Download Physical Features - Mountains, Hills, Valleys and Plains, Deserts

ANCIENT GREECE – updated February 2013
Ancient Greece Notes
Physical Features - Mountains, Hills, Valleys and Plains, Deserts
- Mt. Olympus
Physical Features - Rivers, Seas, Oceans & other Bodies of Water
-Mediterranean Sea
-Aegean Sea
Countries & Important Cities
1. Greece (country)
2. Athens (city-state)
3. Sparta (city-state)
4. Delphi (city-state)
5. Macedonia (country)
6. Thermopylae (city-state)
7. Corinth – (city-state)
8. Troy – city-state)
9. Rhodes (island)
10. Marathon (city-state)
11. Olympia (city-state)
12. Mycenae (city-state)
13. Crete (island)
14. Cnossus (city-state)
15. Thessaly (region)
16. Asia Minor (peninsula-region)
Vocabulary—Ancient Greece
1. agora – an open area/space in the center of the town.
2. city-state– small independent state consisting of a town and farmland around it.
3. aristocrat – leader over a city-state.
4. emigrate – to leave one country in order to live in different one.
5. monarchy– king rules alone or with a council of nobles.
6. tyranny – rule by a man who takes power by force.
7. Democracy – all male citizens share in law-making. (women, children and slaves
were not counted as citizens)
8. Show Brain Pop Video on Greek Democracy. Brain Pop
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9. Aristocracy – nobles take over the king’s powers and govern. When the nobles die,
their sons take their place.
10. Oligarchy – rule by a few, usually those with a certain amount of property. (a.k.a “the
rule of the fat”)
11. Polis – fortress on a central hill or the city-state including the land surrounding it.
12. Helots – slaves
13. Perioeci – freeman that lived in villages around the plain of Sparta and were governed
by Spartans.
14.
Tunic loose piece of clothing usually without sleeves that reaches to the knees and
that was worn by men and women in ancient Greece and Rome
15. Acropolis- collection of buildings built as a safe haven on high ground.
16. Minoans – ancient civilization who lived on the island of Crete.
17. Oath – a promise
18. Sacrifice – killing of animals or giving up belongings as an offering to a god or
goddess.
19. Fishmonger – villainous fish merchant that was rude to customers, charged too much
and only smiles when he is trying to sell or get rid of rotten fish.
20. Krater – vase for mixing wine and water. Godfrey Checkpoint Wednesday start
here
21. Loom – frame or machine for interlacing at right angles two or more sets of threads or
yarns to form a cloth
22. Chiton – Greek tunic
23. Drachma – silver coin used as a unit of Greek money
24. Colony – independent city settled by people who left their homeland.
25. Legend – story handed down from one generation to another.
26. Fallow – cultivated land that is allowed to lie idle (dormant) during the growing
season
27. Trireme – Greek ship that was 115 feet long and 16 feet wide. Used to ram enemy
ship or speed away from enemy ships. The ship carried 170 oarsmen, ten officers, two
archers, a commander and fourteen foot-soldiers.
26. Garrison – military camp, fort, or base; group of soldiers
27. Barter – exchange goods for something other than money.
28. Embossed to accentuate or decorate with raised work
29. Emblem an object or picture used to suggest a thing that cannot be shown
30. Hoplites – foot soldiers with lances and double-edged swords.
31. Herald – messenger
32. Omaphalos – a stone known as the naval of the world.
33. Arete – excellence in everything
34. Silphium – a vegetable that is now extinct.
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35. Strigil – instrument for scraping the skin after exercise or bathing.
Settlement
1. Ancient Greece is made up of many islands in the Aegean Sea.
2. Before 2000 BC, most of the area was occupied by people who did not speak the Greek
language.
3. First Greek speaking people arrived in this part of the world were invaders from the
north.
4. Settlers built fortresses at Mycenae and it was the first civilization on the continent of
Europe from 4000BC until 1100BC.
5. In the Dark ages that followed (1100-700BC) the writing and art of the Mycenaeans
disappeared.
Agora
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Men gathered in the agora to discuss matters of the city-state.
Trials were held here.
Men took walks in the agora.
People met in the agora to watch festivals of poetry and played games honoring gods
there.
5. Men, not women, did the shopping in the agora.
6. Haircuts, selling of slaves or gossip about politics took place in the agora.
Growth Of A City-State
1. Greeks often thought of themselves as part of the city-state, not as part of a nation.
2. 500 BC Greece was divided into many tiny, independent states.
3. 800 BC aristocrats ruled each small town.
4. Populations grew and land became scarce. Farmers fell into debt, emigrated or sold
themselves as slaves to survive.
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Citizens of Athens Stopped here before Green Dot-Godfrey
By the 5th century BC, all citizens took share in directly running their state.
Every year a fifth of the 40, 000 adult males took turns as: judges, public officials and
council members for one year. A man could be general one year and then an ordinary
soldier the following year.
These state jobs were part-time thus allowing citizens to own farms or workshops.
Not taking part in state affairs was frowned upon.
Those citizens not holding state jobs took part in the assembly that really ran the sate and
discussed state jobs.
The assembly had to be consulted about war, raising taxes, changing laws, and spending.
Show Brain Pop video on Athens. Godfrey checkpoint for
today/Thursday.
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Sparta’s Soldier-Citizens
1. Life in Greek city-states was similar to that in Athens
2. Yet, the Spartans lived differently by taking the farmers land and forcing the farmers to
work the land as helots or slaves.
3. The whole Spartan way of life centered around controlling their huge slave population.
4. Every Spartan was a full-time soldier who spent his life training in case the helots
rebelled.
5. At age 7, a Spartan boy went to live in the mountains, leaving his mother and family
behind.
6. Barefoot and wearing a thin tunic, in the mountains, he exercised, played war games and
learned state laws.
7. After he grew up, he still lived in the barracks. For two years, he’d be in the secret police
that searched and killed troublesome helots.
8. Spartan girls did hard physical training in order to bear strong children.
9. Spartans despised comfort, good food, soft clothes, useless talk, new ideas and they had
no art.
Houses in the City
1. Public buildings, in the acropolis and agora, were brightly-painted marble.
2. Houses located on the twisting streets were dirty, built of sun-dried mud bricks. The
bricks were so soft that burglars were called “wall-breakers” because they simply dug
their way in.
3. There were no splendid mansions, but many plain villas.
4. Rich people were respected for what they gave to the gods and to the city to pay for
public festivals --- not the amount of money spent on themselves.
5. Only larger houses had stone floors.
6. Larger cities had open drains that ran down the middle of the street. The hole in the
bathroom led to this drain.
7. All rubbish was thrown into the street to be picked over by the dogs.
Inside the House and Life at Home
1. For both rich and poor, homes lacked comfort. There were no carpets, no glass on
windows. Rooms were smoky during winter from charcoal and oil lamps.
2. What we know of ancient housing is learned from paintings on pottery because
houses of the Greek have crumbled, wood has rotted away.
3. Men did the shopping, worked in workshops, worked state jobs and spent time in the
agora while women took care of the household.
4. Women stayed out of sight at home. They visited friends and enjoy festival time.
5. Household duties included: spinning, weaving, fetching water, filling oil lamps.
6. Unwanted babies, especially girls, were put in pots to die in fields or streets.
7. Girls didn’t attend school; however educated house slaves might teach them to read.
8. At age 15, girls gave away their toys and married a man chosen by her father.
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9. There were no full-time soldiers. Summary + 1 Question - Flocabulary –Jones
stopped here Wed.
DOWRY
Cooking and Eating
1. From their written work, we’ve learned what foods ancient Greeks ate. Fish was the most
popular food.
2. Meat was mainly available during festival time and it consisted of goat or lamb to be
sacrificed in the courtyard.
3. The entrails (guts or intestines) and fat were burned on the altar as an offering to the
gods.
4. Cows were kept for festival time and their meat was shared among the poor.
5. The only hot meal of the day was the evening dinner served in two courses: fish and
vegetables first followed by cheese, cakes, radishes and dried fruit.
6. There were no potatoes or rice, but bread was plentiful.
7. Honey was used as a sweetener.
A Potter’s Workshop
1. Decent ways of making a living included farming your own land or as a craftsman
who was a stonemason, a potter or metal worker.
2. The idea of working for someone else was almost like slavery!
3. Even the state had no permanent workers apart from slave clerks.
4. If temples needed to built, the city gave out small jobs to the craftsmen.
5. The potter was a very important craftsman because clay was used to make lamps,
cooking pots, tiles and even toys.
6. The black glaze of the Athenian pots was admired all over the ancient world.
Clothes and Fashions
1. In both rich and poor homes, it was the woman’s job to make cloth for tunics, cloaks
and blankets.
2. Sheep’s fleece was purchased at the market, washed in the courtyard. Burrs had been
picked out. The fleece was then ready for dyeing, spinning and weaving.
3. A loom was used to weave strips of material and there was no need for cutting and
sewing.
4. Greeks had no underclothes.
5. Greeks pinned cloth and tied it to make a tunic called a chiton. Chitons had no
pockets. Money was tucked in their cheeks.
6. Young men and slaves wore short chitons. Women and older men wore longer
chitons.
7. The clothing of women was brightly colored. Men wore plain white tunic with a
narrow colored border for daytime; however his evening clothes included red, brown,
indigo or yellow ochre.
8. Soot was used to paint women’s eyes and mulberry juice to paint their cheeks. Stop
here Jones – Thursday for Map quiz.
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A Slave’s Life
1. Slaves were not thought of as citizens.
2. Even after being set free, a slave could own a shop or serve in the army, but could
never become a citizen.
3. Anyone could become a slave. You could be kidnapped by pirates or captured during
war.
4. Families treated their slaves well. Slaves worked for whoever purchased them.
Friends could send money and help the slaves buy their freedom back.
5. Slaves who mined silver had no hope of freedom. Instead they were branded and
chained together to work long shifts.
A Farmer’s Year
1. Most people were farmers; however the soil was poor and land was scarce.
2. A. Gamelion (January-February) time to prune grape vines, clean and mend tools.
B. Anthesterion (February – March) plough the fallow field and leave it bare until
November)
C. Elaphebolion – (March-April) Tend to vines, pick off caterpillars and pull weeds.
D. Munychion – (April – May) Hire men to help harvest wheat. Leave this field fallow.
E. Thargelion – (May-June) Farmer relaxes. Hired help mends barns.
F. Skirophorion – (June-July) Farmer threshes wheat to separate grain from the chaff.
G. Hecatombaion (July-August) Grain and cheese taken to market by mule or by boat.
H. Metageitnion – (August-September) Grapes picked, spread out in the sun for ten days
and pressed.
I. Boedromion – (September- October) Ground under the tree is swept and olives are
shaken down. Godfrey starts here Friday.
J. Pyanopsion – (October-November) Farmer ploughs fallow land again, sows wheat or
barley. Reap
K. Maimacterion – (November-December) Women spin and weave the wool for blankets
and tunics.
L. Poseidaion – (December-January) On cold winter days men gather to chat in the
warmth of the blacksmith’s shop.
Greeks Abroad
1. During the 8th century BC people emigrated to escape starvation due to increasing
populations and lack of land.
2. People settled on empty land around the Mediterranean or Black Sea.
3. Colonies were founded in Northern Greece, Italy, Sicily, and North Africa.
4. Profitable trade grew between the new city-states abroad and the old ones at home.
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Risks included pirates, enemy states or wrecks from storms.
Groups of men clubbed together to buy cargo or to export.
Traders sailed all summer in search of likely markets or good harvests.
In the fall, the trader returned with his cargo of: grain, tame apes, timber and slaves.
Athens exported silver, pottery, olive oil and wine. Summary + 1 Question
Merchant Ships and Warships
1. Merchant ships were too heavy to row and so sails were heavily relied upon.
2. Faster triremes, warships, protected the slower and heavier merchant ships.
3. Athens was a main naval power. City-states gave money to Athens and in return
they desired Athens to protect them against invaders and to protect their ships
from pirates.
4. Greek sailors did not have compasses; instead ships steered by watching
landmarks and at night sailors follow stars.
Battles and Soldiers
1. Since there were no full-time soldiers, every citizen could be called up at any time until
age 60 to serve.
2. The most famous of Athens’ great leaders was Pericles. He led Greece into a 27 year war
with Sparta, called the Peloponnesian War. This war led to the ruin of Athens.
3. In Athens, all 18 year olds did two years of military service, one in the garrison at the
naval port and one year in a border fort.
4. After the first year, each recruit was given a sword and shield embossed with the state’s
emblem.
5. The kind of soldier he became depended on what armor he could afford.
6. Poor men fought with hunting slings and bows or rowed the warships.
7. Horses were for the rich.
8. Fighting from horseback was not efficient since the horseman had no saddle or stirrups.
The horseman had to balance with his knees so he couldn’t deliver very heavy blows.
9. Hoplites or foot-soldiers with lances and double-edged swords were the army’s best
fighters.
A City Goes to War
1. Every four years a general truce was declared in Greece so people could travel safely to
the Games at Olympia.
2. A truce was needed because city-states were constantly at war with each other.
3. Wars often took place in the summer. A herald was sent out to declare war and then
animal was sacrificed.
4. Soothsayer or a person who can see into the future, studied entrails or guts to see if the
gods were feeling helpful.
5. Based on the soothsayer’s vision, a decision was made to start a battle.
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6. To avoid losing a summer harvest of corn or crop, a city might decide to fight rather than
risk having its fields burned.
A Great Festival –
1. Each city-state had a patron god and every year people held a festival in honor of
their god.
2. Relay races took place during the festival and the winner lit the sacred fire on the
altar.
3. The whole city paraded up to the acropolis. Girls carried cups and incense burners.
4. Hundreds of white oxen followed for the sacrifice. The meat of the slaughtered oxen
was roasted. Water carriers and musicians followed.
5. On decorated cart, a new embroidered tunic for Athena’s statue appeared.
6. The parade ended with priests, officials and the mass of citizens.
7. Athenians celebrated for two days with games, singing, dancing and poetry
competitions.
Apollo, Other Greek Gods and Goddesses
1. The god Apollo speaks directly to men through his priestess, the Pythia.
2. In order to get advice, kings and statesmen sacrificed goats outside Apollo’s temple.
3. Only priests were allowed to approach Pythia.
4. Sick or people in need of healing visited the temples.
5. Asclepius – god of healing.
6. Show Brain Pop video on gods.
Major
Zeus
Hera
Athena
Apollo
Artemis
Hermes
Major
Ares
Hephaestus
Aphrodite
Poseidon
Hestia
Demeter
Minor
Hades
Selene
Dionysus
Themis
Minor
Eos
Pan
Asclepius
Three Fates
The Olympics –
1. To honor Zeus, the Olympics games competition was created in Greece and held every 4
years.
2. In 776 BC, an athlete first lit the fire on the altar where a sacrifice to Zeus was made.
3. Athletes competed in honor of Zeus, not for money.
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4. A winner won great glory but his prize was a simple wreath of wild olive leaves.
5. Arete or excellence in everything was most admired in men and this led to the pentathlon.
6. Pentathlon was the main event and included: a foot race, discus throwing, the long jump,
javelin throwing and wrestling.
7. Wrestling could be fierce and sometimes included strangling and kicking.
8. The only event for teams was chariot racing. Summary + 1 Question
9. There were no professional sportsmen, these were ordinary citizens.
10. Show Brain pop video on Olympics.
Story of Troy--According to Greek legend, the Mycenaeans attacked the city of Troy in Asia Minor.
1. Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was taken to Troy by a Trojan named Paris.
2. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae, went to Troy for revenge upon the Trojans.
3. A ten year war took place and in the tenth year, the Greeks pretended to retreat.
4. Before leaving, the Greeks left a huge wooden horse. The Trojans wheeled the horse into
the city.
5. Late that night, Greek soldiers who were hidden inside, set fire to Troy and let the rest of
the Greek inside to destroy Troy.
6. Video on Troy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RYGQQ_qybY
Day at the Theatre
1. A visit to the theatre was one of the great events of the year for a Greek.
2. For ten days, plays were put on. Plays were performed once and naturally everyone
wanted to see it.
3. Theatres were huge for this reason.
4. After sunrise, people filled the theatre and paid two obols (a third of a drachma) to get in.
5. If anyone was too poor, the state paid for him out of a special fund for festivals.
6. People sat all day and took food along to eat during intervals between plays.
7. Performances included: three tragedies, three comedies followed by a short satyr farce.
8. Plays were based on well-known myths or legends.
9. These plays were part of religious festivals in honor the gods.
Transportation
1. Boats and sea travel were the most preferred means of travel.
2. Mules used by people to transport goods.
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3. Roads were so bad that you couldn’t tell a road from a dried up riverbed.
Languages, Education and Arts
1. Hesiod – a poet that wrote a poem about 700 BC called Works and Days that describes the
difficulties of a farmer’s life.
2. Greek statues show us that beauty of form and proportion was reflected in their art.
3. Homer was a poet and his work, The Illiad, is the story of the Trojan War. The Odyssey
describes the adventures of Odysseus on his way home from the War.
4. Poems provided religious education, history, geography and literature and this why school
boys were expected to be able to recite poems at festival time.
5. Greek culture believed that men became better by hearing stories of the gods and heroes.
6. Show Brain pop video on Homer.
Going to School
1. According to Athenian law every boy must learn a trade but there was no law about
school.
2. School was private and not everyone could afford the fees.
3. There were no girls’ schools; so they had to learn at home.
4. In school boys learned to read, write, count with an abacus, play with a lyre, sing,
dance and recite poetry. He spent afternoons in the gymnasium.
5. At age 15, an Athenian boy left school to become an apprentice to a potter,
stonemason or a doctor.
6. If he wanted to study further, he had to find a teacher himself.
7. There were no universities.
8. He might a group of philosophers who taught groups of men outside the agora or in
the gymnasium.
9. Education in Sparta stressed physical fitness over everything else. Boys attended
boarding schools in order to learn how to endure cold, hunger and pain.
10. Spartan boys learned discipline, obedience, and became perfect soldiers.
11. Spartan boys did not learn poetry, reading, writing or arithmetic.
Thinkers, Writers and Artists
1. Pythagoras – He and his followers were interested in mathematics, geometry and music.
2. Socrates – encouraged people to question their religious beliefs. He was forced to kill himself
by drinking hemlock juice.
3. Plato- wrote important books on religion and philosophy. Ideas found in Christianity.
4. Aristotle – pupil of Plato that made contributions to philosophy, physics, biology and
zoology.
5. Sophocles – wrote the play, Oedipus, in which a king, through a cruel mistake, married his
own mother.
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Afterlife, Beliefs, Inventions, Technology, Science and Medicine
1. Hippocrates, the most famous ancient Greek doctor, believed that with rest and plain
food, the body would cure itself.
2. Greeks understood well how to treat injuries but not how to cure diseases. Medical tools
included bowl for blood, saw for amputations, forceps to remove spearheads and
ointment spoons.
3. When children died, their toys were buried with them to keep them company in the
underworld.
4. Doctors did not favor cutting into dead bodies; hence this explains why Greeks possessed
very little medical knowledge of the human body or diseases.
5. Greeks believed that the gods looked and acted like humans, but were superior to humans
because gods did not grow older and they were immortal.
6. Gods were believed to have enormous powers. Greeks prayed and made sacrifices to
gods.
Alexander the Great
1. Alexander, King of Macedonia, was the most famous Greek military leader.
2. He invaded Asia Minor, held by the Persians. Alexander seized many Persian cities,
burned the capital city, Persepolis and took total control of the Persian Empire by 330BC.
3. He traveled to the East (present-day India) thinking he would eventually come to the end
of the world.
4. Alexander established many colonies and often named them Alexandria, after himself.
5. In the winter of 324-323BC, his men, tired and ill, refused to travel any further. At
Babylon, Alexander caught fever and died. Summary + 1 Question