic principles of transcription – E. Coil, RNA polymerase subunit structure.
Promoter sequence in E. coil. Steps on transcription – initation, elongation and
termination. Post transcriptional processing on rRNA and tRNA . Regulation of
transcription in prokaryotes – the lac operon.
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. RNA pol I, II and III promoters, Transcription
factors, Transcription complex assembly and mechanism of transcription. Post –
transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA – Alternative splicing – Brief
account of ribozymes.
Unit – V Genetic code, Translation
The genetic code – general feature – Mitochondrial genetic code, Components of
protein synthesis –mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA. Mechanism of protein synthesis in
bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation, elongation and termination.
Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation.
Elongation and termination. Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes.
Page 30
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Inhibition of protein synthesis – co and post translational modification. Protein
targeting and degradation. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Reference Books.
1. Lewin 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University press.
2. Twyman. 1998 Advance molecular biology. Viva pub. 2 Ed.
3. Lodish. 2000 Baltimore et al. Molecular cell biology. Freeman.
4. Alberts. 2002. Molecular biology of the cell. Garlamd sci.
5. Watsen et al. Molecular biology of the gene4th edn. Benjmin cummings.
6. Stansfield et al. 1996. Molecular cell Biology. Schaum’s series McGraw Hill.
7. Nelson Cox. Lehniger’s 2000. Principles of biochemistry, Macmillion.
8. Elrod. S. and stansfield. 2002. Schaum’s outlines Genetics,4 th edn.
9. Weaver. 2001. Molecular biology. MCGraw hill 2nd Edn.
Page 31
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IMBT52 : VIROLOGY
Objectives :
The study about viruses and their role in diseases development.
Unit : 1
Development of virology – detection and identification of viruses – general
properties of viruses – cultivation of viruses – viruses purification assays – chemical
composition of virus – structure of viruses – viron size – Helical capsids – nucleic acids –
serological properties of viruses – serological diagnosis – ELISA – PCR techniques.
Unit : II
Nomenclature and taxonomy of viruses – Principles of classification –
Bacteriophages – reproduction of DNA Phages – lytic cycle – reproduction of RNA
phages, Temperate bacteriophages – Lysogeny.
Unit – III
Viruses of Eukaryotes – Classification of animal viruses – Animal RNA viruses –
VSV. Poliovirus – Revirus – Retrovirus – Animal DNA viruses – Papoviruses –
Adenovirus – Reproduction of Animal viruses – Plant viruses – viron morphology – plant
virus taxonomy – reproduction – viruses of fungi and Algae – Viruses of insects –
Viroids and prioids.
Unit – IV
Host virus interaction – Bacteriophage – bacterial system – Plant virus and their
hosts – Animal virus with their host – virus infection – Cytocidal infection and cell
damages – Persistent – latent and slow virus infection – Host specificity – Vector control
induced resistance and interferon.
Unit – V
ViralPathogen city – antiviral drugs and vaccines, pox virus – The herpes virus –
vesicular virus influenzaviruses and tumors – oncogenic viruses – Carcinogens and
concogenes – oncogenes in cancer cells – Oncogenes and induction of cancer.
Reference Books.
1. Luria, S.E. 1959. General Virology – John wiley & Sons, Inc. Newyork.
2. Topley and Wilson, 1983. Principles of Bacteriology. Virology and
immunity 7th (Ed) Vol.4 Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd London.
3. Prescott, Harley and kluni. 1993, Microbiology, Wm.C.Brown Publisher –
USA.
4. Biswas, S.B. and Biswas, A. 1976, An introduction to viruses. Vikas
publishing House P.Ltd., New Delhi.
Page 32
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IMBT 53 : BIOSTATISTICS
Objectives :
The course aims at skill development for data analysis98+
Unit – 1
Introduction to Biostatistics – Definition, Statistical methods, Biological
measurements , kinds of biological data. Functions of statistics and limitation of statistics
collection of data, sampling and sampling designs. Classification and tabulation. Types of
representations – graphic – bar diagrams – Pie diagrams and curves.
Unit – II
Measures of central tendency, mean, meridian, mode and geometric mean,
correlation – different types of correlation – positive, negative, simple, partial, multiple,
linear, and nonlinear correlation, Methods of studying correlations.
Unit –III
Measuring of dispersion and variability changes, Deviations – Quartile deviation
– mean deviation. Standard deviation. Coefficient of variation, Lorenzer’s curve.
Regressiontypes and method of analysis. Regression line. Regression equations, deviation
taken from arithmetic mean of x on y. Deviation taken from the assumed mean.
Unit – IV
Distribution types test for analysis. Sampling methods and test for significance –
students ‘t’ test. ‘chi’square test, analysis of variance. Review of design for laboratory
and field experiments. CRD, RBD, and LSD – efficiency of designs – sub sampling in
experimental plotsgroup comparisons – missing plot technique in RBD and LSD –
analysis of covariance factorial experiments – symmetrical and Asymmetrical, factorial
experiments.
Layout and analysis of factorial experiments and split plot design – (With
combination of two factors in main plots) Split plot design – split block design.
Unit – V
Skewness, kurtosis, moments, Meaning tests of skewness, characteristics of
dispersion and skewness. Measure of skewness. Objective – karl pearson coefficient of
skewness. Bocoley’s efficient of skewness., kelley’s co-efficient of skewness. Kurtosis,
measures, moments.
Reference Books.
1. Palanisamy S. and Manoharan.M., 1994. Statistical methods for Biologists
(Bio – Statistics), Palani Paramount publication. Tamilnadu.
2. Arora P.N. Malhan P.K. 1996. Biostatistics, Himalaya Publishing house,
Mumbai.
3. Stanton A.Clantz. Primer of statistics. Tata McGraw Hill Inc. Newyork.
4. Sokal and Rohif. 1973. Introduction to Biostatistics. Toppan Co. Japan.
Page 33
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IMBP54 : LAB IN IMBT51 & IMBT52
1. Extraction of protein and quantification.
2. Isoenzymes.
3. PAGE.
4. SDS –PAGE.
5. Western blotting.
6. Southern blotting.
7. Northern blotting.
8. Isoelectric focusing.
9. Genomic DNA.
10. Total DNA.
11. Total RNA.
12. mRNA extraction.
13. Gel Documentation.
14. Morphology of Viruses.
15. Cytology of viruses.
16. Symptoms of viral diseases and Mycoplasma diseases.
17. Transmission of viral diseases by various agents.
18. Insect transmission.
19. Sap transmission.
20. Transmission of viruses by other agents.
IMBP55 : LAB IN IMBT 53
1. Comparison of mean and preparation using ‘Z’ test – ‘t’ test - independent
Samples.
2. Variances – paired ‘t’ tests – comparison of two means using ‘F’ test paired
samples – independent samples.
3. Chi square test – Test of goodness of fit for different segregation ratios.
4. Bartlett’s test for Homogeneity of variables.
5. Computation of correlation co-efficient and testing it’s significance – comparison
of two (or) more correlation co – efficints.
6. Dolittle solution fitting and testing – Quadrative curve – cubic curve.
7. Analysis of CRD (equal replications including estimation of co- efficiency)
8. CRD for unequal number if replication.
9. Missing plot technique in RBD with one missing observations – Missing plot
technique in RBD for two values.
10. Mission plot technique in LSD with one missing observation.
11. Analysis of Co-variance in RBD.
12. Analysis of Factorial experiment.
13. Split plot design.(With two factors in main plots).
14. Analysis of data with logarithmic transformation Angular square transformation.
15. Durgan’s multiple range test.
Page 34
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THIRD YEAR : SIXTH SEMESTER
IMBT 61 : MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIO-DIVERSITY.
Objectives :
The aim of the course will be teaching on the concept microbial ecology, air
microbiology, aquaticmicrobiology and biogeochemical cycles.
Unit – I
Concept of microbial ecology – Relationship between microorganisms and
different environments – Land, water, air, natural selection – species diversity –
colonization and succession.
Unit – II
Microbiology of air – organisms in air – Distribution and sources of air borne
organisms – aerosols and droplet nuclei – Air sampling techniques – Air samples
enumeration – potential hazards of laboratory techniques – Air borne diseases – Air
sanitation.
Unit – III
Aquatic habitats – Sediments – Surface water – littoral habitats. Soil and
associated systems & habitats – factors influencing microflora : Minerals – PH – Organic
matter – water and soil texture – altitudional variations in microflora – Microbes
associated at the interface - Microbes associated with plants, animal and insects
(Symbiotic and pathogenic ) – Parasitic microbes – symbotic microflora – space parasites
– saprophytes.
Unit – IV
Rhizosphere – Rhizoplane – Phyllosphere – Phylloplane – Symbiotic –
endophytes in plants – Termite and other insects gut microbes – termite hills –
Acidophiles – Alkalohalophiles – Xerophiles – Osmophiles – Halophiles – Thermophiles
– Extreme thermophiles – Psychrophiles – Methanophiles – Acidophiles – Plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Sulphur bacteria – Xenobiotics – Lignocellulolytic
microbes.
Unit – V
Biochemical cycles – Role of Microorganisms in carbon, sulphur and iron cycle –
Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms – Microbial gas metabolism –
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and hydrogen sulphide.
Reference
1. Campbell.R.1993. Microbial Ecology 2nd edition Black well scientific
publications. London.
2. Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil Microbiology. John wiley and sons. New
York.
3. Subbarao, N.S 1995. Soil Microorganisms and plant growth. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd.
4. Atlas, R.M. 1998. Microbial Ecology, Benjaming cummings Sci. Publishers,
California.
5. Alexander, M. 1978, Advances in Microbial Ecology, Plenum press. New York.
6. Burns, R.G. and Slater, J.H. 1982. Experimental Microbial Ecology. Blackwell
Sci. Pub. Edinburg.
7. Hermann Remmert, 1990. Ecology. A Text Book. Springer – Verlag Berlin.
Page 35
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IMBT 62 – WATER AND TEXTILE MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
The study Emphasises the different types of water habitats, estuaries, microbial
ecosystems, microbial analysis of water, sources of water pollution and purification,
biological sludge digestion, spoilage of aquatic products and its utilization, microbial
degradation of fibers viz., jute, hemp, coir, flax, cotton, wood and leather and also
prevention of damages of fibers.
Unit –I
Microbiology of Water – Types of water – Fresh water – Ponds, Lakes, Streams –
Marine habitats – Estuaries – Mangroves – Deepsea – Hydrothermal vents – Salt pans –
Coral reefs – Microbial ecosystems – Potability of water – Microbial assessment of water
quality – Water purification – Brief account of water borne diseases.
Unit – II
Microbial analysis of water – Sanitary tests for coliforms – The MPN of coliforms
(the membarane filter technique, advantages, disadvantages, defined substrate test,
tMViC ftest) – Purification of water : Sedimentation filteration, disinfection
Unit –III
Sources of water pollution – water recycling – BOD – COD – Methods of sewage
treatment – (Biological – Sludge digestion, activated sludge, aeration filters , oxidation
ponds) imhoff tanks – Spoilage of aquatic products – corrosion and leaching.
Unit – IV
Liquid waste treatment – Treatment methods primary, Secondary (anaerobic –
methanogenesis : aerobic trickling filter and activated sludge process – Oxidation ponds)
tertiary treatment – Utilization of liquid wastes.
Unit – V
Microbiology of fibers – Retting of plant fibers – jute,hemp, coir,flax ect. –
Microbial digeradation of cotton , jute coir, wood and leather – prevention of damage of
fibers.
Reference
1. Nybakken W.1982 Marine biology – An Ecological Approach, Ames harper and
Row publications. New York.
2. Reheinheimer G. 1980. Aquatic Microbiology.
3. Mitchell R. 1974. Introduction to environmental Microbiology.
4. Dubey ,R.C and Maheswari, D.K. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand
and company Ltd., New Delhi.
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IMBT 63 : ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
To provide a Fundamental knowledge about the various scopes in applied
microbiology like aeromicrobiology, disposal and commercial aspects of soil
microbiology,
To study the applied of microorganisms for improvement of environmental
quality, the discovery of microorganisms with metabolic potentials that can be employed
for industrial application.
Unit : I
Concept and scope of environmental microbiology: Chemistry of atmosphere –
Composition, Structure – Chemical and photo chemical reaction : Chemistry of
Hydrosphere – water resources, hydrological cycle: Chemistry of Lithosphere –
Composition, Relation ship between microorganisms and different environments - land,
water and air – Microorganisms inhibiting extreme environments.
Unit : II
Early concept of Air – Vedic technology for air purification – indoor
aeromicrobiology – Aeromicroflora of pharmacy – aeromicroflora of hospitals and other
houses. Aeromicroflora of storage materials (Library, wall paintings) : Aeroallergens and
aeroallergy – House dust allergens, pollen grains, Cosmetics – Air Pollution – Sources,
major pollutionts and the chemistry , adverse effect on the environmental – Acid rain –
impact on ecosystem – gaseous emission – Green house effect – Global warming.
Unit – III
Types of wastes – Characterization of solid and liquid wastes. Solid waste
treatment – Saccharification – Gasification – composting – Utilization of solid wastes –
Food ( SCP, Mushroom, yeast) : Fuel ( ethanol , Methane): Fertilizer (Composting) Composting – Straw decomposition – probiotic microorganisms – Role of lactic acid
bacteria in silage additives.
Unit – IV
Mineral leaching by bacteria – Microorganisms involved in the sulfide mineral
leaching – Chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation by bacteria – Exploitation of dump and
heap leaching – insitu bacterial leaching of ore – mineral concentrate leaching –
Utilization of biologically generated solvents – Heavy metal pollutants removed by
bioaccumulation.
Unit –V
Microbial Control of environmental pollution - Bioremediation concepts –
Microbial and phytoremediation – Biodegradation : Biodegradation of petroleum –
Microbial degradation of xenobioties – characteristics of microbial metabolism –
Common process of insecticidal metabolism – Microorganisms in abatement of heavy
metal pollution – Heavy metal tolerance in microbes – Mechanism of heavy metal
resistance – Microbial plastics.
Page 37
37
Reference :
1. Ec.eldowney, S.Hardman.D.J. and Waite,S. 1993. Pollution Ecology and
Biotreatment. Longman scientific Techincal.
2. Bakes, KH and Herson, D.S1994,Bioremedation. Mc.Graw hill Inc.Newyork.
3. Joyland, S.N.1995, Environmental Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishing House,
Mumbai.
4. Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari , D.K. 1999., A text book of Microbiology, S.Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Erickson, L.E and Fung D.Y. 1988 Hand book on anaerobic fermentations.
Marcel and Dekker Inc. New York.
Page 38
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IMBT 64 : BIO – ENERGY.
Objectives :
The emphasis of course is learning the energy and sources , types of biogas plants
, feedstock materials for biogas plant, utilization of biomass for energy production and as
biofuels.
Unit – I : Energy.
Energy –Renewable and non – renewable energy – Energy plantations – Latex
producing plants – nuclear energy – Energy management and use.
Unit – II : Bio gas plants
Biogas plant – Types – Construction details – Loading of biogas plants – Biogas
requirement for various use – Biogas applications – dual fuel engine.
Unit –III : Alternative feedback for biogas plants.
Effective use of Agricultural , Horticultural, Forest and fishery wastes and
byproducts as an alternative feed stock for biogas plants – Bio digested slurry – Manural
value – Enrichment – Pelletization.
Unit – IV : Utilization of biomass for energy production.
Bio mass residues for agriculture , Horticulture , forest and fishery energetic – fast
growing biomass species as energy source – solid, liquid, gaseous energy production
from biomass and its use.
Unit – V
Biomass briquetting – coir pith groundnut shell etc., - Alcohol from sweet
sorghum, tapioca , sweet potato – producer gas – Aqua gas , pyrolytic gas from biomass
such as maize cob, groundnut husk, cotton stalk, briquettes.
Reference :
1. Chawla, O.P.1986, Advances in Biogas Technology. ICAR Publication , New
Delhi.
2. Khandelwall, K.C. and S.S. Mahdi 1989. Biogas technology. Tata Mcgraw. Hill
Publishing company Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Kuppuswamy , G. and A.Jeyabal . 1996 . Biogas from Alternative feed stocks.
MNES project publication.
4. Mathur, A.N & N.S. Rathore . 1992. Bio gas Production Management and
utilization. Himanashu publications Udaipur. Rajasthan.
Page 39
39
IMBP65 : LAB IN IMBT61, IMBT62, IMBT63 & IMBT64
1. Enumeration of microorganisms in soil , sewage and fresh water.
2. Effect of temperature on Microorganisms.
3. Effect of acidity on microorganisms.
4. Antibiotics assay.
5. Microbial utilization of plant residues.
6. Dual culture techniques – compatibility of biopesticides.
7. Presumptive test, confirmed coliform test, completed coliform test,
8. Water analysis by MPN technique.
9. Tests for water borne pathogens.
10. Indole test.
11. Methyl red test.
12. Voges – Proskauer test.
13. Citrate utilization.
14. Estimation of BOD.
15. Estimation of COD.
16. Estimation of heavy metals.
17. Total organic carbon.
18. Composting , biological manipulation on nutrient improvement, pathogen
destruction.
19. Mineral leaching.
20. Microbial assessments of air quality – open plate method and Air sampler
techniques.
21. Dual culture technique – synergistic activity.
22. Interrelationship between micro and macroorganisms.
23. Estimation of toxic pesticides in water.
24. Soil analysis pH chlorides, nitrates, calcium, magnesium and total phosphorus.
25. Isolation and identification of methanogens.
26. Use of various feed stocks for biogas production .
27. Pretreatment of substrates.
28. Quantification of biogas from different feedstocks.
29. Analysis of nutritive value of biogas slurry.
30. Biomass briquetting – coir pith, groundnut cake, begasse.
Page 40
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FOURTH YEAR – SEVENTH SEMESTER
IMBT 71 : IMMUNOLOGY
Objectives
The aim of the course is to learn about the types of immunity, immune system,
antigen, antigen anti – body reaction. Hyper sensitivity reaction, immune deficiency
disorders and concept of auto and transplantation of immunity.
Unit –I: Types of immunity.
Introduction : History of immunology – immune technology - blood groups –
blood transfusion – Rh factor – incompatibilities – immunity – types of immunity – inate
and acquired.
Unit – II: Immune systems,
Immune systems : Anatomy of lympho – reticular system – primary lymphoid
organ – secondary lymphoid tissue – cells of the immune system – detailed aspects of T
and B Cells – receptors – activation and function.
Unit –III: Antigens
Antigens : types, properties, haptans – adjuvants – vaccines – types – toxoids –
antitoxins, immunoglobulins – structure, types and properties, theories of antibody
production.
Unit – IV: Antigen Antibody Reaction.
Antigen – antibody reaction-in-vitro methods: agglutination – precipitation.
Complement fixation – immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA, in vivo methods,
immunodeficiency disorders – AIDS.
Unit –V: Concept of Development and immunity.
Hypersensitivity reactions – basic concept in auto immunity and transplantation
immunity.
References:
1. Goldshy, 2004. Immunology.5th Edn. New Era Books. Banglore.
2. Jams Kuby. 2003. Immunology III Edn. Panima book company limited. New
Delhi.
3. Lydyand, P.M.2000. Instant notes on immunology, Panima Book Company
limited, New Delhi.
4. Rao, C.V. 2002. An introduction to immunology. Panima book company limited.
New Delhi.
Page 41
41
IMBT 72: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
This course aims to study about the microorganism associated with human beings
and methods of diagnosis, symptoms caused by them. It also emphasizes to learn about
the viral diseases and anti microbials and development of drug resistance.
Unit-1: Microbes Associated with Human Body
Normal microbial flora of the human body, Host microbe interaction – Virulence
factors of microbes – invasiveness and pathogenecity. Non specific resistance factors
Unit-II: Diagnose of Microorganism
Diagnostic microbiology: collection and transport of specimen for
microbiological examination – general methods for isolation and identification of bacteria
– typing of bacterial isolates – sero diagnosis.
Unit-III: Clinical Symptoms
Clinical symptoms: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention
and treatment of the following bacterial infections; streptococcal infections – staphylocal
infections – tuberculosis – leprosy – gastro intestinal disorders – typhoid, cholera,
bacillary dysentery – sexually transmitted diseases – syphilis, gonorrhea – Anaerobic
wound infections – tetanus, Gas gangrene
Unit-IV: Viral Diseases
Diseases caused by viruses – varicella – rubella, influenza, Herpes simplex –
Hepatitis papilloma – Arbo viruses and polimyelities, HIV.
Unit-V: Antimicrobials and Drug Resistance
General characteristics of antimicrobials – antiseptic & disinfectants, antibiotics,
β – lactam, aminoglycoside, polycyclic alkanes, mechanism of action - minimal
inhibitory concentration – drug resistance – antiviral and anti parasitic drugs.
Reference
1) Collee J.C Duguid, J.P. Fraser, A.C. and Marimon B.P., 1989. Practical Medical
Microbiology, 13th edn. Churchill Livingston.
2) Gerald Collee. J and Anthony Simmons, 2000. Practical Medical Microbiology.
Longman Singapore (P) Ltd, Singapore
3) Green Wood, D., R. Slack and J. Peutherer. 1997. Medical Microbiology. Churchill
Livingston, Medical Division of Longman Group Edinburgh, UK Ltd.,
4) Schaechter, M., Medoff. G and Eisenstein, B.C. 1993. Mechanism of Microbial
Diseases. 2
nd
edition - Williams & Wilkins, Baltilmore.
5) Tom Parker. M. Leslie, H. Collier Topley and Wilison, S. 1990. Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity (8th edn.).
Page 42
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IMBT73: ENZYMOLOGYAND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
The emphasis of the course will be on enzyme characteristics and applications,
food microflora and preservation, food quality control, microbial foods, food spoilage
and food poisoning.
Unit-I: Enzyme Characteristics and Applications
Importance, Historical resume. Nomenclature and I.U.B. system of classification.
Biological role of enzymes – Chemical nature of enzymes – Mechanism of enzyme
action – Bruk equation – Significance of Km and Vm – Active site – Modifiers of
enzyme activity –Enzyme Linked assay system.
Unit-II: Food Microflora and Preservation of Foods
Introduction: importance of food microbiology types of microorganisms in food
– source of contamination (Primary sources) – factors influencing microbial growth of
food (extrinsic and intrinsic)
Food preservation: principles of food preservation- methods of preservation (a)
Physical (irradiation, drying, heat processing, chilling and freezing, high pressure and
modification of atmosphere) (b) Chemical (sodium benzoate class I and II). Food
sanitation – food manufacturing practices – Hazard analysis, critical control points,
personnel hygiene.
Unit-III: Fermented Foods
Food fermentation: Bread, wine, fermented vegetables – Idli – methods and
organisms used, food and enzymes from microorganisms – single cell protein, production
of enzymes.
Unit-IV: Food Spoilage
Contamination and spoilage - cereals, Sugar products, vegetables and fruits,
meat and meat products, milk and milk products, fish and seafood – poultry, spoilage of
canned foods.
Unit-V: Food Poisoning
Food poisonings: food borne infections (a) Bacterial: Staphylococcus, Brucella,
Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella (b) fungal: Mycotoxinx, including
aflatoxins (c) viral: Hepatitis (d) Protozoa – Amoebiasis.
References
1)
Addms, M.R and M.O. Moss., 1995. Food Microbiology. The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge.
2)
Doyle, M.P. 2001. Food Microbiology. 2nd Edn. Panima Book Company Limited,
New Delhi.
3)
Frazier, W.C./ and Westhoff D.C. 1988. Food Microbiology. TATA McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
4)
Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology., 4th Edn. CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
5)
Stanbury, P.F. Whitaker and Hall. S.J. 1995. Principles of Fermentation
Technology, 2nd edition, Pergaman Press.
6)
Thomas E. Barman, 1969. Enzyme HandBook Vol.5 Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidgeberg. Newyork.
Page 43
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IMBP74: LAB IN IMBT71&IMBT72
1)
Preparation of Antigen.
2)
Methods of bleeding.
3)
Antigen – Antibody reaction.
4)
Blood group typing.
5)
Immunoelectrophoresis.
6)
ELISA
7)
Media and reagents for hybridoma preparation and preparation of feeders for
hybridoma culture.
8)
Examination of parasitic ova and cysts from fecal samples.
9)
Identification of pathogenic organisms with smear culture and bio – chemical
tests for the following,
a, Staphylococcus
b, E. coli
c, Klebsiella sp
d, Salmonella typhi
10) Potassium hydroxide and Lactophenol preparations for skin scrapings for fungi
and seabiesmites.
11) Simple, differential and special staining of clinical material viz., Throat swab,
Vaginal swab, Split smears, Pus, Sputum stool etc,.
12) Enumeration of Bacteria in urine. Qualitative urine culture
13) Germ tube, assimilation and fermentation tests for yeast
14) Antimicrobial sensitivity testing and determination of MIC and quality control.
15) Identification of pathogenic microbes including viruses in
solids/smears/specimens as spotters.
IMBP 75 : Lab in IMBT73
1. Isolation , Purifiaction and assay of enzyme,
2. Effect of pH temperature and inhibitors.
3. Studies on the enzyme induction in bacterial culture
4. Enzyme production (Amylase, protease) – Submerged fermentation
5. Solid state fermentation techniques productivity enzymes
6. Examinations of microorganisms on normal and spoiled fruits and vegetables –
cereal products – sugar products and vegetables.
7. Use of food preservatives Viz., Chemicals, irradiation, low and high temperature
on the control of food borne microorganisms.
8. Microbial control of canned and bottled food meat and fish.
9. Diagnosis of spoilage of various foods.
10. Microbial survey in utensils and processing plants.
11. Fermentation of lactic acid and vinegar.
12. Assay the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella as indicator organisms.
Page 44
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FOURTH YEAR : EIGHTH SEMESTER
IMBT81 : GENETIC ENGINEERING
Objectives.
To educate the students with the advanced techniques in genetic engineering like
restriction enzymes. Vectors in genetic engineering. Gene cloning construction of gene
Libraries. PCR tecxhnology transposable elements and applications of genetic
engineering techniques etc.
Unit – I : Restriction Enzymes and vectors.
Restriction and modification in bacteria E.Coli K & B system- Restriction endo
nucleases type I, II & III. Ligases vectors – Plasmids – Phages, cosmids, Phagemids,
special vectors – Broad host range, Expression , integrating shuttle vectors – yeast
vectors.
Unit – II : Gene cloning and gene libraries
Principles of gene cloning - a complementation – Genomic library & cDNA
Library – Shot gun cloning – Screening of recombinants – Phenotypic expression of
characters – Colony hydridation – southern hybridization – Use of Antibody – Western
blot – Physical map of cloned gene. Genomics – Construction of BAC, YAC libraries,
E. Coli genome – Gene chip – Preparation and Application – Analysis of transcripts –
Gene expression – Micro array.
Unit – III : PCR and its Applications.
PCR technology – Gene amplification – PCR primer designing and optimization :
Variations in PCR (RT PCR RACE) RAPD, RFLP and site directed mutagenesis – DNA
Sequencing – Manual and automated chromosome walking – DNA foot printing.
Unit – IV Transposable Elements.
Transposable elements – identification of types – Tn 3. Tn5. Tn 10-1S elements in
maize, Drosophila & Yeast. Mechanisms of transposons – Conservative and replicate.
Use of transposable elements in gene cloning - gene cloning in vivo - Mu phage and
derivatives – Isolation of operon and gene fusion Mating type switch in yeast.
Unit – V : Applications of Genetic Engineering.
Genetic engineering and strain improvement – Application of conjugation ,
transformation, transduction and transfection – Principles and application of recombinant
DNA technology – Enzymology of the process.
References :
1. Brown T.A. 1995. Gene cloning 3rd edition. Chapmann and Hall publications ,
USA.
2. Jagond, S.N. 1997, Gene Biotechnology , Himalaya Publishing house, Banglore.
3. Lewin B. 2000. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press.
4. Old.R.W. Primrose S.P. 1996. Principles of Gene Manipulations. Blackwell
Scientific Publishers, Germany.
5. Winnaker, EL. 1987. From Genes to clones : Introduction to Gene Technology,
VCH Publications, Germany.
Page 45
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IMBT82 : DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives.
The course aims to study about the microorganism associated with milk and dairy
products, spoilage caused by microorganisms and their preservation and processing
techniques. It also empasises to learn about the fermented dairy products.
Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Milk and Dairy products.
Microorganisms of milk and milk products – factors affecting growth of
microorganisms – types of microorganisms in milk and dairy products like butter, cheese,
cream, ice cream, yogurt, whey – Examination or assessing microbial load of milk and
milk products – quantitative and qualitative test.
Unit – II : Preservation of milk and milk products.
Types of milk and milk products – pasteurization – sterilization – radiation –
Ionizing radiation – chemicals.
Unit – III Spoilage of milk and milk products.
Types of microbial spoilage of milk and milk products – spoilage of milk , butter ,
cheese, yogurt, raw milk – dry milk, ice- cream, whey.
Unit – IV : Fermented dairy products.
Fermentation of milk and milk products – fermentation of milk, koumiss, yogurt –
fermentation of whey in industrial uses – lactic acid production – Alcohololic
fermentation of whey and yeast delactosed whey – sunthesis of vitamins – diseases
spread by microorganisms through milk – Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Phytogenes , Micrococcus, Phyogenes var aureus.
Unit – V : Processing of Dairy products.
Milk and milk products processing – Milk sanitation – cleaning and sanitization
of milking utensils – microbiological standards and guidelines – quality control – dairy
plant waste disposal – treatment - preventing dairy wastes.
References
1. Robinson.R. 1990. Dairy Microbiology 2nd Edn. Elesvir Applied science Pub.
2. YAdav. J.S., Sunitha, G. and V.K. Batish. 1993, Comprehensive Dairy
Microbiology. Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi.
Page 46
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IMBT 83 : VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
The aim of the course is to learn about the different diseases caused in animals by
bacteria, fungi, viruses, their treatment and control and also emphasizes the study of
different parasites on animal and control.
Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Animal Diseases.
General characteristics of bacteria causing animal disease – Pathogenic bacteria –
Defense mechanism of the host – Actinobacillosis – Anthrax – Tuberculosis – Bovine
mastitis – Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control – Haemorrhagic specticaemia.
Unit – II : Mycotic Diseases and Control.
Pathogenic fungi – Characteristics Epidemoilogy of fungal diseases symptoms,
diagnosis, treatment and control of mycotic diseases of animals.
Unit – III. Parasites and control.
Definition – Parasites , host, vector, parasitism , Effect of parasitism on the host –
Protozoan parasites – Trypanosomes, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Coccidia – Diagnosis,
treatment and control. Miscellaneous Protozoan parasites – Amoebae, Ciliates
Sarcocysts.
Unit – IV Types of important viral Diseases on animal.
General properties of virus : Morphology , size of viruses : Viral proteins ,
Nucleic acid, and lipids – Purification of virus particles and reaction of viruses to
physical and chemical agents.
Classification cultivation and replication of viruses. Viral genetics and interaction.
Viral haemgglutination, interference and inclusion bodies. Oncogenic and latent viruses.
Unit – V : Types of Important viral diseases on Animals.
Picorna virus group – Foot mouth disease virus – Enteroviruses of animals –
Reovirus group – African horse sickness virus – Blue tongue virus – Roto viruses –
Infectious bursal diseases virus. Togo virus group – Swinefever viruses, Mucosal disease
virus – Paramyxovirus group, pseudovirus group, Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus
References
1. Batzing , B.L.2002, Microbiology , An Introduction. Thamsan Brooks cole
Publication, London.
2. Inglis T.J.J. 1996. Microbiology and infection. Long Man Singapore pub.Ltd.
3. Ingraham, J.L and C.A Ingarham 2002. Introduction to microbiology, 2nd Edn.
Thamsan Brooks Cole publication, London.
4. Johnson,A.G. 1996, Microbiology and Immunology 3rd Edn, Williams and
Wilkins Pub. U.K
5. Prescott, M.L., J.P.Harley and D.A Klein. 2002. Microbiology 5th Edn. McGraw
Hills, USA.
Page 47
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IMBP84 : LAB IN IMBT81
1. Isolation of plasmid (pBR 322/ pBluescript) from E.Coil – Separation by agarose
gel electrophoresis.
2. Restriction digestion of plasmid – single and double digestion – Determination of
molecular weight . – physical mapping.
3. Cloning of fragment in pBR 322/ Bluescript – insertional inactivation / blue white
selection.
4. Reisolation of plasmid from the recombinant clone, Restriction digestion and
agarose gel electrophoresis confirmation of size of insert.
5. IPTG induction of expression of cloned gene in E.Coli.
6. PCR amplification of DNA , RAPD, RFLP : Gel electrophoresis – analysis of
fragments – Finger printing analysis.
7. Isolation of mutants by Tn 1000 mutagenesis
8. Isolation of bacterial chromosomal DNA – Determination of purity and quantity.
IMBP85 : LAB IN IMBT82 & IMBT83
1. Assessment of milk quality by methylene blue reduction test.
2. Detection of bacteria in milk by standard plate counts (SPC) dye reduction .
Detection of number of bacteria in milk.
3. Isolation of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus from curd
4. Preperation of yougurt
5. Isolation of bacteria , fungi and actinomyeetes from spoiled milk and milk
products.
6. Microbiological survey in utensils and processing plants.
7. Assessing the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella in milk as indicator
organism.
8. Special staining technique : Capsular, Acid fast, Lactophenol cotton blue.
9. Titration of virus.
10. Viral haemagglutination
11. Examination of the faecal material for identification of intestinal protozoa.
12. Preparation of blood smears their staining and examination of slides for
haemoprotozoan parasites.
Page 48
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FIFTH YEAR : NINTH SEMESTER
IMBT91 : AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
The aim of the course is to learn about the microorganisms associated with plants
beneficial role in soil fertility productivity. It is also emphasizes the study of diseases
caused by microbes on plants and use of biopesticides for crop protection.
Unit- I: Interaction of Microobes with Plants
Microbes harmful and beneficial to plants – Microbial association – Beneficial –
Nitrogen fixing organisms – Associative symbiosis – Bacteria, Actinomycetes,
Cyanobacteria.
Unit-II: Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Biology of nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen fixing genes and their regulation in
Klebsiella, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacteer, and Agrobacterium – Plant tumor –
Ti – Plasmids – Ri – Plasmids – Genetic regulation of tumorogenity in plants.
Unit-III: Biofertilizers
Production of bacterial biofertilizer – Criteria for strain selection – Steps for
preparing biofertilizers (seed pelletiing, inoculant carriers, quality standards for
inoculants) – Green manuring – Algae and other biofertilizer, Azolla and phosphate
solublizers – Production of mycorrhizal biofertilizers – ecto and endo mycorrhizae –
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Pseudomonas.
Unit-IV: Diseases of Crop Plants
A brief account of the symptoms, etiology, life cycle and management of bacterial
(blight of Paddy, citrus canker): fungal (late blight of potato and stem rust of wheat)
diseases of crop plants.
Unit-V: Crop Protection and Biopesticide
Crop protection – disease control – fungicides – Bacterial disease – control –
Bacterial insecticides – Biocontrol agents – principles and practices – microbial
herbicides – viral insecticides – Entomopathogenic fungi.
References
1)
Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbioogy. S. Chand
and Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
2)
Martin Alexander, 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd.
New Delhi.
3)
Rangaswamy, G. and D.J. Bagyarai., 1993. Agricultural Microbiology. Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Page 49
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IMBT92: SOIL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
The aim of the course is to learn about the role of microorganism in soil fertility,
microbially mediated transformation of minerals in soil and decomposition of organic
matter. It also emphasises the study of Rhizosphere Concept and PGPR.
Unit-I: Role of Microorganism in Soil Fertility
Development of soil microbiology – Distribution of soil microorganisms in soil –
Role of microorganisms in soil fertility – Influence of soil and environmental factors on
soil microflora – Interactions among microorganisms – Symbiosis – Mutualism –
Commensalism – Competition – Parasitism – Predation.
Unit-II: Microbial Transformation of Minerals
Microorganisms in soil processes – Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, iron cycle,
phosphorous cycle – Nitrogen fixation – Ammonification – Organisms involved.
Unit- III: Interaction of Microbes with Plants
Interrelationship between plants and microorganisms – Rhizospphere concept –
Quantitative and qualitative studies – R:S ratio – Rhizoplane – Spermosphere –
phyllosphere microorganisms – their importance in plant growth – Pesticide and other
agrochemicals – recalcitrant molecules.
Unit-IV: Mycorrhizae and PGPR
Mycorrhizae – Plant growth regulators production by microorganisms – Microbial
leaching of metal ores.
Unit-V: Organic Matter Decomposition
Organic matter decomposition – Composition of litters – Carbon assimilation and
immobilization – Organic mater dynamics in soil – Microorganisms associated with
organic matter decomposition – Factors affecting organic matter decomposition –
Microbial biomass as an index of soil fertility – Humus.
References
1)
Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand
and Co.Ltd. New Delhi.
2) Martin Alexander. 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd.
New Delhi.
3) Mishra, R.R. 2000. Soil Microbiology. Jagmander Book Agency. New Delhi.
4)
Subba Rao, N.S. 1977. Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. New Delhi.
5)
Walker, N. 1975. Soil Microbiology. Butterworth. London.
Page 50
50
IMBT93 : MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Objectives :
To study the microbial biotechnology aspects of enzyme production and its
process, Different techniques of biotechnology , value added microbial biotechnology.
Unit – I Introduction of biotechnology
Biotechnology – definition and concepts – History and achievements – Culturing
of microorganisms for production – introduction to metabolism – Aerobic microbial
growth – products from microbes – Environmental control of the processes.
Unit – II Enzyme and its production technology.
Enzyme biotechnology – Enzyme production technology from microbes –
problems and applications – Enzyme immobilization – Immobilization methods and
substrates – Application of immobilization – Protoplasting of microbiual cells, their
immobilization and advantages.
Unit – III : Different Techniques of Biotechnology.
Production of antigens and interferon by cloning and expression in microbes –
Cloning vectors – Plasmids , Cosmids , Bacteriophages, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
expression vectors – Broad host range and shuttle vectors – Recombinant vaccines from
plants – Down stream processing of protein products – Polymer degrading enzymes of
industrial significance – other protein of industrial significance.
Unit IV : Microbial Biotechnology
Microbial biotechnology – Cultivation methods of Spirulina – Biotechnology
potentials of micro algae – Food , feed and fuel production – Pharmaceutically valuable
compounds of micro algae.
Unit – V : Recombinant Technology.
Recombinant Vaccines – Production of Human insulin, interferon, Somatostatin ,
nif gene organization regulation and expression – Transfer of nif genes to prokaryotes
and eukaryotes . Gene transfer for developing salinity and drought tolerance and pest and
diseases resistant transgenic plants. Transgenic animals.
References :
1. Demain A.L.and J.E Davis , 2004. Manual of industrial Microbiology and
Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company , New Delhi.
2. Glover, D.M. and B.D.Hames , 1995. DNA Cloning I.2nd edition JRL press ,
Oxford University press, New youk.
3. Ranga, M.M. 2004. Animal Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company,
New Delhi.
4. Reddy, S.M 2004. Microbial Biotechnology. Panima Book Publishing company,
New Delhi.
5. Sambrooks, Fristch Maniatis, 1989. Molecular cloning – A Lab manual II edition
volume III,CSH press.
6. Trivedi, P.C 2004. Microbial Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company,
New Delhi.
Page 51
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IMBT94: BIO-INFORMATICS
Objectives
The aim of the course is to make the student to understand the application of computer
tectnology in biological studies and emphasizes the study of genomics data bases, tools
modeling of biomolecules and use of internet & Bionet.
Unit-I: Genomics and Proteomics
Introduction – The uses of computers in biology – Bio informatics – Functional
genomic, structural genomic, proteomics.
Unit-II: Data Bases and Mining
Data bases and data mining – Sequence data base – Structural data base & EST
data base – SCOP, CATH. –Collection and downloading informations from data bases –
Literature search – CCOD – Medline – Biological websites.
Unit-III: Tools in Bioinformatics
Tools – Pair wise alignment, multiple alignment (dynamic programming)
BLAST, FASTA, PSI BLAST, Vector NTI, Clustalw, PHYLIP, EMBOSS – Profile –
hmm profile.
Unit-IV: Modelling of Biomolecules
Proteins – Amino acids structure – primary, secondary, tertiary and quartinary –
ORFs – Protein folding – Secondary structure prediction, threading, jpred, CASP, 3D
Models of protein – RASMOL – Modeling – modeler – homology modeling.
Unit-VL: Internet and Bionet
Accessing information through internet – Bio net news groups – WWW software
(http, html).
References
1)
Bax Vanis, A.D. and B.F. Francis Ovellette, 2002. Panima Book Publishing
Company, New Delhi.
2)
Baxevanis, A.D. and B.F. Fransis (eds.). 1998. Bio Informatics: A Practical Guide
to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Willy & sons.
3)
Bryan Dergovon, M.D. 2003. Bioinformatics Computing. Prientice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
4)
Durbin. R., S.R. Eddy, A. Knogh and G. Mitchison. 2000. Biological Sequence
Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
5)
Ranga, M.M. 2004. Bio Informatics. Panima Book Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
6)
Rawlings, C.J. 1986. Software Directory for Biologist Mac Millan Publishers.
7)
Von Heijne, G. 1987. Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biollogy. Acacemic Press.
Page 52
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IMBP95: LAB IN IMBT91, IMBT92 & IMBT 93
1.
Nitrogen fixing organisms – Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Acetobacter,
Cyanobacteria.
2.
Green manuring Azolla, Azorhizobium.
3.
Phosphate Solubilizers.
4.
PGPR – Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Pseudomonas.
5.
Bacterial and fungal diseases of crop plants.
6.
Biocontrol agents.
7.
Enumeration of microbial population in soil – Quantitative and qualitative
distribution.
8.
Isolation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria – Nonsymbiotic and associative
symbiotic bacteria.
9.
Nitrification and denitrification.
10
Organic matter decomposition – CO2 evolution.
11
Rhizosphere – Spermosphere – Phyllosphere.
12
Frankia isolation.
13
Mycorrhiza isolation and plant infection studies.
14
Associative and antagonistic relationships among soil microorganisms.
15 Isolation of sulphur and iron bacteria.
16. Genetic improvement of industrially useful microorganisms, through mutation
17. Immobilization techniques for increasing the fermentation products
17) Bioassay techniques for antibiotics
18) Bioassay techniques for vitamins
19) Production of pharmaceutical compounds from spirulina sp.
20) Production of protein rich feed from green algae.
21) Production of SCP.
IMBP96: LAB IN IMBT94
1)
Working with MS office, Linus, Biojava.
2)
Working with Bio – XML, HTML.
3)
Working with Oracle, VB.
4)
Designing a 3D structure of protein.
5)
Designing resource database.
6)
Sequence analysis of protein.
7)
Collection and Downloading data from databases.
8)
Browsing microbiological websites.
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FIFTH YEAR : TENTH SEMESTER
IMBT101 : INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objective :
To study the industrially importance microorganisms, fermentor design,
fermentation economics , production recovery, antibiotics production and some industrial
value products.
Unit – I : History and Development of Industrial Microbiology.
Historical development of industrial microbiology – industrially important
microorganisms, major classes of products and processes – improvement of industrially
important microbial strains.
Unit – II : Fermentors and its process
Design of feremntors – types of fermentors and basic functions . fermentation
media formulation strategies – Economical means of providing energy – carbon, nitrogen
, vitamin and mineral sources – Role of buffers – precursors – inhibitors – inducers and
antifoams – types of fermentation.
Unit – III : Fermentation Recovery process.
The recoveries of purifications of fermentation products (intracellular and
extracellular ) - cell disruption , precipitation, fileratrion, centrifugation solvent recovery,
chromatography, ultra filtration, drying , cell immobilization and its application, culture
preservation – Lyophilization.
Unit – IV Pharmaceutical products.
Microbial products of pharamaceutical value – raw materials – organism and
industrial processes involved in the production of penicillin – vitamin B-12 Riboflavin –
Rabies vaccine.
Unit – V Microbial products of industries.
Microbial products of industrial value – raw materials, organisms and industrial
processes involved in the production of ethanol., vinegar, amylase, protease, glutamic,
acid and – recycling and safe disposal of industrial wastes through microbes.
Referecnces
1. Crueger, W., 2000. A text book of industrial microbiology, 2nd Edn, Panima Book
Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Stankury P.F., Allan Whitaker , and Stephen. J. Hall 1996, Principles of
fermentation Technology , Pergrmon.
3. Prescott, D.M., 2002. Industrial microbiology , Panima Book Publishing company
Ltd, New Delhi.
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IMBP 102 ; LAB IN IMB101
1. Isolation and screening of industrially useful microorganisms.
2. Preparation of inocula and fermentation media.
3. Fermentation of alcohol
4. Fermentation of organic acid citric, latic acid.
5. Fermentation of amino acid
6. Fermentation of enzymes.
7. Production of antibiotics
IMBT 103 : PROJECT
PROJECT WORK.
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55
CORE 101. MUSHROOM TECHNOLOGY
Objectives
The course deals with the various aspects of the production techniques and
problems in mushroom cultivation.
Unit I
Mushroom science : Landmarks – edible and poisonous mushrooms – nutritive
value, mushroom diseases – application of related fields – microbiology, fermentation
technology and environmental engineering – Genetic resources : Population diversity,
speciation, culture collection centers and bio informatics resources.
Unit II
Taxonomy and biology : Classification – molecular approaches and life cycles of
important edible mushrooms – Pleurotus, Volvariella, Calocybe, Lentinus, Auricularia
and Agaricus – Morphogenesis: basidiocarp development, role of enzymes – cellulases,
hemicellulases , laccase, petase, amylolytic enzymes – B 1,3 glucanase , mannitol
dehydrogenase, PO and PPO amylolytic enzymes – Role of metabolic gases in fruiting
body morphology.
Unit IV
Cultivation : Substrate formulation – science of composting and casing –
Physiological physical and biochemical considerations for the cultivation of different
edible mushrooms – Role of bioinoculants in mushroom growing – problems in
mushroom cultivation.
Unit V
Methods of chemical analysis of mushrooms : post harvest storage ; Physiological
changes, enzymatic and non – enzymatic browning , auto-oxidation, microbial spoilage –
Biomolecules from mushrooms and toadstools ; nutriceutical , pharmaceutical and
pesticidal molecules from macrobasidiomycetes.
Reference Books :
1. Aneja, K.R 1996 Experiments in microbiology plant pathology, Tissue culture
and mushroom (2nd Edition ) Wishwa prokashan, New Delhi.
2. Bahl, N., 1997, Hand Book of Mushroom cultivation in India, Oxford & IBH
PublishingCo., New Delhi.
3. Chandha , K.L.and S.R. Sharma, 1995 Mushroom Biotechnology – Advances in
Horticulture Vol., 13., Malhotra publishing House, New Delhi
4. Chang, S.T., and H. Quimio, Hayes, 1978, Biology and cultivation of Edible
Mushrooms, Academic press, New York.
5. Chang, S.t. and H. Quimio 1982, Tropical Edible Mushromms, The chines
University press, Hongkong.
Page 56
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ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY
FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE
ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS)
Regulation
Common to all Departments of Studies in the Faculty of Science.
Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Earth Sciences,
and Bio Chemistry.
Master Programme.
A Master’s Programme consists of a number of courses, in M.Sc. A Master’s
Programme consists of a set of compulsory courses and Language papers.
The entire course carriers credit system. The number and distribution of credits
for the courses will be decided by the respective faculties.
A course is divided into two semesters, odd semester and Even semester.
Credits
The terms credit is used to describe the quantum of syllabus for various program
in terms and hours of study. In indicates differential weightage given according to the
contents and duration of the courses in the curriculum design.
The minimum credit requirement for the award of the degree of Five years
Master’s Programme shall be 154.
Courses
Each course may consist of Lectures / Tutorials/ Laboratory work / seminar /
project work / practical training report / Viva Voce etc.
Normally in each of the courses, credits will be assigned on the basis of the
lectures/ Tutorials/ Laboratory work and other form of learning in a 18 week schedule.
Eligibility for Admission.
Candidates for admission to the first year of the five year integrated M.Sc Degree
courses shall be required to have passed the final examinations of the plus 2 Higher
secondary course and Equivalent thereto with a minimum of 50% aggregate under
academic stream with the following subjects as in Appendix – A, Conducted by the
Board of Secondary Education, Tamilnadu Government or an examination of any other
authority there to. They shall satisfy the conditions regarding qualifying marks, age and
physical fitness as may be prescribed by the syndicate of the Annamalai University from
time to time.
Grading system
The term grading system indicates a 10 point scale of evaluation of the
performance of students in terms of marks grade points, letter grade and class
Course Duration
The duration for completion of a five year intergraded M.Sc. Programme in any
course is ten semesters.
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57
Student counselors
To help the students in planning their course of study and for general advice on
the academic programme, the Head of the Department will attach a certain number of
student to a member of the faculty who shall function’s student counselor for those
students throughout their period of study.
Attendance
Every teaching faculty handing a course shall responsible for the maintenance of
attendance Register for candidates who have registered for the course.
The instructor of the course must intimate the Head of the Department at least
seven calendar days before the least instruction day in the semester about the particulars
of all students who have secured an attendance of less than 80%
A candidate who has attendance less than 80% shall not be permitted to sit for the
End – Semester Examinations in the course in which the shortage exists.
However, it shall be open to the authorities to grant exemption to a candidates
who has failed to obtain the prescribed 80% attendance for valid reasons on payment of a
condonation fee and such exemption should not under any circumstances be granted for
attendance below 70%.
Examination
There will be two sessional assessments and one end semester Examinations
during each semester. Sessional Test – I will be held during sixth week for the syllabi
converted till then.
Sessional Test – I will be a combination of a variety of tools such as class test,
assignment and paper presentation that would be suitable to the course. This requires an
element of openness. The students are to be informed in advance. However, the tests are
compulsory. Test –I may be for one hour duration. The pattern of question will be
decided by the respective faculty. Sesssional test – II carry 20 % of marks of the entire
course. There will be one end semester Examinations of 3 hours duration in each course.
The end semester Examination will cover all the syllabus of the course for 60% of marks.
Evaluation
Evaluation will be done on a continuous basis evaluation may be objective type
Questions, Quiz, Short answers, Essays or a combination of these, but at the end semester
it has to be a written examinations.
The performance of students in each course is evaluated in terms of percentage of
marks (PM) with a provision for conversion to grade point (GP) the sum total
performance in each semester will be rated by GPA while the continuous performance
from the 2nd semester onwards will be marked by (OGPA).
Marks and Grading
A student cannot repeat the assessment of sessional Test –I and Seesional Test –
II. However, If for any compulsive reason the student could not attend the test, the
prerogative of arranging a special test lies with the teacher in consultation with the Head
of the Department.
A minimum of 50 % marks in each course is prescribed for a pass. A student has
to securer 50 % minimum in the End semester Examination.
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58
If a candidate who has not secured a minimum of 50 % of marks in a course shall
be deemed to have failed in that course.
The students can repeat the end semester Examinations when it is offered in the
subsequent odd / even semesters till the regulations are in force. However a candidate
cannot move to the next odd/ even semesters if he / she have more then six papers as
arrears at any point of time.
A candidate who has secured a minimum of 50% marks in all courses prescribed
in the programme and earned a minimum of the credits will be considered to have passed
the Master programme.
Grading
A ten point rating is used for the evaluation of the performance of the student to
provide grade for each course and overall grade for the master’s programme.
Marks
Grade points
Letter grade
Class
90+
10
S
Exemplary
85-89
9.0
D++
Distinction
80-84
8.5
D+
Distinction
75-79
8.0
D
Distinction
70-74
7.5
A++
First Class
65-69
7.0
A+
First Class
60-64
6.5
A
First Class
55-59
6.0
B
Second Class
50-54
5.5
C
Second Class
49 or Less
F
Fail
The successful candidates in the core subjects are classified as follows.
I – Class 60 % marks and above in over all percentage of marks (OPM)
II - Class 50-59% marks in over all percentage of marks.
Candidates who obtain 75% and above but below 90% of marks (OPM) shall be deemed
to have passed the examinations in first Class / Distinction) provided he / she passed all
the course prescribed for the programme at the first appearance.
Candidates who obtain 90% and above (OPM) shall be deemed to have passed the
examination in first class (Exemplary) provided he / she pass the entire course prescribed
for the programme at the first appearance. Candidates who obtain highest marks in all
examinations at the first appearance alone considered for ranking.
For the internal Assessment Evaluation the break up marks shall be as follows
Test (15 +15)
: 30Marks
Assignment
: 05 Marks
Case Study / Seminar / Short Answer etc. : 05 Marks
Total
: 40 Marks
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59
Course – wise letter grades
The percentage of marks obtained by a candidate in a course will be indicating in
a letter grade.
A student is considered to have completed a course successfully and earned the
credits if he / she secured over all grades other than F. A Letter grade F in any course
imples a failure in that course. A course successfully completed cannot be reapeated for
the purpose of improving the grade point.
The F grade once awards stays in the grade card of the students and is not deleted
even when he/ she completed the course successfully later. The grade acquired later by
the student will be indicated in the grade sheet of the odd/ Even semester in which the
candidates has appeared for clearance of the arrears.
If a students secured F grade in the Project work / Fieldwork / Practical work /
Dissertation. Either he / she shall improved it and resubmit it if it involves only rewriting
incorporation the clarification of the evaluation or he/ she can re- register and carry out
the same in the subsequent semester for evaluation.
Transitory Regulations
Wherever there had been change of syllabi, examinations based on the existing
syllabus will be conducted for three consecutive times after implementation of the new
syllabus in order to enable the students to clear the arrears. Beyond that the student will
have to take up their examinations in equivalent subjects as per the new syllabus on the
recommendations of the Head of the Department concerned.
APPENDIX – A
M.Sc, Microbiology
: A Pass in H.Sc. (10+2 Level) and Equivalent there to with a
minimum of 50% aggraded under academic stream with the
following students viz. Physics & chemistry. Biology or
Botany and Zoology.
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60
M.Sc MICROBIOLOGY
FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED DEGREE
ON – CAMPUS PROGRAMME (CBS)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
Total Credits: 154
First year: I Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
ITAC 11
IENC 12
ICEC 13
IMBT 14
IMBP 15
Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French
Part II : Language – English : Basic English
Skills
Civics, Environmental and Health Science
General Microbiology
Lab in IMB14
3
3
3
4
1
First year: II Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
ITAC 21
IENC 22
ICAC 23
IMBT 24
IMBP 25
Part I : Language - Tamil / Hindi / French
Part II : Language – English : Technology &
Communicative English
Computer Applications - I
General Bio chemistry
Lab in IMB24
3
3
3
4
1
Second year: III Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
ICAC 31
IMBT 32
IMBT 33
IMBP 34
Computer Applications – II
Morphology , cytology and Growth of
Microorganisms
Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Lab in , IMB32, IMB33
4
4
5
2
Second year: IV Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 41
IMBT 42
IMBT 43
IMBP 44
Cell Biology, Cell and Tissue Culture
Microbial Physiology and Metabolism
Microbial Genetics
Lab in IMB41, IMB42, IMB43
4
4
4
3
Third year: V Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 51
IMBT 52
IMBT 53
IMBP 54
IMBP 55
Molecular Biology
Virology
Biostatistics
Lab in IMB51, IMB62
Lab in IMB53
4
4
4
2
1
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61
Third year: VI Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 61
IMBT 62
IMBT 63
IMBT 64
IMBP 65
Microbial Ecology and Bio – Diversity
Water and Textile Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Bio Energy
Lab in IMB61, IMB62, IMB63 & IMB64
4
4
4
4
4
Fourth year: VII Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 71
IMBT 72
IMBT 73
IMBP 74
IMBP 75
Immunology
Medical Microbiology
Enzymology and Food Microbiology
Lab in IMB71 & IMB72
Lab in IMB73
4
4
4
2
1
Fourth year: VIII Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 81
IMBT 82
IMBT 83
IMBP 84
IMBP 85
Genetic Engineering
Dairy Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology
Lab in IMB81
Lab in IMB82 & IMB83
4
4
4
1
2
Fifth year: XI Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 91
IMBT 92
IMBT 93
IMBP 94
IMBP 95
IMBP 96
Agricultural Microbiology
Soil Microbiology
Microbial Bio Technology
Bio Informatics
Lab in IMB91, IMB92 & IMB93
Lab in IMB94
4
4
4
4
3
1
Fifth year: X Semester.
Code
Subject
Credits
IMBT 101
IMBP 102
IMBP 103
Industrial Microbiology
Lab in IMB101
Project
4
1
6
Page 62
62
M. Sc Microbiology
Five Year Integrated Degree
ON – Campus Programme (CBS)
Syllabus
First Year – First Semester
Part – I: Language
ITAC 11: Tamil (Option)
遑 1 : 褞∋撰 爼齒 貉顴
橙1
袷錢 遑 蒡 陦踉∵ /nobr>
(硴∵ .3.40.44.54.57.69.135.167.197)
橙2
腰錚鐸∩陟 陦踉∵ /nobr>
(硴∵ 47.86.112.163.182.184.192.235.239)
橙3
遒取 - 蔟♭ 蔗♯ 樌よｓ蘂蔟 /nobr>
橙4
蔡 鵤顳鴉顴 - 駕 茖蹉跣 - 茖譬蠅陟 韭 /nobr>
橙5
酷譬蠅∵ - 陦齊ゎｊ褜
爼齒 - 蔡 - 譯茴譯 .介.顳蹐蔡 /nobr>
PART – 1 Language
ITAC 11 : Hindi (Option)
Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – 1
First 15 Lesson only (Poems omitted)
(Published by D.B Hindi prachara sabha . T.Nagar Chennai - 17 )
S.R. Sastri – Sarai Hindi Vyakaran – Part I
(Published by D.B. Hindi prachara sabha , T.Nagar Chennai – 17 )
PART – I
ITAC11: French (Option)
Book: Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres – 1
(Methods de francals) First 2 Units.
Page 63
63
PART – II: ENGLISH
IENC12: BASIC ENGLISH SKILLS
Objectives: The course aims at developing communicative competence of the
students in the English Language by emphasizing the skills of listening, speaking, reading
and writing and by enabling them to perform different tasks successfully in a variety of
real life academic contexts. Encouraging a student – centered approach to the learning of
English through materials and activities of intrinsic interest and relevance to students
lives the course aims at making the language learning process enjoyable and in prepairing
students to read and write effectively
Course Book : Shridar, Gokhale, Vanashree Joshi. and Britan Robinson.
Developing your English : Mumbai Frank Brothers & Co., 1998.
The book treats serious moral, ethical, social and cultural themese that of
importance to the student community. under each unit of the course book, the student will
have opportunity to explore different types of texts, to critically analyse the topic
covered, to articulate their beliefs and opinions, and to participate in class activities as
speaking listening, reading, writing and answering grammar exercises and global
questions.
Unit – I: Superstitions and Magic, Young People
Listening: 1. In some Tamil Nadu Villages people shun umbrellas During the Rains.
3. Money Matters Most for Today’s Youth.
Reading:
Text A: Superstition is a Belief , Half – Belief
Text B: Night of the Scorpion
Text C: Genuine East Indian Magic
Text D: The Young Ones
Text E: The Home coming
Writing:
1. A Spiritualist’s Bluff
2. The Mother Daughter Relationship I & II
Grammar: The passive, Indirect Speech
Speaking: Global Questions
Unit – II: Food and Health, Indian Films.
Listening: 1. Animal or Vegetable?
2. Problems of a Bengal Film Maker
Reading:
Text A: Tea or Coffee
Text B: Choice of Crops for Improved Nutrition
Text C: The Luncheon
Text D: On Top of the World
Text E: Corrosive Rhythms
Writing:
1. Take Care: Cigarettes
2. A Film Review
Grammar:
Model Auxiliaries, Simple Past and Past Progressive, Past Perfect
Speaking: Global Questions
Unit – III: Urban and Rural Life, Advertising
Listening: 1. A Frightening Scenario
2. A: The Royal parks of London
B: Richmond Park Can be a very big place if you’re only three feet Tall
Reading:
Text A: Urban Villagers
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64
Text B: We Die Together
Text C: Henchad’s Oath
Text D: Ode on Solitude
Text E: Age of Virtuous Ad
Text F: Code of Ethics for Advertising
Writing:
1. Psyches crumble as Bombayites Fight Stress,
2. Visual Writing
Grammar:
Prepositions of Phrasal Verbs, Conditional Sentences
Speaking: Global Questions.
Unit – IV: Environment, Women in India.
Listening: 1. Induswtrialist’s Recipe for money.
2. Famous Indian Women
A.M.S Subbulakshmi B: Kiran Bedi.
Reading:
Text A: Noise – Global perspective.
Text B: Earth worm
Text C: Science for Man. Not Nations
Text D: Relationships
Text E: Talking Runs!
Text F: Indian Women
Writing:
1. Eco – Friendly Disposal of Waste Course
2. Women and Men Do think Differently
3. Bihar Parties ‘High – Pitched Drive to Woo Women
Grammar: Present perfect and present progressive,
Stative and Dynamic Verbs, Articles.
Speaking: Global Questions.
Unit – V Famous People , English in the World.
Listening:
1. My Finest Hour
2. British and American English – Part I & II
Reading:
Text A : Habba Khatoon
Text B: ….. And Allah Created Lata
Text C: Vinoba Bhave
Text D: A Psalm of Life.
Text E: How Indians Use English
Text F: What is your Good Name, Please?
Text G: Meeting Friends.
Writing:
1. My Sixteenth Year
2. Marriage Lines
Grammar: Concord , Features of Indian English
Speaking:
Global Questions.
Reference
2. Shridar, Gokhale , Vanashree Joshi and BrianRobinson. 1998.
Developing your English, Mumbai:Frank Brothers & Co.
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65
ICEC 13: CIVICS, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND HEALTH SCIENCE
(A) Civics
UNIT – I : Introduction
Democracy – Citizenship – duties of Good Citizen – Society state and citizen –
Limits of state Activity.
Indian Constitution preamble – Basic Features – Citizenship – Fundemental
Duties.
Unit – II Political System.
Union Government President – Prime Minister – Parliament – Supreme Court –
Electoral system – State Government : Governor – Chief Minister – Center state
Relations.
Local
Government
:
Urban
Administrative
system
Panchayati Raj system.
References:
5. Fadia, B.L. 1999. Indian Government and Politics, Agra. Sahitya Bhawan
Publication.
6. Maheswari, S.R. 1996 Local Government in India Agra, Lakshmi Narain
Agarwal.
7. Agrawal. R.C 2000. Indian Political system, New Delhi, S.Chand &
Company
8. James H. 1961 Mccrocklin, Building Citizenship, USA Allyn and Bacon .
INC.
(B) Environmental Sciences
Unit – I Ecosystems
Fundamental Concepts and Principles – Structure and Function – Classification –
Modern concept of Ecosystem – Energy flow – Ecological indicators.
Unit - II Environment
Definition – Natural Resources – Classification – Conservation – Development of
public water supply – Need for producted water supply – Per capita consumption –
Sanitation – Sewage system – Disposal of sewage – Kinds of pollution – Their effect of
human beings.
References
5. Odum, E.P 1971 Fundamental Ecology, 3rd Edition, Saunders.
6. Colvinvaux, P. 1986. Ecology. John Wiley & Sons
7. Agarwal & Rana, S.V.S 1985 Environmental & Natural Resources, Society of
Biosciences
8. Duggal K.N 1994. A Text Book on Public Health Engineering. S.Chand & Co.
Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
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66
(C) Health Sciences
Unit -I
Physical Health – Introduction to health – Food meaning of balanced diet.
Sources, common nutritional deficiencies and prevention.
Personal health – Cleanliness of body, care of Skin. Nails, Eye, Hair, Oral Health,
Clothing, Body posture and good habits such as exercises – Importance of avoiding
smoking , alcoholism , drugs etc.,
Population explosion and family planning – importance, common methods of
Planning for men & Women.
Mothers and children – Immunisation of children ( Importance, schedule ) care of
mothers during pregnancy and after delivery.
Communicable Diseases – Symptoms and prevention
Unit – II
(3) Mental Health – Factors for maintenance of good mental health (a)
Adolescent problems (b) First Aid.
(4) Environment – Ventilation, Lighting . Simple method of purification of water
sanitary latrine, prevention of worm infestation (Round worm, hook worm).
References
5. Murray Grant 1987. Hand Book of Community health, Philadelphia : Lea &
Febiger Publications.
6. Lawrence B. Chenoweth, et al, 1934. Community Hygiene, New york: F.S
Croft’s & Co
7. Charies Frederic Boldman, et al. 1936. Public Health and Hygiene,
Philadelphia : W.B.Saunders Company.
8. Harold S, Diehl, 1945. Text Book Of Healthful Living , New York: Mc Grqw
Hill Book Company.
Page 67
67
IMBT14 : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Unit – I
Definition and scope of Microbiology – History and recent developments – Spontaneous
generation theory – Biogenesis – Contribution of Louis Pasteur – Leewenhoek, Lazaro
spallanzani, John Tyndall, Joseph Lister, Robert koch, Edward Jenner, Stanley ,
Alexander Fleming - Waksman.
Unit – II
Microscopy : Principles and application of simple, compound, bright field, dark field ,
phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscopy – Scanning electron microscope and
transmission electron microscope.
Unit – III
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, General characteriscs and nature of
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Rickettsiae, Chlamydias, Spirochaetes,
Actinomycetes, Mycoplasma, Viruses, Algae, Fungi and protozoa.
Unit – IV
Sterilization : Principles and methods – Physical (moist heat, dry heat, filtration,
Pasteurization. Tyndalization, radiations) and chemical (antibiotics, alcohols, aldehydes,
phenols, halogens and hypochlorites) – disinfection.
Principle of staining : Nature of dyes types of staining – simple, differential, negative and
spore staining.
Unit – V
Culture technique : Types of media – simple, defined, enriched and transport media with
examples. Aerobic and Anaerobic culture technique method of maintenance and
preservation of microbial cultures.
Reference Books :
1. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan E.C.S and Kreig,1993. Microbiology, McGraw
Hill, Inc., New york
2. Stainer R.Y., Ingraham J.L., Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R. 1986
General Microbioloy, Mcmillan Education Ltd., London.
3. Prescott. L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein , B.A.,2000. Microbiology
(Fourth edition), Wm.C. Brown publisher IOWA, U.S.A.
Page 68
68
IMBP15 : LAB IN IMBT 14
19. Study of Microscopes
20. Methods of sterilization
21. Micrometry
22. Preperation of culture media and Agar slants
23. Purification of Bacteria
24. Purification of Fungi
25. Gram staining
26. Endospore staining
27. Negative staining
28. Capsule staining
29. Total cell count (Haemocyto meter)
30. Morphology of Fungi : Somatic structure and reproductive structures.
31. Morphology Bacteria.
32. Hydrolysis of starch.
33. Gelatin liquefaction.
34. Production of H2 S and IMVIC Test.
35. Methyle Red and VP Test.
36. Preservation and Microbial cultures.
Reference Books :
4. Beistir, L.1996. Microbiology (6th Edition), Adelandwsky, Langman, New York.
5. Bensen J.H 1996 Microbiological Applications : A Laboratory Manual in General
Microbiology, (6th Edition) WN.C. Brown Publication, IOWA, USA
6. James G.C and Sharman , N.1996. Microbiology : A Laboratory Manual (4th
Edition ) The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, International, USA.
Page 69
69
FIRST YEAR : SECOND SEMESTER
Part - I : Language
ITAC21 : Tamil (Option)
遑 - 2: 頏褜陦譬喜 鉐 /nobr>
橙1
阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚
茲.頌錢遑髯ｓ -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇
橙2
阡♯ 鉐 眇空 碚
茲.頌錢遑髯ｓ -陦賈槇 - 阡♯ 鉐 眇 蹉奇
橙3
茗 蝪槇 汕∵顴
譯茴譯 潁ｎ 褪♯陟顆 - 陦賈槇 - 茗 →蝪槇 汕∵顴
橙4
飫 鉐 /nobr>
茨 檐錢銷 - 陦賈槇 - 錵蘂萓顴 韋∬ｗ鵤蔗ｑ /nobr>
橙5
滕 を槇 蓐 眇駆槇
銛遐遒 姻‡茴握 椪蔟 - 陦賈槇 蠅錢遯孖 蝪 /nobr>
Part – 1 : Language
ITAC21 : Hindi (Option)
3. Naveen Hindi Patamala – Part – II
( First 10 Lesson Only )
4. Manohar kahaniyan – Part – II
( First 10 stories Only )
Published by D.B. Hindi Prachara Sabha , T.Nagar, Chennai – 17
Part – I : Language
ITAC21 : French (option)
Book : Le Nouveru Sans Frontieres - 1
(Method de francais) – III and IV Unit
Page 70
70
Part – II : English
IENC22 : TECHNICAL AND COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH.
Objectives :
The Course is task oriented and aims at imparting proficiency in English skills for
advanced level learners, through appropriate communication activities, specimens,
illustrations and telling examples. By way of fulfilling the needs and requirements of
students at the advanced level, the course trains students in diverse practice materials to
acquire proficiency in learning through the strategies of self – motivation, self –
evaluation, and self- correction.
Course Book : Mohan Krishnan and Raman, Meenakshi, Effective English
communication, New Delhi : Tata McGraw – Hill 2000.
Besides the prescribed text, teaching materials drawn from various sources such
as radio and television programs, newspapers, and magazines would we supplied to
students as handouts.
Unit – I : Spoken English :
Practice in the correct pronunciation of English vowels and consonants , syllables and
accent,
Unit – II Written communication
Vocabulary development , word structure , word order, and phrasal verbs.
Unit – III comprehension
Listening and Reading comprehension.
Unit –IV : Composition
Paragraph writing, precis writing, dicto composition, letters writing, writing a term
course, writing book reviews.
Unit – V : Forms of Technical communication
1.Technical Reports 2. Forms, Memos and E- Mail 3. Business letters 4. Presentation 5.
Job search – Resumes and letters.
In addition to those components , students would be involved in performing
communicative tasks such as making short speeches, interpreting visual presentations,
role play, and group discussions.
References :
3. Mohan Krishna and Raman, Meenakshi, 2000. Effective English Communication.
New Delhi: Tata Mc Grawe Hill.
4. Ruther Ford, Andero J. 2001. Basic Communication skills for Technology –
Peaisons.
Page 71
71
ICAC23 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – I
Unit – I
Introduction to computers – Application of computers – Concepts of Data and
information – A Typical computer system – Memory concepts – History of computers Types of computers.
Input – Output Devices – Data storage Devices – Software – The Definitions –
The Role of Software – Housekeeping.
Unit – II
The Computer Internals – Typical PC Configiration – Booting – Virus, Anti virus
, Vaccine – Versions of software.
Operating system – Definition – Classification – Basic of MSDOS – Introduction
to windows operating system – Features of windows OS – Desktop and Desktop icon –
Starting programs – Browsing and managing windos explorer Setting – Taskbars and
creating shortcuts.
Unit – III
Introduction to internet – Client server Basics, E- Mail , Telnet and Archive –
FTP – Gopher Jughead and Veronica – WAIS and World Wide Web. Fundementals of
HTML , TC/IP and E – Commerce.
Unit – IV
Issue involved in web site Management – Addressing – Designing web sites with
Front page.
Unit – V
Multimedia – Concept, Requirements Applications and future – Hardware and
software Requirements for multimedia Development and Delivery Platforms –
Multimedia methodologies – Fundamentals and use of Hypertext, Hypermedia, sound ,
Image, Animation, Video.
Using Multi Media : Multimedia Interface, Planning and Developments of
Multimedia projects.
Text Books.
6. Ron Mansfield, Osborne, Windows 95 for Busy People, McGraw Hill.
7. Ron White , How Computers work.BPB.
8. Christian crumlish, The ABCs of the internet.
9. Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon. “ Internet in a nut Shell” Leon Press, Chennai
& Vikas publishing House, New Delhi.
10. Tay Vaughan, Multimedia Marking it work, Osborne Tata McGraw Hill 1996.
References Books.
8. Computer Fundementals and Windows with internet Technology by Krishnan,
Scitech publication (India) Pvt.Ltd. Chennai.
9. Windows and MS – OFFICE 2000 with data base concepts by Krishnan,
Scientech Publications (India) PVt. Ltd, Chennai.
10. Stephen Nelson, Field Guide to the internet.
11. James Meade, David Grower, Rhonda Grower, Microsoft DHTML,
12. Rosen Brog. A Guide of Multimedia.
13. Ned Sneel, The Internet starter Kit in 24 hours Techmedia 1998.
14. Michael Goodwin, Marking Multimedia Works . Coomdex, 1995.
Page 72
72
MBT24 – GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY.
Unit – I
Acid and base – Definition. Conjugate acids and bases, ionic product of water,
ionic strength, dissociation constants. pH and pH measurement. Buffers – Henderson
Hasselbalch equation. Biologically important buffers.
Concept of free energy and entropy Free energy changes in biological reactions .
High energy compounds. The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Unit – II
Carbohydrates – General account of classification and properties.
Metabolism of carbohydrates : Glycolysis, Entner Doudoroff pathway.
Gluconeogensis, Citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate and glyoxylate pathway.
Metabolism of glycogen and regulation.
Unit – III
Classification of amino acids, Biologically importance peptides, proteins –
Classification, orders of protein structure ( Primary , Secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
A brief account of biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids.
Metabolism of amino acid nitrogen – transamination, deamination, Urea cycle.
Elementary details of catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids.
Unit – IV
Lipids – Classification and general properties. Fatty acid metabolism, βOxidation and biosynthesis. A brief account of triglycerides and cholesterol biosynthesis
Vitamin sources, requirements, biological functions of fat soluble (A,B,E and K) and
water soluble vitamins (Thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, folic acid and B12)
Unit – V
Nucleic acid: Purines , Pyrimidines , nucleosides, nucleotides, Watson – Crick
model of DNA Structure, Majour Classes of RNA. Biosynthesis and degradation of
purines and pyrimidines.
Minerals : Sources, Daily allowances , Biological function of phosphorous ,
magnesium, sodium, potassium , iron copper and Zinc.
Reference Book
6. Biochemistry, Zubay, 4th Edition, 1998. William C.Brown Publication.
7. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition McGraw Hill
8. Biochemistry, Stryer, 4th Edition Freeman,
9. Principle of Biochemistry, Lehniger Nelson Cox. Macmillan Worth Publisher,
2000.
10. Biochemistry, Vooet and Voet.
Page 73
73
IMBP 25: Lab in IMBT24
15. Preperation of buffers and pH Measurements.
16. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates.
17. Qualitative analysis of amino acids.
18. Seperation of amino acids and sugars by paper chromatography.
19. Isolation and estimation of starch.
20. Estimation of sugars by Anthrone methods.
21. Estimation of protein by Lowry’s Methods.
22. Estimation of pentose by orcinol method.
23. Estimation of DNA – Diphenylamine method.
24. Estimation of Inogranic phosphorus by Fiske of Subbarow method.
25. Estimation of glucose by benedicts method.
26. Estimation of Vitamin C by 2,4 dichlorphenol indophenol method.
27. Estimation of calcium – ammonium oxalate method.
28. Estimation of protein by Biuret method.
Page 74
74
SECOND YEAR : THIRD SEMESTER
ICAC31 : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS – II
Unit – I
Introduction to Microsoft Office – Create and Modify Documents – Formate the
Text, Tables within the Documents – Merge the Documents and print – Working with
World Wide Web.
Unit – II
Create and modify spreadsheets – Formate the Cells – Different 2D and 3D
Charts – Creation and Modification – Budget preparation – Functions – Printing of
Spreadsheet and Charts.
Unit – III
Concept of data types, field, record, table and Data Base – Creation –
Modification – Manipulation – backup and recovery- significance and need of Queries.
Unit – IV
Importance of the Primary key – Foreign keys and Lookup lists – Significance of
Data validation – Input Mask – Sorting and indexing – Use Table relationship and forms
– Application – Reports – Creation and Printing.
Unit – V
Create and modify presentations – Create master slide and templates – Different
views of slide – Add animation and transitions.
Reference Books
3. Joe Habreken , Microsoft Office 2000, PHI, 1998.
4. Microsoft Office 2000 Complete, Sybex, 1999.
Reference
4. Sharma M.C 1997 Desk Top Pop Publishing on PC BPB Pub.
5. Krishnan. Windows and MS – Office 2000 With data base concepts scitech
publication (India) P.Ltd., Chennai.
6. Ron Mansfield Working in Microsoft Office , Tata McGraw Hill.
Page 75
75
IMBT 32 : MORPHOLOGY , CYTOLOGY AND GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS.
Unit – I
Morphology of bacteria – Size and shape – structure of Bacterial Cell – Capsule ,
flagella – Fimbriae, Chaemotaxis, Cytology of bacterial cell – cytoplasmic membranes
mesosomes – DNA , RNA Constituents – Cytoplasmic inclusions. Factors affecting the
growth of Bacterial populations.
Unit – II
Morphology of fungi – Cell wall structure – Fungal thallus –Unicellurar fungi –
Filamentrous fungi – Cytology of fungi – Mitochondria – Golgibodies – Endoplasmic
reticulum – woronin bodies – Lysosomes.
Unit – III
Morphology of Algae – Types of vegetative forms, heterocysts and non –
heterocystous forms – cocolithous in algae. Cytology of algae – Pigments formation –
cell inclusions.
Unit – IV
Morphology of protozoa – shapes and sizes of protozoa. Cytology of protozoa –
body covering and skeletons in protozoa – locomotory organelles in protozoa internal
organells of protozoa viruses, shape, structure - Bacteriophages – shape , size structure.
Unit – V
Microbial Growth – phases of growth curve measurement of growth –
calculations of growth rate-Generation time – Synchronous growth – induction of
synchronous growth , synchrony index – Factors affecting growth – PH’’ temperature ,
substrate and osmotic condition.
References
4. Dubey R.C and Maheswari D.K 1999. A Text book of Microbiology. S. Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Pelczar M.J., E.C.S chan and Krieg N.L 1993. Microbiology. McGraw Hill
international , Edition 5th Ed., New York.
6. Schelegal H. 1993. General Microbiology. Cambridge Unbiveristy Press,
Cambridge.
Page 76
76
IMBT 33: TAXONOMY OF MICROORGANISMS
Unit – I
General Principles of Classification – Evolution – Methods of classification –
International codes of Nomenclature – Modern approaches in the classification – 16s
RNA Sequences and protein sequences, Numerical taxonomy – DNA hybridization,
DNA base ratio, serology.
Unit – II
Classification of bacterial –Bergey’s system, Lechevalie’s system - Stainer’s
system outline, classification in latest edition of Bergey’s manual – Cyanobacteria.
Unit – III
Classification of fungi – Lower and higher fungi – Life cycles of
Plasmodiophora, Spongospora, Pythium, Rhizopus, Sclerospora, Puccinia, Uromyces,
Ustilago, Tolyposporium, Agaricus, Cercospora, Rhizoctonia and Mycorrhizal fungi.
Unit – IV
Outline classification of algae – Chrysophyta, Englenophyta, Chlorophyta,
Pyrrophyta Phacophyta, Rhodophyta – Classification of protozoa.
Unit – V
Viruses – Nature and properties in relation to classification and nomenclature of
viruses – Various system of Classification – Classification of mycoplasma.
References.
5. Leive, L. 1973. Membranes and wall of Bacteria, Dekker, New York.
6. Deacon J. 1984. Introduction of Modern Mycology, Blackwell science Publ.,
London.
7. Alexopoulos, C.J and Mims. 1983. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern
Ltd, Chennai.
8. Bergey’s Manula of systematic Bacterialogy 8th Edn.
Page 77
77
IMBP34 : LAB IN IMBT32 & IMBT 33
14. Examinations of Cell Wall / Gram positive / Gram Negative.
15. Cell Membrane Structure / Endospores / Flagella Structure.
16. Examination of internal Structures of bacteria.
17. Fungal Spore types Sclerotia, Chlamydospores, Sporangia, Conidia etc.,
18. Sporulation and Budding in yeast.
19. Protozoa Types.
20. Plaque formulation and observation.
21. Algal Types.
22. Systematic study of different classes of fungi Plasmodiophoria / Pythium /
Phytophthora / Aspergillus / Penicillium / Agaricus / Puccinia / Septoria /
Pyricullaria / Saccharomyces / Helminthosporium / Rhizoctonia.
23. Cultural characters and BioChemical tests of Bacteria in each order and family.
24. Linear Growth of fungi in solid media.
25. Growth of fungi in liquid media.
26. Determination of generation time.
Page 78
78
SECOND YEAR: FOURTH SEMESTER
IMBT41 : CELL BIOLOGY, CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
Objectives :
The Courses cell biology deals with both structure and function of the organelles
in the cell and the matrix, it has been organized into three sections, Concerned with
anatomy, Physiology, and metabolism of the cells, and finally nuclecytoplasmic relations
of cells. The another importance section concerned with plant tissue culture emphasis on
organic haploid of isolation and transformation of protoplast.
Unit – I
Cell theory – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (Plants and animal) General
structure – supramolecular structure of the cell surface – molecular organization of cell
membrane – cell permeability – Cell membrane differentiation and intercellular
communications – Cell coat and cell recognition.
Unit – II
Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles – cytoskeleton and Cell motility
Microtubles and – Micro filaments – Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Cell secretion –
Microsomes – functions of ER – synthesis of Exportable protein – Golgi cell secretion.
Unit –III
Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation – morphology – structure – isolation
of mitochondria membranes – molecular organization and function of mitochondria –
permeability of mitochondria – biogenesis of mitochondria. Lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Characteristics of lysosomes. Endocysts – intramolecular digestion – peroxisomes. Plant
cell wall cytoplasm and chloroplast – chloroplasts and plastids – molecular organization
of thylakoids. Photosynthesis – structural and functional model of chloroplast membrane
– chloroplast as semi – antonomous organelle.
Unit – IV
Nucleus and chromosomes – interphase nucleus chromosomes – nucular envelope
– chromatin – heterochromatin – nucleolus. The cell cycles and DNA – replications –
comparison of mitosis and meiosis – description of meiosis – genetic consequences of
meiosis. Types of meiosis and biochemistry of meiosis – cell differentiation –
cytoplasmic interaction – molecular mechanism of nuclear cytoplasmic interactions.
Unit – V
Plant tissue culture – Culture techniques – organogenesis and embryogenesis –
Androgenic haploids – isolation and transformation of protoplasts – uptake of DNA by
plant cells – animal cell – Kinetics of cell growth – Hybridomas and monoclonal
antibodies – application – chimaeric antibody – transgenic plants and animals.
Page 79
79
References
13. DeRobertis and DeRobertis 1983. Essentials of cell and molecular biology,
Saunders college publishing New York.
14. Breger, E.M.1963. Structure and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms. An
introduction to a comparative structural anatomy of cellular organization.
Academic press.
15. Burgess, J. 1985. An introduction to plant cell Development, Cambridge
University press.
16. Cutter, E.G.1978, Plant Anatomy, part 1 : cells and Tissues 2nd Edi.Edward
Arnold.
17. Gomperts, B.D1976, The Plasma membrane. Models for its structure and
function, Academic press.
18. Gunning,B.E.S and Steer, M.W.1975. Ultra structure and Biology of
cells,Edward Arnold.
19. Hall, J.L. Flowers T.J. and Roberts, R.M. 1984. Plant cell structure and
metabolism, ELBS / Longman.
20. Ledbetter, M.C 1970. Introduction To The Fine Structure Of Plant Cells, Springer
Verlag.
21. Risley, M.S. 1986. Chromosomes structure and function, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
22. Rost, T.L. Gifford Jr. & Ernest, M. 1977. Mechanisms and control of cell
division, Academic press.
23. Sheeler P. and Bianchi, D. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology.
24. M.D Trevan, S.Boffey K.H.Goulding. Biotechnology the Biological principles,
Tata McGraw Hill Edition, New Delhi.
Page 80
80
IMBT 42 : MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM.
Unit – I
Biosynthesis of peptidoglycon – Outer membrane, Techoicacid –
Exopolysaccharides – Cytoplasmic membrane. Pili, Fimbriae, S – Layer, Transport
mechanisms – Active, Passive facilitated diffusions - Uni, sym, Antiports –
Chemiosmotic theory.
Unit – II
Microbial differentiation – sporulation –Endo and Exospores – Endospore
formation in Bacillus .sp. Exospore formation in Streptomyces – Reproduction in fungi –
formation of specialized structure – akinetes, cysts and heterocysts.
Unit – III
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation – Anabolic and catabolic processes of
lipids, Reproductive physiology of microorganisms.
Unit – IV
Autotrophs – Heterotorophs – Myxotrophs – Cyanobacterra. Photosynthetic
bacteria and green algae – Photosynthesis – Anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis –
CO2 fixation – Calvin cycle, Biological nitrogen fixation – genetics and regulation of
nitrogen fixation.
Unit – V
Denitrification and reductions of nitrate, nitrite. Reduction of sulphate & Sulphur
& H2S formation. Oxidation of reduced sulphur – Reduction reactions : carbonate to
methane – Carbonate to acetate – Fumerate to succinate – Iron oxides reduction.
References
5. Caldwell, D.R 1995. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, WM.C.Brown
Publisher, USA.
6. Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. 1988, Microbial Physiology, Second Edition,
John wiley & Sons.
7. Murray, R.K. Granner , M.D Mayer P.A. and Rod Well, V.W.
1990.Biochemistry, Prentice Hall international Inc., London.
8. Brayant. D.A. 1994. The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwar
Academic Publications, London.
Page 81
81
IMBT 43: MICROBIAL GENETICS
Objectives :
The emphasis of the course will be on chromosomes structure and function ,
Plasmids, transposon, Genetic recombination, bacteriophages, genetic of viruses, fungi
and yeast and mutation,
Unit : 1
Experiments showing DNA as Genetics Material – Components of DNA and
RNA – Arrangement of nucleotides in DNA – Chromosomes structure and function –
Types of chromosome – Variation in chromosome structure – Chromosome theory.
Unit : II
Plasmids – methods of isolation and purification – Mechanism of gene transfer
system – Main types of vectors – Properties sizes and number of plasmids – Plasmid
incompatibility. Bacteriophage – Properties – features – transposon.
Unit : III
Genetic recombination – type Transformation natural and artificial competence,
Transformation in Bacillus, E Coli, Conjugation – Orgin of congucation – Hfr & Fstrains – Interrupted, uninterrupted mating – Time map and recombination map,
Congucation in E coli. Transduction – Generalized and specialized, fine structure through
transduction. Mechanism of recombination – homologues site specific.
Unit – IV
Genetics of viruses. Bacteriophages – lytic cycle and lysogeny. RNA virues,
retero viruses. Genetics of Neurospora crassa. Aspergillus nidulans and yeast.
Unit – V
Mutant and Mutation – Orgin of mutation – Fluctuation test – mutagens –
Physical and chemical agents – induced mutation – types – mechanisms of mutation
induction – suppression of mutation – intergenic and intragenic suppression – frame shift
mutation – reversion – fine structure mapping – r II mutants of T4.
References
7. Adoph. K.W.1995. Methods in molecular genetics Microbial – Gene Techniques
Vol.IV Academic press, New York.
8. Freifelder, D. 1995. Molecular Biology. Naroza Publishing House, New Delhi.
9. Freifelder, D. 1995 Molecular Genetics , Narosa publishing House, New Delhi.
10. Lewin. B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford Univeristy press, Oxford.
11. R.S Old and primtose, S.B. 1989. Principles of gene Manipulation, 4th Ed.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
12. Waever, F. and Hedric. W. 1997. Genetics. Third Edition, WCB Publishers.
Page 82
82
IMBP44: LAB IN IMBT41, IMBT42 & IMBT 43
16. Cell structure : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell types with the operation of light
microscopes – phase – contrast the polarizing microscopes.
17. Seperation and isolation of cells by sedimentation velocity in units gravity.
18. Study of subcellular organelles : Methods of disrupting cells.
19. Techniques in the isolation and fractionation of eukaryotic chromosomes.
20. Cell and tissue culture techniques
21. Cytochemical demonstration of phosphateses in tissue sections.
22. Cells / tissue preparation techniques for scanning electron microcopy
23. Screening the native microorganisms for intrinsic antibiotic resistance.
24. Mutagenisis of E.Coli using ultra violet radiation and ethyl methyl sulphonate.
25. Isolation of auxotrophic & drug resistanct mutant – Tooth pick method.
26. Bacterial conjugation
27. Effect of various carbon sources on growth of bacteria.
28. Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth of bacteria.
29. Effect of C: N ratio on bacterial growth
30. Effect of PH on Bacterial growth.
Page 83
83
THIRD YEAR: FIFTH SEMESTER
IMBT 51: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Objectives :
To Educate the students with the basic principles of genetics, organization of genetic
material, concept of centre dogma of life , genetic code etc.,
Unit : I Basic Mendelian Genetics and chromosome Organization
Definitions of some common terms in genetics – allele, character, gene, gene locus,
genotype, hemizygous, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype.Basic mendelian genetics
– Mendal’ s laws and linkage.Molecular structure of the bacterial nucleoid – E. Coil and
DNA binding proteins. Plasmids : Structure and Classficacation.
Eukaryotic chromation – necleosome structure – histones non – histone proteins.
Higher order chromatin structure – the 30 nm fiber, chromation loops. Euchromatin and
hetrochromatin. Dnase I sensitivity, CPG methylation, Chromatin domins and boundary
loops.
Unit : II Genome complexity.
Genome complexity – Genes and non coding DNA, Concept of the gene – cistron
relationship – Typical structure of protein – coding genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Definition of functional parts of a gene – coding region (ORF) transcription unit,
untranslated region (UTR) split genes, Overlapping and nested genes. The eukaryotic
gene – exons and introns, gene families, pseudogenes and processed pseudogenes.
Noncoding DNA – Unique sequence DNA, Dispersed relative sequences (SINES
AND LINES ) clustered and repetitive sequences (Satellite, Minisatellite and
microsatellite DNA) variable number of tandem repeats. Organelle genomes.
Unit III - Replication.
Replication – Semiconservative mechanism. Enzymes involved in replication –
helicases, SSB, topisomerases, DNA polymerases,DNA ligases. Mechanism of DNA
replication in bacteria and eukaryotes – initiation. elongation and termination inhibitors
of replication. RNA – directed DAN polymerases. DNA damage – Physical and chemical
mutagens. DNA repair – excision repair. Mismatch repair.
Unit – IV : Transcription and regulation.
Basic principles of transcription – E. Coil, RNA polymerase subunit structure.
Promoter sequence in E. coil. Steps on transcription – initation, elongation and
termination. Post transcriptional processing on rRNA and tRNA . Regulation of
transcription in prokaryotes – the lac operon.
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. RNA pol I, II and III promoters, Transcription
factors, Transcription complex assembly and mechanism of transcription. Post –
transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA – Alternative splicing – Brief
account of ribozymes.
Page 84
84
Unit – V Genetic code, Translation
The genetic code – general feature – Mitochondrial genetic code, Components of
protein synthesis –mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA. Mechanism of protein synthesis in
bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation, elongation and termination.
Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes – amino acid activation, initiation.
Elongation and termination. Translational control in bacteria and eukaryotes.
Inhibition of protein synthesis – co and post translational modification. Protein
targeting and degradation. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Reference Books.
10. Lewin 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University press.
11. Twyman. 1998 Advance molecular biology. Viva pub. 2 Ed.
12. Lodish. 2000 Baltimore et al. Molecular cell biology. Freeman.
13. Alberts. 2002. Molecular biology of the cell. Garlamd sci.
14. Watsen et al. Molecular biology of the gene4th edn. Benjmin cummings.
15. Stansfield et al. 1996. Molecular cell Biology. Schaum’s series McGraw Hill.
16. Nelson Cox. Lehniger’s 2000. Principles of biochemistry, Macmillion.
17. Elrod. S. and stansfield. 2002. Schaum’s outlines Genetics,4 th edn.
18. Weaver. 2001. Molecular biology. MCGraw hill 2nd Edn.
Page 85
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IMBT52 : VIROLOGY
Objectives :
The study about viruses and their role in diseases development.
Unit : 1
Development of virology – detection and identification of viruses – general
properties of viruses – cultivation of viruses – viruses purification assays – chemical
composition of virus – structure of viruses – viron size – Helical capsids – nucleic acids –
serological properties of viruses – serological diagnosis – ELISA – PCR techniques.
Unit : II
Nomenclature and taxonomy of viruses – Principles of classification –
Bacteriophages – reproduction of DNA Phages – lytic cycle – reproduction of RNA
phages, Temperate bacteriophages – Lysogeny.
Unit – III
Viruses of Eukaryotes – Classification of animal viruses – Animal RNA viruses –
VSV. Poliovirus – Revirus – Retrovirus – Animal DNA viruses – Papoviruses –
Adenovirus – Reproduction of Animal viruses – Plant viruses – viron morphology – plant
virus taxonomy – reproduction – viruses of fungi and Algae – Viruses of insects –
Viroids and prioids.
Unit – IV
Host virus interaction – Bacteriophage – bacterial system – Plant virus and their
hosts – Animal virus with their host – virus infection – Cytocidal infection and cell
damages – Persistent – latent and slow virus infection – Host specificity – Vector control
induced resistance and interferon.
Unit – V
ViralPathogen city – antiviral drugs and vaccines, pox virus – The herpes virus –
vesicular virus influenzaviruses and tumors – oncogenic viruses – Carcinogens and
concogenes – oncogenes in cancer cells – Oncogenes and induction of cancer.
Reference Books.
1. Luria, S.E. 1959. General Virology – John wiley & Sons, Inc. Newyork.
2. Topley and Wilson, 1983. Principles of Bacteriology. Virology and
immunity 7th (Ed) Vol.4 Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd London.
3. Prescott, Harley and kluni. 1993, Microbiology, Wm.C.Brown Publisher –
USA.
4. Biswas, S.B. and Biswas, A. 1976, An introduction to viruses. Vikas
publishing House P.Ltd., New Delhi.
Page 86
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IMBT 53 : BIOSTATISTICS
Objectives :
The course aims at skill development for data analysis98+
Unit – 1
Introduction to Biostatistics – Definition, Statistical methods, Biological
measurements , kinds of biological data. Functions of statistics and limitation of statistics
collection of data, sampling and sampling designs. Classification and tabulation. Types of
representations – graphic – bar diagrams – Pie diagrams and curves.
Unit – II
Measures of central tendency, mean, meridian, mode and geometric mean,
correlation – different types of correlation – positive, negative, simple, partial, multiple,
linear, and nonlinear correlation, Methods of studying correlations.
Unit –III
Measuring of dispersion and variability changes, Deviations – Quartile deviation
– mean deviation. Standard deviation. Coefficient of variation, Lorenzer’s curve.
Regressiontypes and method of analysis. Regression line. Regression equations, deviation
taken from arithmetic mean of x on y. Deviation taken from the assumed mean.
Unit – IV
Distribution types test for analysis. Sampling methods and test for significance –
students ‘t’ test. ‘chi’square test, analysis of variance. Review of design for laboratory
and field experiments. CRD, RBD, and LSD – efficiency of designs – sub sampling in
experimental plotsgroup comparisons – missing plot technique in RBD and LSD –
analysis of covariance factorial experiments – symmetrical and Asymmetrical, factorial
experiments.
Layout and analysis of factorial experiments and split plot design – (With
combination of two factors in main plots) Split plot design – split block design.
Unit – V
Skewness, kurtosis, moments, Meaning tests of skewness, characteristics of
dispersion and skewness. Measure of skewness. Objective – karl pearson coefficient of
skewness. Bocoley’s efficient of skewness., kelley’s co-efficient of skewness. Kurtosis,
measures, moments.
Reference Books.
5. Palanisamy S. and Manoharan.M., 1994. Statistical methods for Biologists
(Bio – Statistics), Palani Paramount publication. Tamilnadu.
6. Arora P.N. Malhan P.K. 1996. Biostatistics, Himalaya Publishing house,
Mumbai.
7. Stanton A.Clantz. Primer of statistics. Tata McGraw Hill Inc. Newyork.
8. Sokal and Rohif. 1973. Introduction to Biostatistics. Toppan Co. Japan.
Page 87
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IMBP54 : LAB IN IMBT51 & IMBT52
21. Extraction of protein and quantification.
22. Isoenzymes.
23. PAGE.
24. SDS –PAGE.
25. Western blotting.
26. Southern blotting.
27. Northern blotting.
28. Isoelectric focusing.
29. Genomic DNA.
30. Total DNA.
31. Total RNA.
32. mRNA extraction.
33. Gel Documentation.
34. Morphology of Viruses.
35. Cytology of viruses.
36. Symptoms of viral diseases and Mycoplasma diseases.
37. Transmission of viral diseases by various agents.
38. Insect transmission.
39. Sap transmission.
40. Transmission of viruses by other agents.
IMBP55 : LAB IN IMBT 53
18. Comparison of mean and preparation using ‘Z’ test – ‘t’ test - independent
Samples.
19. Variances – paired ‘t’ tests – comparison of two means using ‘F’ test paired
samples – independent samples.
20. Chi square test – Test of goodness of fit for different segregation ratios.
21. Bartlett’s test for Homogeneity of variables.
22. Computation of correlation co-efficient and testing it’s significance – comparison
of two (or) more correlation co – efficints.
23. Dolittle solution fitting and testing – Quadrative curve – cubic curve.
24. Analysis of CRD (equal replications including estimation of co- efficiency)
25. CRD for unequal number if replication.
26. Missing plot technique in RBD with one missing observations – Missing plot
technique in RBD for two values.
27. Mission plot technique in LSD with one missing observation.
28. Analysis of Co-variance in RBD.
29. Analysis of Factorial experiment.
30. Split plot design.(With two factors in main plots).
31. Analysis of data with logarithmic transformation Angular square transformation.
32. Durgan’s multiple range test.
Page 88
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THIRD YEAR : SIXTH SEMESTER
IMBT 61 : MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIO-DIVERSITY.
Objectives :
The aim of the course will be teaching on the concept microbial ecology, air
microbiology, aquaticmicrobiology and biogeochemical cycles.
Unit – I
Concept of microbial ecology – Relationship between microorganisms and
different environments – Land, water, air, natural selection – species diversity –
colonization and succession.
Unit – II
Microbiology of air – organisms in air – Distribution and sources of air borne
organisms – aerosols and droplet nuclei – Air sampling techniques – Air samples
enumeration – potential hazards of laboratory techniques – Air borne diseases – Air
sanitation.
Unit – III
Aquatic habitats – Sediments – Surface water – littoral habitats. Soil and
associated systems & habitats – factors influencing microflora : Minerals – PH – Organic
matter – water and soil texture – altitudional variations in microflora – Microbes
associated at the interface - Microbes associated with plants, animal and insects
(Symbiotic and pathogenic ) – Parasitic microbes – symbotic microflora – space parasites
– saprophytes.
Unit – IV
Rhizosphere – Rhizoplane – Phyllosphere – Phylloplane – Symbiotic –
endophytes in plants – Termite and other insects gut microbes – termite hills –
Acidophiles – Alkalohalophiles – Xerophiles – Osmophiles – Halophiles – Thermophiles
– Extreme thermophiles – Psychrophiles – Methanophiles – Acidophiles – Plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Sulphur bacteria – Xenobiotics – Lignocellulolytic
microbes.
Unit – V
Biochemical cycles – Role of Microorganisms in carbon, sulphur and iron cycle –
Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms – Microbial gas metabolism –
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and hydrogen sulphide.
Reference
8. Campbell.R.1993. Microbial Ecology 2nd edition Black well scientific
publications. London.
9. Alexander, M. 1977. Introduction to soil Microbiology. John wiley and sons. New
York.
10. Subbarao, N.S 1995. Soil Microorganisms and plant growth. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd.
11. Atlas, R.M. 1998. Microbial Ecology, Benjaming cummings Sci. Publishers,
California.
12. Alexander, M. 1978, Advances in Microbial Ecology, Plenum press. New York.
13. Burns, R.G. and Slater, J.H. 1982. Experimental Microbial Ecology. Blackwell
Sci. Pub. Edinburg.
14. Hermann Remmert, 1990. Ecology. A Text Book. Springer – Verlag Berlin.
Page 89
89
IMBT 62 – WATER AND TEXTILE MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
The study Emphasises the different types of water habitats, estuaries, microbial
ecosystems, microbial analysis of water, sources of water pollution and purification,
biological sludge digestion, spoilage of aquatic products and its utilization, microbial
degradation of fibers viz., jute, hemp, coir, flax, cotton, wood and leather and also
prevention of damages of fibers.
Unit –I
Microbiology of Water – Types of water – Fresh water – Ponds, Lakes, Streams –
Marine habitats – Estuaries – Mangroves – Deepsea – Hydrothermal vents – Salt pans –
Coral reefs – Microbial ecosystems – Potability of water – Microbial assessment of water
quality – Water purification – Brief account of water borne diseases.
Unit – II
Microbial analysis of water – Sanitary tests for coliforms – The MPN of coliforms
(the membarane filter technique, advantages, disadvantages, defined substrate test,
tMViC ftest) – Purification of water : Sedimentation filteration, disinfection
Unit –III
Sources of water pollution – water recycling – BOD – COD – Methods of sewage
treatment – (Biological – Sludge digestion, activated sludge, aeration filters , oxidation
ponds) imhoff tanks – Spoilage of aquatic products – corrosion and leaching.
Unit – IV
Liquid waste treatment – Treatment methods primary, Secondary (anaerobic –
methanogenesis : aerobic trickling filter and activated sludge process – Oxidation ponds)
tertiary treatment – Utilization of liquid wastes.
Unit – V
Microbiology of fibers – Retting of plant fibers – jute,hemp, coir,flax ect. –
Microbial digeradation of cotton , jute coir, wood and leather – prevention of damage of
fibers.
Reference
5. Nybakken W.1982 Marine biology – An Ecological Approach, Ames harper and
Row publications. New York.
6. Reheinheimer G. 1980. Aquatic Microbiology.
7. Mitchell R. 1974. Introduction to environmental Microbiology.
8. Dubey ,R.C and Maheswari, D.K. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand
and company Ltd., New Delhi.
Page 90
90
IMBT 63 : ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
To provide a Fundamental knowledge about the various scopes in applied
microbiology like aeromicrobiology, disposal and commercial aspects of soil
microbiology,
To study the applied of microorganisms for improvement of environmental
quality, the discovery of microorganisms with metabolic potentials that can be employed
for industrial application.
Unit : I
Concept and scope of environmental microbiology: Chemistry of atmosphere –
Composition, Structure – Chemical and photo chemical reaction : Chemistry of
Hydrosphere – water resources, hydrological cycle: Chemistry of Lithosphere –
Composition, Relation ship between microorganisms and different environments - land,
water and air – Microorganisms inhibiting extreme environments.
Unit : II
Early concept of Air – Vedic technology for air purification – indoor
aeromicrobiology – Aeromicroflora of pharmacy – aeromicroflora of hospitals and other
houses. Aeromicroflora of storage materials (Library, wall paintings) : Aeroallergens and
aeroallergy – House dust allergens, pollen grains, Cosmetics – Air Pollution – Sources,
major pollutionts and the chemistry , adverse effect on the environmental – Acid rain –
impact on ecosystem – gaseous emission – Green house effect – Global warming.
Unit – III
Types of wastes – Characterization of solid and liquid wastes. Solid waste
treatment – Saccharification – Gasification – composting – Utilization of solid wastes –
Food ( SCP, Mushroom, yeast) : Fuel ( ethanol , Methane): Fertilizer (Composting) Composting – Straw decomposition – probiotic microorganisms – Role of lactic acid
bacteria in silage additives.
Unit – IV
Mineral leaching by bacteria – Microorganisms involved in the sulfide mineral
leaching – Chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation by bacteria – Exploitation of dump and
heap leaching – insitu bacterial leaching of ore – mineral concentrate leaching –
Utilization of biologically generated solvents – Heavy metal pollutants removed by
bioaccumulation.
Unit –V
Microbial Control of environmental pollution - Bioremediation concepts –
Microbial and phytoremediation – Biodegradation : Biodegradation of petroleum –
Microbial degradation of xenobioties – characteristics of microbial metabolism –
Common process of insecticidal metabolism – Microorganisms in abatement of heavy
metal pollution – Heavy metal tolerance in microbes – Mechanism of heavy metal
resistance – Microbial plastics.
Page 91
91
Reference :
6. Ec.eldowney, S.Hardman.D.J. and Waite,S. 1993. Pollution Ecology and
Biotreatment. Longman scientific Techincal.
7. Bakes, KH and Herson, D.S1994,Bioremedation. Mc.Graw hill Inc.Newyork.
8. Joyland, S.N.1995, Environmental Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishing House,
Mumbai.
9. Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari , D.K. 1999., A text book of Microbiology, S.Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
10. Erickson, L.E and Fung D.Y. 1988 Hand book on anaerobic fermentations.
Marcel and Dekker Inc. New York.
Page 92
92
IMBT 64 : BIO – ENERGY.
Objectives :
The emphasis of course is learning the energy and sources , types of biogas plants
, feedstock materials for biogas plant, utilization of biomass for energy production and as
biofuels.
Unit – I : Energy.
Energy –Renewable and non – renewable energy – Energy plantations – Latex
producing plants – nuclear energy – Energy management and use.
Unit – II : Bio gas plants
Biogas plant – Types – Construction details – Loading of biogas plants – Biogas
requirement for various use – Biogas applications – dual fuel engine.
Unit –III : Alternative feedback for biogas plants.
Effective use of Agricultural , Horticultural, Forest and fishery wastes and
byproducts as an alternative feed stock for biogas plants – Bio digested slurry – Manural
value – Enrichment – Pelletization.
Unit – IV : Utilization of biomass for energy production.
Bio mass residues for agriculture , Horticulture , forest and fishery energetic – fast
growing biomass species as energy source – solid, liquid, gaseous energy production
from biomass and its use.
Unit – V
Biomass briquetting – coir pith groundnut shell etc., - Alcohol from sweet
sorghum, tapioca , sweet potato – producer gas – Aqua gas , pyrolytic gas from biomass
such as maize cob, groundnut husk, cotton stalk, briquettes.
Reference :
5. Chawla, O.P.1986, Advances in Biogas Technology. ICAR Publication , New
Delhi.
6. Khandelwall, K.C. and S.S. Mahdi 1989. Biogas technology. Tata Mcgraw. Hill
Publishing company Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Kuppuswamy , G. and A.Jeyabal . 1996 . Biogas from Alternative feed stocks.
MNES project publication.
8. Mathur, A.N & N.S. Rathore . 1992. Bio gas Production Management and
utilization. Himanashu publications Udaipur. Rajasthan.
Page 93
93
IMBP65 : LAB IN IMBT61, IMBT62, IMBT63 & IMBT64
31. Enumeration of microorganisms in soil , sewage and fresh water.
32. Effect of temperature on Microorganisms.
33. Effect of acidity on microorganisms.
34. Antibiotics assay.
35. Microbial utilization of plant residues.
36. Dual culture techniques – compatibility of biopesticides.
37. Presumptive test, confirmed coliform test, completed coliform test,
38. Water analysis by MPN technique.
39. Tests for water borne pathogens.
40. Indole test.
41. Methyl red test.
42. Voges – Proskauer test.
43. Citrate utilization.
44. Estimation of BOD.
45. Estimation of COD.
46. Estimation of heavy metals.
47. Total organic carbon.
48. Composting , biological manipulation on nutrient improvement, pathogen
destruction.
49. Mineral leaching.
50. Microbial assessments of air quality – open plate method and Air sampler
techniques.
51. Dual culture technique – synergistic activity.
52. Interrelationship between micro and macroorganisms.
53. Estimation of toxic pesticides in water.
54. Soil analysis pH chlorides, nitrates, calcium, magnesium and total phosphorus.
55. Isolation and identification of methanogens.
56. Use of various feed stocks for biogas production .
57. Pretreatment of substrates.
58. Quantification of biogas from different feedstocks.
59. Analysis of nutritive value of biogas slurry.
60. Biomass briquetting – coir pith, groundnut cake, begasse.
Page 94
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FOURTH YEAR – SEVENTH SEMESTER
IMBT 71 : IMMUNOLOGY
Objectives
The aim of the course is to learn about the types of immunity, immune system,
antigen, antigen anti – body reaction. Hyper sensitivity reaction, immune deficiency
disorders and concept of auto and transplantation of immunity.
Unit –I: Types of immunity.
Introduction : History of immunology – immune technology - blood groups –
blood transfusion – Rh factor – incompatibilities – immunity – types of immunity – inate
and acquired.
Unit – II: Immune systems,
Immune systems : Anatomy of lympho – reticular system – primary lymphoid
organ – secondary lymphoid tissue – cells of the immune system – detailed aspects of T
and B Cells – receptors – activation and function.
Unit –III: Antigens
Antigens : types, properties, haptans – adjuvants – vaccines – types – toxoids –
antitoxins, immunoglobulins – structure, types and properties, theories of antibody
production.
Unit – IV: Antigen Antibody Reaction.
Antigen – antibody reaction-in-vitro methods: agglutination – precipitation.
Complement fixation – immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA, in vivo methods,
immunodeficiency disorders – AIDS.
Unit –V: Concept of Development and immunity.
Hypersensitivity reactions – basic concept in auto immunity and transplantation
immunity.
References:
5. Goldshy, 2004. Immunology.5th Edn. New Era Books. Banglore.
6. Jams Kuby. 2003. Immunology III Edn. Panima book company limited. New
Delhi.
7. Lydyand, P.M.2000. Instant notes on immunology, Panima Book Company
limited, New Delhi.
8. Rao, C.V. 2002. An introduction to immunology. Panima book company limited.
New Delhi.
Page 95
95
IMBT 72: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
This course aims to study about the microorganism associated with human beings
and methods of diagnosis, symptoms caused by them. It also emphasizes to learn about
the viral diseases and anti microbials and development of drug resistance.
Unit-1: Microbes Associated with Human Body
Normal microbial flora of the human body, Host microbe interaction – Virulence
factors of microbes – invasiveness and pathogenecity. Non specific resistance factors
Unit-II: Diagnose of Microorganism
Diagnostic microbiology: collection and transport of specimen for
microbiological examination – general methods for isolation and identification of bacteria
– typing of bacterial isolates – sero diagnosis.
Unit-III: Clinical Symptoms
Clinical symptoms: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention
and treatment of the following bacterial infections; streptococcal infections – staphylocal
infections – tuberculosis – leprosy – gastro intestinal disorders – typhoid, cholera,
bacillary dysentery – sexually transmitted diseases – syphilis, gonorrhea – Anaerobic
wound infections – tetanus, Gas gangrene
Unit-IV: Viral Diseases
Diseases caused by viruses – varicella – rubella, influenza, Herpes simplex –
Hepatitis papilloma – Arbo viruses and polimyelities, HIV.
Unit-V: Antimicrobials and Drug Resistance
General characteristics of antimicrobials – antiseptic & disinfectants, antibiotics,
β – lactam, aminoglycoside, polycyclic alkanes, mechanism of action - minimal
inhibitory concentration – drug resistance – antiviral and anti parasitic drugs.
Reference
1) Collee J.C Duguid, J.P. Fraser, A.C. and Marimon B.P., 1989. Practical Medical
Microbiology, 13th edn. Churchill Livingston.
2) Gerald Collee. J and Anthony Simmons, 2000. Practical Medical Microbiology.
Longman Singapore (P) Ltd, Singapore
3) Green Wood, D., R. Slack and J. Peutherer. 1997. Medical Microbiology. Churchill
Livingston, Medical Division of Longman Group Edinburgh, UK Ltd.,
4) Schaechter, M., Medoff. G and Eisenstein, B.C. 1993. Mechanism of Microbial
Diseases. 2
nd
edition - Williams & Wilkins, Baltilmore.
5) Tom Parker. M. Leslie, H. Collier Topley and Wilison, S. 1990. Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity (8th edn.).
Page 96
96
IMBT73: ENZYMOLOGYAND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
The emphasis of the course will be on enzyme characteristics and applications,
food microflora and preservation, food quality control, microbial foods, food spoilage
and food poisoning.
Unit-I: Enzyme Characteristics and Applications
Importance, Historical resume. Nomenclature and I.U.B. system of classification.
Biological role of enzymes – Chemical nature of enzymes – Mechanism of enzyme
action – Bruk equation – Significance of Km and Vm – Active site – Modifiers of
enzyme activity –Enzyme Linked assay system.
Unit-II: Food Microflora and Preservation of Foods
Introduction: importance of food microbiology types of microorganisms in food
– source of contamination (Primary sources) – factors influencing microbial growth of
food (extrinsic and intrinsic)
Food preservation: principles of food preservation- methods of preservation (a)
Physical (irradiation, drying, heat processing, chilling and freezing, high pressure and
modification of atmosphere) (b) Chemical (sodium benzoate class I and II). Food
sanitation – food manufacturing practices – Hazard analysis, critical control points,
personnel hygiene.
Unit-III: Fermented Foods
Food fermentation: Bread, wine, fermented vegetables – Idli – methods and
organisms used, food and enzymes from microorganisms – single cell protein, production
of enzymes.
Unit-IV: Food Spoilage
Contamination and spoilage - cereals, Sugar products, vegetables and fruits,
meat and meat products, milk and milk products, fish and seafood – poultry, spoilage of
canned foods.
Unit-V: Food Poisoning
Food poisonings: food borne infections (a) Bacterial: Staphylococcus, Brucella,
Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella (b) fungal: Mycotoxinx, including
aflatoxins (c) viral: Hepatitis (d) Protozoa – Amoebiasis.
References
1)
Addms, M.R and M.O. Moss., 1995. Food Microbiology. The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge.
2)
Doyle, M.P. 2001. Food Microbiology. 2nd Edn. Panima Book Company Limited,
New Delhi.
3)
Frazier, W.C./ and Westhoff D.C. 1988. Food Microbiology. TATA McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
4)
Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology., 4th Edn. CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
5)
Stanbury, P.F. Whitaker and Hall. S.J. 1995. Principles of Fermentation
Technology, 2nd edition, Pergaman Press.
6)
Thomas E. Barman, 1969. Enzyme HandBook Vol.5 Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidgeberg. Newyork.
Page 97
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IMBP74: LAB IN IMBT71&IMBT72
1)
Preparation of Antigen.
2)
Methods of bleeding.
3)
Antigen – Antibody reaction.
4)
Blood group typing.
5)
Immunoelectrophoresis.
6)
ELISA
7)
Media and reagents for hybridoma preparation and preparation of feeders for
hybridoma culture.
8)
Examination of parasitic ova and cysts from fecal samples.
9)
Identification of pathogenic organisms with smear culture and bio – chemical
tests for the following,
a, Staphylococcus
b, E. coli
c, Klebsiella sp
d, Salmonella typhi
10) Potassium hydroxide and Lactophenol preparations for skin scrapings for fungi
and seabiesmites.
11) Simple, differential and special staining of clinical material viz., Throat swab,
Vaginal swab, Split smears, Pus, Sputum stool etc,.
12) Enumeration of Bacteria in urine. Qualitative urine culture
13) Germ tube, assimilation and fermentation tests for yeast
14) Antimicrobial sensitivity testing and determination of MIC and quality control.
15) Identification of pathogenic microbes including viruses in
solids/smears/specimens as spotters.
IMBP 75 : Lab in IMBT73
1) Isolation , Purifiaction and assay of enzyme,
2) Effect of pH temperature and inhibitors.
3) Studies on the enzyme induction in bacterial culture
4) Enzyme production (Amylase, protease) – Submerged fermentation
5) Solid state fermentation techniques productivity enzymes
6) Examinations of microorganisms on normal and spoiled fruits and vegetables –
cereal products – sugar products and vegetables.
7) Use of food preservatives Viz., Chemicals, irradiation, low and high temperature
on the control of food borne microorganisms.
8) Microbial control of canned and bottled food meat and fish.
9) Diagnosis of spoilage of various foods.
10) Microbial survey in utensils and processing plants.
11) Fermentation of lactic acid and vinegar.
12) Assay the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella as indicator organisms.
Page 98
98
a. FOURTH YEAR : EIGHTH SEMESTER
IMBT81 : GENETIC ENGINEERING
Objectives.
To educate the students with the advanced techniques in genetic engineering like
restriction enzymes. Vectors in genetic engineering. Gene cloning construction of gene
Libraries. PCR tecxhnology transposable elements and applications of genetic
engineering techniques etc.
Unit – I : Restriction Enzymes and vectors.
Restriction and modification in bacteria E.Coli K & B system- Restriction endo
nucleases type I, II & III. Ligases vectors – Plasmids – Phages, cosmids, Phagemids,
special vectors – Broad host range, Expression , integrating shuttle vectors – yeast
vectors.
Unit – II : Gene cloning and gene libraries
Principles of gene cloning - a complementation – Genomic library & cDNA
Library – Shot gun cloning – Screening of recombinants – Phenotypic expression of
characters – Colony hydridation – southern hybridization – Use of Antibody – Western
blot – Physical map of cloned gene. Genomics – Construction of BAC, YAC libraries,
E. Coli genome – Gene chip – Preparation and Application – Analysis of transcripts –
Gene expression – Micro array.
Unit – III : PCR and its Applications.
PCR technology – Gene amplification – PCR primer designing and optimization :
Variations in PCR (RT PCR RACE) RAPD, RFLP and site directed mutagenesis – DNA
Sequencing – Manual and automated chromosome walking – DNA foot printing.
Unit – IV Transposable Elements.
Transposable elements – identification of types – Tn 3. Tn5. Tn 10-1S elements in
maize, Drosophila & Yeast. Mechanisms of transposons – Conservative and replicate.
Use of transposable elements in gene cloning - gene cloning in vivo - Mu phage and
derivatives – Isolation of operon and gene fusion Mating type switch in yeast.
Unit – V : Applications of Genetic Engineering.
Genetic engineering and strain improvement – Application of conjugation ,
transformation, transduction and transfection – Principles and application of recombinant
DNA technology – Enzymology of the process.
References :
1) Brown T.A. 1995. Gene cloning 3rd edition. Chapmann and Hall publications ,
USA.
2) Jagond, S.N. 1997, Gene Biotechnology , Himalaya Publishing house, Banglore.
3) Lewin B. 2000. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press.
4) Old.R.W. Primrose S.P. 1996. Principles of Gene Manipulations. Blackwell
Scientific Publishers, Germany.
5) Winnaker, EL. 1987. From Genes to clones : Introduction to Gene Technology,
VCH Publications, Germany.
Page 99
99
6) IMBT82 : DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives.
The course aims to study about the microorganism associated with milk and dairy
products, spoilage caused by microorganisms and their preservation and processing
techniques. It also empasises to learn about the fermented dairy products.
Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Milk and Dairy products.
Microorganisms of milk and milk products – factors affecting growth of
microorganisms – types of microorganisms in milk and dairy products like butter, cheese,
cream, ice cream, yogurt, whey – Examination or assessing microbial load of milk and
milk products – quantitative and qualitative test.
Unit – II : Preservation of milk and milk products.
Types of milk and milk products – pasteurization – sterilization – radiation –
Ionizing radiation – chemicals.
Unit – III Spoilage of milk and milk products.
Types of microbial spoilage of milk and milk products – spoilage of milk , butter ,
cheese, yogurt, raw milk – dry milk, ice- cream, whey.
Unit – IV : Fermented dairy products.
Fermentation of milk and milk products – fermentation of milk, koumiss, yogurt –
fermentation of whey in industrial uses – lactic acid production – Alcohololic
fermentation of whey and yeast delactosed whey – sunthesis of vitamins – diseases
spread by microorganisms through milk – Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Phytogenes , Micrococcus, Phyogenes var aureus.
Unit – V : Processing of Dairy products.
Milk and milk products processing – Milk sanitation – cleaning and sanitization
of milking utensils – microbiological standards and guidelines – quality control – dairy
plant waste disposal – treatment - preventing dairy wastes.
References
1) Robinson.R. 1990. Dairy Microbiology 2nd Edn. Elesvir Applied science Pub.
2) YAdav. J.S., Sunitha, G. and V.K. Batish. 1993, Comprehensive Dairy
Microbiology. Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi.
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3) IMBT 83 : VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives :
The aim of the course is to learn about the different diseases caused in animals by
bacteria, fungi, viruses, their treatment and control and also emphasizes the study of
different parasites on animal and control.
Unit – I : Microbes Associated with Animal Diseases.
General characteristics of bacteria causing animal disease – Pathogenic bacteria –
Defense mechanism of the host – Actinobacillosis – Anthrax – Tuberculosis – Bovine
mastitis – Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and control – Haemorrhagic specticaemia.
Unit – II : Mycotic Diseases and Control.
Pathogenic fungi – Characteristics Epidemoilogy of fungal diseases symptoms,
diagnosis, treatment and control of mycotic diseases of animals.
Unit – III. Parasites and control.
Definition – Parasites , host, vector, parasitism , Effect of parasitism on the host –
Protozoan parasites – Trypanosomes, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Coccidia – Diagnosis,
treatment and control. Miscellaneous Protozoan parasites – Amoebae, Ciliates
Sarcocysts.
Unit – IV Types of important viral Diseases on animal.
General properties of virus : Morphology , size of viruses : Viral proteins ,
Nucleic acid, and lipids – Purification of virus particles and reaction of viruses to
physical and chemical agents.
Classification cultivation and replication of viruses. Viral genetics and interaction.
Viral haemgglutination, interference and inclusion bodies. Oncogenic and latent viruses.
Unit – V : Types of Important viral diseases on Animals.
Picorna virus group – Foot mouth disease virus – Enteroviruses of animals –
Reovirus group – African horse sickness virus – Blue tongue virus – Roto viruses –
Infectious bursal diseases virus. Togo virus group – Swinefever viruses, Mucosal disease
virus – Paramyxovirus group, pseudovirus group, Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus
References
1) Batzing , B.L.2002, Microbiology , An Introduction. Thamsan Brooks cole
Publication, London.
2) Inglis T.J.J. 1996. Microbiology and infection. Long Man Singapore pub.Ltd.
3) Ingraham, J.L and C.A Ingarham 2002. Introduction to microbiology, 2nd Edn.
Thamsan Brooks Cole publication, London.
4) Johnson,A.G. 1996, Microbiology and Immunology 3rd Edn, Williams and
Wilkins Pub. U.K
5) Prescott, M.L., J.P.Harley and D.A Klein. 2002. Microbiology 5th Edn. McGraw
Hills, USA.
Page 101
101
IMBP84 : LAB IN IMBT81
1) Isolation of plasmid (pBR 322/ pBluescript) from E.Coil – Separation by agarose
gel electrophoresis.
2) Restriction digestion of plasmid – single and double digestion – Determination of
molecular weight . – physical mapping.
3) Cloning of fragment in pBR 322/ Bluescript – insertional inactivation / blue white
selection.
4) Reisolation of plasmid from the recombinant clone, Restriction digestion and
agarose gel electrophoresis confirmation of size of insert.
5) IPTG induction of expression of cloned gene in E.Coli.
6) PCR amplification of DNA , RAPD, RFLP : Gel electrophoresis – analysis of
fragments – Finger printing analysis.
7) Isolation of mutants by Tn 1000 mutagenesis
8) Isolation of bacterial chromosomal DNA – Determination of purity and quantity.
IMBP85 : LAB IN IMBT82 & IMBT83
1) Assessment of milk quality by methylene blue reduction test.
2) Detection of bacteria in milk by standard plate counts (SPC) dye reduction .
Detection of number of bacteria in milk.
3) Isolation of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus from curd
4) Preperation of yougurt
5) Isolation of bacteria , fungi and actinomyeetes from spoiled milk and milk
products.
6) Microbiological survey in utensils and processing plants.
7) Assessing the load of coliform bacteria and Salmonella in milk as indicator
organism.
8) Special staining technique : Capsular, Acid fast, Lactophenol cotton blue.
9) Titration of virus.
10) Viral haemagglutination
11) Examination of the faecal material for identification of intestinal protozoa.
12) Preparation of blood smears their staining and examination of slides for
haemoprotozoan parasites.
Page 102
102
FIFTH YEAR : NINTH SEMESTER
IMBT91 : AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
The aim of the course is to learn about the microorganisms associated with plants
beneficial role in soil fertility productivity. It is also emphasizes the study of diseases
caused by microbes on plants and use of biopesticides for crop protection.
Unit- I: Interaction of Microobes with Plants
Microbes harmful and beneficial to plants – Microbial association – Beneficial –
Nitrogen fixing organisms – Associative symbiosis – Bacteria, Actinomycetes,
Cyanobacteria.
Unit-II: Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Biology of nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen fixing genes and their regulation in
Klebsiella, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacteer, and Agrobacterium – Plant tumor –
Ti – Plasmids – Ri – Plasmids – Genetic regulation of tumorogenity in plants.
Unit-III: Biofertilizers
Production of bacterial biofertilizer – Criteria for strain selection – Steps for
preparing biofertilizers (seed pelletiing, inoculant carriers, quality standards for
inoculants) – Green manuring – Algae and other biofertilizer, Azolla and phosphate
solublizers – Production of mycorrhizal biofertilizers – ecto and endo mycorrhizae –
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) – Pseudomonas.
Unit-IV: Diseases of Crop Plants
A brief account of the symptoms, etiology, life cycle and management of bacterial
(blight of Paddy, citrus canker): fungal (late blight of potato and stem rust of wheat)
diseases of crop plants.
Unit-V: Crop Protection and Biopesticide
Crop protection – disease control – fungicides – Bacterial disease – control –
Bacterial insecticides – Biocontrol agents – principles and practices – microbial
herbicides – viral insecticides – Entomopathogenic fungi.
References
1)
Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbioogy. S. Chand
and Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
2)
Martin Alexander, 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd.
New Delhi.
3)
Rangaswamy, G. and D.J. Bagyarai., 1993. Agricultural Microbiology. Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Page 103
103
IMBT92: SOIL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives
The aim of the course is to learn about the role of microorganism in soil fertility,
microbially mediated transformation of minerals in soil and decomposition of organic
matter. It also emphasises the study of Rhizosphere Concept and PGPR.
Unit-I: Role of Microorganism in Soil Fertility
Development of soil microbiology – Distribution of soil microorganisms in soil –
Role of microorganisms in soil fertility – Influence of soil and environmental factors on
soil microflora – Interactions among microorganisms – Symbiosis – Mutualism –
Commensalism – Competition – Parasitism – Predation.
Unit-II: Microbial Transformation of Minerals
Microorganisms in soil processes – Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, iron cycle,
phosphorous cycle – Nitrogen fixation – Ammonification – Organisms involved.
Unit- III: Interaction of Microbes with Plants
Interrelationship between plants and microorganisms – Rhizospphere concept –
Quantitative and qualitative studies – R:S ratio – Rhizoplane – Spermosphere –
phyllosphere microorganisms – their importance in plant growth – Pesticide and other
agrochemicals – recalcitrant molecules.
Unit-IV: Mycorrhizae and PGPR
Mycorrhizae – Plant growth regulators production by microorganisms – Microbial
leaching of metal ores.
Unit-V: Organic Matter Decomposition
Organic matter decomposition – Composition of litters – Carbon assimilation and
immobilization – Organic mater dynamics in soil – Microorganisms associated with
organic matter decomposition – Factors affecting organic matter decomposition –
Microbial biomass as an index of soil fertility – Humus.
References
1) Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheswari. 1999. A Text Book of Microbiology. S.Chand
a. and Co.Ltd. New Delhi.
2) Martin Alexander. 1976. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. Willy Eastern Ltd.
a. New Delhi.
3) Mishra, R.R. 2000. Soil Microbiology. Jagmander Book Agency. New Delhi.
4) Subba Rao, N.S. 1977. Soil Microorganisms and Plant Growth. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. New Delhi.
5) Walker, N. 1975. Soil Microbiology. Butterworth. London.
Page 104
104
6) IMBT93 : MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Objectives :
To study the microbial biotechnology aspects of enzyme production and its
process, Different techniques of biotechnology , value added microbial biotechnology.
Unit – I Introduction of biotechnology
Biotechnology – definition and concepts – History and achievements – Culturing
of microorganisms for production – introduction to metabolism – Aerobic microbial
growth – products from microbes – Environmental control of the processes.
Unit – II Enzyme and its production technology.
Enzyme biotechnology – Enzyme production technology from microbes –
problems and applications – Enzyme immobilization – Immobilization methods and
substrates – Application of immobilization – Protoplasting of microbiual cells, their
immobilization and advantages.
Unit – III : Different Techniques of Biotechnology.
Production of antigens and interferon by cloning and expression in microbes –
Cloning vectors – Plasmids , Cosmids , Bacteriophages, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
expression vectors – Broad host range and shuttle vectors – Recombinant vaccines from
plants – Down stream processing of protein products – Polymer degrading enzymes of
industrial significance – other protein of industrial significance.
Unit IV : Microbial Biotechnology
Microbial biotechnology – Cultivation methods of Spirulina – Biotechnology
potentials of micro algae – Food , feed and fuel production – Pharmaceutically valuable
compounds of micro algae.
Unit – V : Recombinant Technology.
Recombinant Vaccines – Production of Human insulin, interferon, Somatostatin ,
nif gene organization regulation and expression – Transfer of nif genes to prokaryotes
and eukaryotes . Gene transfer for developing salinity and drought tolerance and pest and
diseases resistant transgenic plants. Transgenic animals.
References :
1) Demain A.L.and J.E Davis , 2004. Manual of industrial Microbiology and
Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company , New Delhi.
2) Glover, D.M. and B.D.Hames , 1995. DNA Cloning I.2nd edition JRL press ,
Oxford University press, New youk.
3) Ranga, M.M. 2004. Animal Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company,
New Delhi.
4) Reddy, S.M 2004. Microbial Biotechnology. Panima Book Publishing company,
New Delhi.
5) Sambrooks, Fristch Maniatis, 1989. Molecular cloning – A Lab manual II edition
volume III,CSH press.
6) Trivedi, P.C 2004. Microbial Biotechnology , Panima Book Publishing company,
New Delhi.
Page 105
105
7) IMBT94: BIO-INFORMATICS
Objectives
The aim of the course is to make the student to understand the application of computer
tectnology in biological studies and emphasizes the study of genomics data bases, tools
modeling of biomolecules and use of internet & Bionet.
Unit-I: Genomics and Proteomics
Introduction – The uses of computers in biology – Bio informatics – Functional
genomic, structural genomic, proteomics.
Unit-II: Data Bases and Mining
Data bases and data mining – Sequence data base – Structural data base & EST
data base – SCOP, CATH. –Collection and downloading informations from data bases –
Literature search – CCOD – Medline – Biological websites.
Unit-III: Tools in Bioinformatics
Tools – Pair wise alignment, multiple alignment (dynamic programming)
BLAST, FASTA, PSI BLAST, Vector NTI, Clustalw, PHYLIP, EMBOSS – Profile –
hmm profile.
Unit-IV: Modelling of Biomolecules
Proteins – Amino acids structure – primary, secondary, tertiary and quartinary –
ORFs – Protein folding – Secondary structure prediction, threading, jpred, CASP, 3D
Models of protein – RASMOL – Modeling – modeler – homology modeling.
Unit-VL: Internet and Bionet
Accessing information through internet – Bio net news groups – WWW software
(http, html).
References
1) Bax Vanis, A.D. and B.F. Francis Ovellette, 2002. Panima Book Publishing
a. Company, New Delhi.
2) Baxevanis, A.D. and B.F. Fransis (eds.). 1998. Bio Informatics: A Practical Guide
to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Willy & sons.
3) Bryan Dergovon, M.D. 2003. Bioinformatics Computing. Prientice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
4) Durbin. R., S.R. Eddy, A. Knogh and G. Mitchison. 2000. Biological Sequence
Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
5) Ranga, M.M. 2004. Bio Informatics. Panima Book Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
6) Rawlings, C.J. 1986. Software Directory for Biologist Mac Millan Publishers.
7) Von Heijne, G. 1987. Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biollogy. Acacemic Press.
Page 106
106
8) IMBP95: LAB IN IMBT91, IMBT92 & IMBT 93
10. Nitrogen fixing organisms – Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Acetobacter,
Cyanobacteria.
11. Green manuring Azolla, Azorhizobium.
12. Phosphate Solubilizers.
13. PGPR – Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Pseudomonas.
14. Bacterial and fungal diseases of crop plants.
15. Biocontrol agents.
16. Enumeration of microbial population in soil – Quantitative and qualitative
distribution.
17. Isolation of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria – Nonsymbiotic and associative
symbiotic bacteria.
18. Nitrification and denitrification.
10
Organic matter decomposition – CO2 evolution.
11
Rhizosphere – Spermosphere – Phyllosphere.
12
Frankia isolation.
13
Mycorrhiza isolation and plant infection studies.
14
Associative and antagonistic relationships among soil microorganisms.
16 Isolation of sulphur and iron bacteria.
33. Genetic improvement of industrially useful microorganisms, through mutation
34. Immobilization techniques for increasing the fermentation products
22) Bioassay techniques for antibiotics
23) Bioassay techniques for vitamins
24) Production of pharmaceutical compounds from spirulina sp.
25) Production of protein rich feed from green algae.
26) Production of SCP.
IMBP96: LAB IN IMBT94
9)
Working with MS office, Linus, Biojava.
10) Working with Bio – XML, HTML.
11) Working with Oracle, VB.
12) Designing a 3D structure of protein.
13) Designing resource database.
14) Sequence analysis of protein.
15) Collection and Downloading data from databases.
16) Browsing microbiological websites.
Page 107
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FIFTH YEAR : TENTH SEMESTER
IMBT101 : INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objective :
To study the industrially importance microorganisms, fermentor design,
fermentation economics , production recovery, antibiotics production and some industrial
value products.
Unit – I : History and Development of Industrial Microbiology.
Historical development of industrial microbiology – industrially important
microorganisms, major classes of products and processes – improvement of industrially
important microbial strains.
Unit – II : Fermentors and its process
Design of feremntors – types of fermentors and basic functions . fermentation
media formulation strategies – Economical means of providing energy – carbon, nitrogen
, vitamin and mineral sources – Role of buffers – precursors – inhibitors – inducers and
antifoams – types of fermentation.
Unit – III : Fermentation Recovery process.
The recoveries of purifications of fermentation products (intracellular and
extracellular ) - cell disruption , precipitation, fileratrion, centrifugation solvent recovery,
chromatography, ultra filtration, drying , cell immobilization and its application, culture
preservation – Lyophilization.
Unit – IV Pharmaceutical products.
Microbial products of pharamaceutical value – raw materials – organism and
industrial processes involved in the production of penicillin – vitamin B-12 Riboflavin –
Rabies vaccine.
Unit – V Microbial products of industries.
Microbial products of industrial value – raw materials, organisms and industrial
processes involved in the production of ethanol., vinegar, amylase, protease, glutamic,
acid and – recycling and safe disposal of industrial wastes through microbes.
Page 108
108
Referecnces
1) Crueger, W., 2000. A text book of industrial microbiology, 2nd Edn, Panima Book
Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi.
2) Stankury P.F., Allan Whitaker , and Stephen. J. Hall 1996, Principles of
fermentation Technology , Pergrmon.
3) Prescott, D.M., 2002. Industrial microbiology , Panima Book Publishing company
Ltd, New Delhi.
IMBP 102 ; LAB IN IMB101
8. Isolation and screening of industrially useful microorganisms.
9. Preparation of inocula and fermentation media.
10. Fermentation of alcohol
11. Fermentation of organic acid citric, latic acid.
12. Fermentation of amino acid
13. Fermentation of enzymes.
14. Production of antibiotics
IMBT 103 : PROJECT
PROJECT WORK.
Page 109
109
CORE 101. MUSHROOM TECHNOLOGY
Objectives
The course deals with the various aspects of the production techniques and
problems in mushroom cultivation.
Unit I
Mushroom science : Landmarks – edible and poisonous mushrooms – nutritive
value, mushroom diseases – application of related fields – microbiology, fermentation
technology and environmental engineering – Genetic resources : Population diversity,
speciation, culture collection centers and bio informatics resources.
Unit II
Taxonomy and biology : Classification – molecular approaches and life cycles of
important edible mushrooms – Pleurotus, Volvariella, Calocybe, Lentinus, Auricularia
and Agaricus – Morphogenesis: basidiocarp development, role of enzymes – cellulases,
hemicellulases , laccase, petase, amylolytic enzymes – B 1,3 glucanase , mannitol
dehydrogenase, PO and PPO amylolytic enzymes – Role of metabolic gases in fruiting
body morphology.
Unit IV
Cultivation : Substrate formulation – science of composting and casing –
Physiological physical and biochemical considerations for the cultivation of different
edible mushrooms – Role of bioinoculants in mushroom growing – problems in
mushroom cultivation.
Unit V
Methods of chemical analysis of mushrooms : post harvest storage ; Physiological
changes, enzymatic and non – enzymatic browning , auto-oxidation, microbial spoilage –
Biomolecules from mushrooms and toadstools ; nutriceutical , pharmaceutical and
pesticidal molecules from macrobasidiomycetes.
Reference Books :
1) Aneja, K.R 1996 Experiments in microbiology plant pathology, Tissue culture
and mushroom (2nd Edition ) Wishwa prokashan, New Delhi.
2) Bahl, N., 1997, Hand Book of Mushroom cultivation in India, Oxford & IBH
PublishingCo., New Delhi.
3) Chandha , K.L.and S.R. Sharma, 1995 Mushroom Biotechnology – Advances in
Horticulture Vol., 13., Malhotra publishing House, New Delhi
4) Chang, S.T., and H. Quimio, Hayes, 1978, Biology and cultivation of Edible
Mushrooms, Academic press, New York.
5) Chang, S.t. and H. Quimio 1982, Tropical Edible Mushromms, The chines
University press, Hongkong.