Download Remediation Plan - Unit # 3

UNIT 3 – MIDDLE AGES
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DESCRIPTION OF ASSIGNMENT
Because you did not pass the Unit # 3 – Middle Ages, you will need to complete additional
assignments to help raise your current World History grade. You will need to complete each of
the following activities in their entirety. Partial credit will not be given. You may use your notes,
online resources, classmates, or you may come for help during tutorial.
For each assignment successfully and accurately completed, you will receive +3 points on that
objective’s portion of the test. Therefore, your test score can be raised a total of +9 points. For
example, if you received a 19/34 (56%) on the first test, you will now receive a 28/34(82%).
Due Date: This assignment is due Friday, March 21. NO EXCEPTIONS!
UNIT # 3 FALL OF ROME Four Main Causes
For each of the reasons for the Fall of Rome, write two sentences in the bubble describing why this was a
contributing factor. Think about what the cause means and why it would lead to the decline of a society.
The inability of the Roman army to stop the Huns was just one sign of the
empire’s weakness after the Pax Romana ended. After 180 AD, the empire
was confronted not only by challenges from outside, but also by growing
problems from within.
Weak
Leadership
Weak Leaders
When the last of the Good Emperors died, Rome was
left without a strong leader. The empire endured a series of civil wars. Part of
the problem was that Rome found itself under increasing threat of invasion
by tribal peoples along both the eastern and western frontiers. To meet this
growing threat, emperors increased the size of Rome’s army. Soon the
growing demands on both the empire’s financial resources and its military
caused a serious and prolonged economic crisis. This crisis lessened the
stability and prosperity Rome had enjoyed during the Pax Romana. As the
crisis continued, the empire became a kind of military dictatorship. The
legions had become the center of power, as they deposed (removed from
power) emperors and elevated their own leaders to the throne. Between 235
and 284, twenty emperors reigned. All but one died violently. T
Economic Troubles The insecurity of civil wars and invasions affected many
aspects of Roman life. Robbery and piracy increased, and travel became
hazardous. Merchants feared to ship goods. Military needs required ever
increasing amounts of revenue, and to collect more money, emperors raised
taxes. As taxes rose, however, the value of money declined. Since Rome was
no longer expanding, conquests no longer brought in new sources of wealth.
To maintain the money supply, emperors minted new coin with copper and
lead as well as silver. When people realized coins contained less silver, they
refused to accept the currency at its face value. The result was growing
inflation, or a dramatic rise in prices.
Invasion and Fall
Despite the reforms of some leaders, the empire’s
serious problems continued and were worsened by invading forces along the
empire’s borders. In the late 300s, a new nomadic Central Asian people, the
Huns, stormed out of the east and began defeating many Germanic tribes.
The Huns were fierce and lived by looting and plundering. They struck terror
in the people they attacked. Many of their victims fled south. The Huns
formed a vast empire in Eurasia. Pushed by the Huns, other tribes also soon
attacked the Roman Empire. The Vandals, infamous for destroying everything
in their path, invaded Rome in the 450s. The word vandal comes from this
destructive tribe. In the mid-400s Attila, the leader of the Huns, led an attack
on Gaul. The Roman army allied with the Visigoths and together they
defeated the Huns in a great battle in 451. After Gaul, Attila set his sights on
Rome but after speaking with Pope Leo I, Attila and his troops left Italy
instead. Despite the Huns’ retreat, Rome lay in a shambles. Germanic tribes
ruled most of the western provinces, including Italy. In 476, the Ostrogothics
defeated Romulus Augustus, and with this, the Western Roman Empire
ended.
Economic
Crisis
Fall of
Rome
Invasions
Social
Unrest
Finally, answer the following question in a one paragraph (5-7 sentence) response with a topic sentence and supporting
details: Why does feudalism emerge because of the Fall of Rome?
***Hint: Think about what feudalism is and how each of the four causes would lead to feudalism***
UNIT # 3 FEUDALISM Lords, Knights, Serfs
Complete the following activities about feudalism:
Feudalism Crossword
Textbook pages 382-386
Across
2 loyalty to lord that required military service to be performed
4 person who gave land to a vassal
5 land given to a knight for his service
7 obligation of vassal to lord
8 person who accepted this land
Down
1 medieval economic system associated with feudalism
3 high skilled soldier who fought on horseback
6 peasants on a manor
Rome has fallen and you are without a strong leader, protection, or food. Describe how you would go about
beginning your life in feudal times. This should include a detailed description of the role you would attempt to
receive, as well as a description of the life you would be leading. Your response should be one paragraph (5-7
sentences).
UNIT # 3 POWER OF THE CHURCH THREE POWERS
Complete the Tasks described below each section.
Religion in the Middle Ages
The pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Early popes were seen as spiritual leaders, but during the Middle Ages they became powerful political figures as
well. How did this change come about? While manorialism and feudalism encouraged local loyalties, Christian beliefs brought people across Europe together in the
spiritual community of Christendom. The majority of people in Europe were, at least in name, Christian, and religion touched almost every aspect of their lives. Major
events – baptism, marriage, death – were marked by religious ceremonies. Monks acted as peacemakers in disputes and prayed for the safety of rulers and armies.
Church officials also served as teachers and record keepers. As the people’s main connection to the church, members of the clergy had great influence.
Sometime around 1000 AD the influence of the church increased dramatically. At that time, there was a great upwelling of piety in Europe. Piety is a person’s level of
devotion to his or her religion. For centuries Europeans had been members of the Christian church, but at this time many believers became more devout. Across
Europe, people’s participation in religious services increased, and thousands flocked to monasteries to join religious orders.
Task: Write a two-sentence summary of Religion in the Middle Ages.
Church Reforms In the 900s and 1000s, popes had little authority. Although the pope was considered the head of the entire church, local bishops actually made
most important religious decisions. As a result, the papacy was not held in high regard. Adding to this lack of esteem was the fact that few popes during this time
were noted for their religious devotion. Most of them were nobles who were more concerned with increasing their own power than overseeing spiritual matters.
In 1049 the first of series of clever and capable popes dedicated to reforming the papacy came to power. His name was Leo IX. A man of high ideals, Leo believed that
Europe’s clergy had become corrupt and set out on a mission to reform it. Among Leo’s top concerns was simony, the buying and selling of church offices. He
traveled throughout Europe, seeking out and replacing bishops suspected of such offenses.
Bishops guilty of particularly bad offenses were excommunicated, or cast out of the church. For Christians in the Middle Ages, there was no greater punishment. A
person who had been excommunicated could not take part in the Eucharist, and the believe was that one who died while excommunicated would not be saved.
Through his reforms, Leo became more active in governing the church than any other pope had been for centuries.
Leo’s reforms brought him into conflict with both political and religious leaders. Kings resented what they saw an interference with the bishops in their kingdoms.
Many bishops, too, believed the pope had no authority to tell them how to act. Among those who rejected Leo’s authority was the patriarch, or bishop, of
Constantinople. Leo excommunicated the patriarch in 1054, an action that split the Christian Church in two. Those who agreed with Leo were Roman Catholic, and
those who sided with the patriarch were called Orthodox.
Popes and Politics
Popes gained influence not only over people’s religious lives but also over politics in Europe. The pope became the head of a huge
network of ecclesiastical, or church, courts that heard cases on religious or moral matters. Popes also ruled territories, such as the Papal States in Italy. To defend
their territories, popes had the ability to raise armies. For example, several popes hired the Normans to fight wars on their behalf. The Crusades, a series of wars
launched against the Muslims of Southwest Asia, were launched by popes.
Conflict over Bishops
Although popes had increased their power, they still came into conflict with political leaders. Popes of the late 1000s were firmly resolved to change the way members
of the clergy were chosen. For years, kings and other leaders had played an active role in choosing clergy. Kings chose most of the bishops who served in their lands,
and the Holy Roman Emperor had named several popes. The reform popes did not think that anyone except the clergy should choose religious officials. The issue of
clergy selection became critical during the pontificate, or papal term in office, of Pope Gregory VII in the late 1000s. At that time, the Holy Roman Emperor was Henry
IV. In 1075, Henry chose a new bishop for the city of Milan in northern Italy. Gregory did not approve of his choice and removed the bishop. In response, Henry wrote
a scathing letter to the pope, stating that Gregory had no authority over him or any other ruler. Gregory’s response was to excommunicate Henry. He also called on
the clergy and nobility of Germany to replace the emperor with a more suitable candidate. This response frightened Henry. Fearing that he would lose his throne, he
traveled to Canossa, Italy, where Gregory was staying to beg forgiveness. Though reluctant, Gregory lifted the excommunication. Gregory and Henry continued to
fight over bishops for years. In fact, the conflict over this issue outlived both men. Later popes and emperors finally reached a compromise: local clergy would choose
bishops, but their choices could be vetoed by secular rulers. More important than the details of the conflict, though, was the fact that Gregory had been able to stand
up to the emperor. The pope had become one of the strongest figures in Europe.
Task: Draw a diagram of your choice to explain the role of the pope and his influence of people and politics in Europe.
Changes in Monasticism
In the early Middle Ages, monasteries had been founded all across Europe by men seeking lives of contemplation and prayer. These monasteries were often paid for
by local rulers, who then helped to choose the abbots who led the monasteries. By about 900, however, rulers had stopped choosing qualified abbots. Far from beign
religious, many abbots held their positions just for the prestige it brought to them or their families. In monasteries led by these abbots, the strict Benedictine Rule was
largely abandoned. In the early 900s, a small group of monks sought to return monasticism to its strict roots. They established a new monastery at Cluny, France,
where they would live strictly according to the Benedictine Rule. To prevent the onset of corruption, the monks of Cluny reserved the right to choose their own abbot,
rather than having one appointed to them. Over time, Cluny became the most influential monastery in Europe. Monks from Cluny established daughter houses, whose
leaders had to answer to the abbot of Cluny. In addition, other monasteries in France, Spain and Italy adopted Cluny’s customs and agreed to follow the direction of
its abbots. Eventually, Cluny became the core of a network of monasteries that stretched across western Europe. For some monks, however, even the Benedictine life
was not strict enough. These monks wanted lives free from any worldly distractions. Not finding what they wanted in Benedictine houses, they created new orders.
The most popular of these new monastic orders was the Cistercian order. Cistercian monasteries were usually broad estates built outside of towns to ensure isolation.
These monasteries were undecorated and unheated, even in winter. The monks who lived their divided their time between prayer and labor, such as farm work or
copying texts (bibles). Some other new orders were even stricter than the Cistercians. Members of these orders lived like hermits in tiny cells, having no contact with
other people. Those who joined such orders were widely admired for their piety and dedication to their faith.
Task: Why would some people have chosen to live their lives in strict devotion to God? Why do fewer and fewer make this same decision
each generation?
What are the three powers of the Catholic Church?
1.
2.
3.
Next, give a specific example from class or the readings about how the church exercised these powers. For
example, think of specific people and their actions.
1.
2.
3.
Make a T-chart. On one side, list all of the powers the Catholic Church has and why people would want to
follow the church. On the other side, list all of the powers the crown (king/government) has and why people
would want to follow the crown.
Catholic Church
Crown
Lastly, after looking at both sides, make an argument why on side should be followed over the other. Your
response should be at least one paragraph (5-7 sentences) with a topic sentences and supporting reasons.
UNIT # 3 LASTING IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES CULTURAL DIFFUSION
During the Middle Ages, European Christians launched a series of religious wars called the Crusades. The goal of each Crusade was
the same: to take Jerusalem and the area around it, known as the Holy Land, away from the Muslims, who also considered it holy.
Jerusalem was holy to Jews because of the Holy Temple, and for Christians, it was the place where Jesus was crucified and buried.
Many Christians also believed that Chris would come again only once Christians held Jerusalem. Thus it was vital to Christians that
they control the city.
Muslims Control the Holy Land
By the late 1000s, the city of Jerusalem had fallen to North African Muslims called the Fatimids.
Turkish Muslims also swept through southwest Asia, taking control of Persia and other lands. After the Turkish conquest, stories
spread throughout Europe that the Turks were persecuting Christians visiting the region. Once in control of Persia, the Turks
attacked the Byzantine Empire. In 1071, they destroyed the Byzantine army in the Battle of Manzikert. With most of his army gone,
the emperor feared that the Turks would soon destroy Constantinople. Desperate, he turned to Western Europe and Pope Urban II
for help.
The Council of Clermont In response to the emperor, Urban called church leaders to a council in Clermont, France. There he
described to them the dangers faced by the Byzantines. He called on all Christian warriors, including knights and nobles, to put aside
their differences and fight against the Turks. Urban’s call was effective. By the hundreds, people volunteered to take part in the
Crusade. Calling out their slogan, “God wills it!” they set out to meet their foes.
Fighting the Crusades
The Crusaders inspired by Urban left France in 1096 in what is known as the First Crusade. All in all, nine organized Crusades set out
from Europe between 1096 and 1291. Though they had different leaders and met with varying degrees of success, each Crusade had
the same goal – claiming or protecting the Holy Land.
First Crusade
The Crusaders that set out in 1096 fell into two groups. The first group was made up of peasants who had answered
the pope’s call. Unskilled in war, these peasants did not fare well. As they traveled through Germany, the peasant Crusaders passed
several large Jewish communities. Eager to fight non-Christians in the Holy Land, some Crusaders decided to attack non-Christians in
Europe as well. They slaughtered entire communities of Jews, in spite of protests by local officials and clergy. Those peasants who
did make it to Jerusalem fell quickly to the army of the Seljuk Turks.
The other group of Crusaders that set out from Clermont were trained knights. Somewhat better prepared than the peasants, the
knights were still unprepared for the hardship of their journey. Food and water ran low, and many knights resorted to looting towns
and farms to get needed supplies. After almost three years of traveling, the Crusaders finally reached Jerusalem. Faced with a wellprepared Muslim army, the Crusaders nevertheless laid siege to several cities along the eastern Mediterranean. The siege of
Jerusalem, while it was a victory for the Crusaders, involved terrible fighting and ended in disaster for the city’s inhabitants. After the
conquest of Jerusalem, the Crusaders created four states in the Holy Land. Centered on the cities of Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and
Tripoli, these states were intended to be Christian strongholds against future Muslim conquests in the region.
Second Crusade Within a few years, the Muslims began to recapture lands that they had lost in the First Crusade. In 1144, they took
the city of Edessa, the capital of one of the Crusader states. Upon learning that Edessa had been lost, European leaders called for a
second Crusade. Among the Crusaders were King Louis VII of France and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Launched in 1147, the Second
Crusade was a failure. The Crusaders took no lands from the Muslims and were forced to return to Europe empty-handed.
Third Crusade
About 30 years after the Second Crusade, a new leader arose in the Muslim world. His name was Salad ad-Din, but
he was known to the Europeans as Saladin. Saladin overthrew the Fatimids and took the title of sultan for himself. Saladin set out to
take back the Crusader states. He succeeded in his conquest and drove European Christians out of Jerusalem. Christians responded
to this loss by launching the Third Crusade. Richard the Lion-Hearted was one of the Crusaders at this time, fighting for England.
Richard and Saladin had great respect for each other even though they never met. Both were admired as military leaders and also for
their knightly behavior. Stories spread about Saladin sending horses to Richard and offering the use of his doctor when Richard was
ill. The two men also made proposals for peace – including a marriage alliance between Richard’s sister and Saladin’s brother, which
never took place because of religious differences. Despite their mutual admiration, Richard and Saladin fought fiercely for control of
the Holy Land. Although Richard won several battles against the Muslims, he was not able to drive them out of the Holy Land or to
take Jerusalem. In the end, he had to admit that the Crusade was a draw and return to England.
Fourth and Later Crusades With Jerusalem still in Muslim hands, Europeans set out on the Fourth Crusade in 1201. But the Crusaders
found that they could not afford to pay the Venetians who had arranged to take them to the Holy Land. In lieu of payment, the
Crusaders agreed to attack the city of Zara, a port that had once belonged to Venice but was now held by the Christian king of
Hungary. Angry that the Crusaders had attacked a Christian city, the pope excommunicated them all. Nevertheless, the Crusaders
pushed on toward the Holy Land. When they reached the Christian city of Constantinople, though, they decided to attack it instead.
The Crusaders ransacked the city and made one of their leaders the new emperor. Disorganization and a lack of strong leadership
made the Fourth Crusade another failure.
Five other Crusades followed the sack of Constantinople, but none was successful. By 1291, the Muslims had once more driven the
Christians completely out of the Holy Land.
Effects of the Crusades
Although the Crusades did not accomplish their main goal, they had long-lasting effects. They changed both Europe and the Holy
land economically, politically, and socially.
Economically
Historians know that Muslims, Byzantines, and western Europeans traded with one another before the Crusades.
The Crusades enhanced existing trade as returning Crusaders brought even more goods, such as spices and textiles, to Europe. The
increase in trade following the Crusades added to the changed European economy of the Middle Ages.
Political Changes The Crusades led to the deaths of many knights and nobles. Those who did not return to their homes left their lands
vulnerable. In some cases, kings took control of the lands left unoccupied. By controlling more land, the kings had more power in
Europe.
Social Changes The Crusades brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe, which had a great impact on European society.
Some European Christians who had participated in the Crusades grew to respect other cultures. Others, especially those who had
not participated, became more intolerant. Many Europeans began to view all non-Christians as enemies. This led to an increase in
the persecution of Jews and Muslims.
What were the Crusades?
Why did they begin?
Who did Pope Urban ask to fight in the Crusades? (Think back to feudalism)
Draw a map to illustrate the four crusades studied in class. Think about who was fighting each one, where they
were located, and what happened after each crusade was fought. You may use the map that was given in class.
Write a journal entry from the perspective of someone fighting in the Crusades. Consider where he came from
(the life that he was living and what his job was), as well as what life would be like when he went home. Would
his home still be there? Where would he want to go? What has he learned?
UNIT # 3 TRADE LEADS TO CITIES & TOWNS DESCRIPTION
*Read through Chapter 14, Sections 2 & 4 for the answers to the blanks provided*
Growth of Trade
Italian Trade Cities
 ___________________ protected by Venetian fleet
o Travel to _________________Empire and beyond
 ____________, ____________, _____________, _____________ (4 cities that grew because of trade)
Hanseatic League
 Northern German cities
 Controlled trade in ________________, ________________, and ____________________________
 Buyers and sellers met here
o ________________: merchants met here to exchange goods
o ________________: where people bought locally produced goods
Money & Credit
 Before: workers paid with ________________
 After: workers demanded ________________
 Merchants: begin to allow people to use _______________________
 What popular institution arose from this system? __________________________________________
Technologies
 Name three inventions that changed farming: ________________________________________________
 What impact did this have on farm workers? ________________________________________________
Free towns
 ________________ did not want to pay fees and taxes associated with local lords
 Appealed to ________________ for charters for new towns
Guilds
 Organizations of ________________ people
 Restricted ________________ - provided mutual protection and ensured quality control
 What was the benefit of a guild? __________________________
Black Death




Origins: _________________________________________
Course of the disease: _____________________________
Symptoms: ____________________________________________________
Effects:
o ________________ was punishing them
o ____________________________ (two groups that were blamed)
o Put an end to the ________________ system
o Less people to do work; people demanded ________________
o Is this a good thing or a bad thing? Why? _______________________________________
Daily Life


Bad aspects
o Streets were: ________________
o Buildings were: ________________
o Which means there was no ________________
o No public ________________
o Threats of ________________, ________________, ________________,
Good aspects
o ________________ & ________________
Final Discussion: In one paragraph, describe the quality of life experienced by people during the Middle Ages.