Origin of the eukaryotic cell
... the origin of eukaryotic cell (Albani et al. 2010). The relationship among three domains, Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea, in the tree of life was investigated in this project through phylogenies constructed from two mitochondrial transmembrane proteins HSP70 and HSP60. The trees were rooted with a ...
... the origin of eukaryotic cell (Albani et al. 2010). The relationship among three domains, Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea, in the tree of life was investigated in this project through phylogenies constructed from two mitochondrial transmembrane proteins HSP70 and HSP60. The trees were rooted with a ...
Sequence analysis of three mitochondrial DNA molecules reveals
... mtDNA of S.servazzii contain, in total, ®ve +1 frameshifts. mtDNAs of S.castellii, S.servazzii and S.cerevisiae contain all genes on the same strand, except for one tRNA gene. On the other hand, the gene order is very different. Several gene rearrangements have taken place upon separation of the Sac ...
... mtDNA of S.servazzii contain, in total, ®ve +1 frameshifts. mtDNAs of S.castellii, S.servazzii and S.cerevisiae contain all genes on the same strand, except for one tRNA gene. On the other hand, the gene order is very different. Several gene rearrangements have taken place upon separation of the Sac ...
DCW11, Down-Regulated Gene 11 in CW-Type
... DCW11 is involved in pollen germination DCW11 encodes PP2C targeted to mitochondria. The function of DCW11 or an ortholog of Arabidopsis has not yet been elucidated. We have analyzed the expressional and functional characters of DCW11 in wild-type rice. Knockdown of DCW11 resulted in reduced seed se ...
... DCW11 is involved in pollen germination DCW11 encodes PP2C targeted to mitochondria. The function of DCW11 or an ortholog of Arabidopsis has not yet been elucidated. We have analyzed the expressional and functional characters of DCW11 in wild-type rice. Knockdown of DCW11 resulted in reduced seed se ...
Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA of
... Euhadra herklotsi (Yamazaki et al. 1997), of the class Gastropoda. Mitochondrial gene arrangements of these three molluscan classes are highly divergent from each other, with only a few gene boundaries shared among them (Yamazaki et al. 1997). Mitochondrial gene contents, as well as gene arrangement ...
... Euhadra herklotsi (Yamazaki et al. 1997), of the class Gastropoda. Mitochondrial gene arrangements of these three molluscan classes are highly divergent from each other, with only a few gene boundaries shared among them (Yamazaki et al. 1997). Mitochondrial gene contents, as well as gene arrangement ...
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... large subunit (on the complementary strand). It can be involved in the regulation of transcription or in post-transcriptional modifications of rRNA. HCE 299. The mitochondrial nad2 and nad7 genes have opposite orientations and close positions in Oligohymenophorea; each of them starts a long operon. ...
... large subunit (on the complementary strand). It can be involved in the regulation of transcription or in post-transcriptional modifications of rRNA. HCE 299. The mitochondrial nad2 and nad7 genes have opposite orientations and close positions in Oligohymenophorea; each of them starts a long operon. ...
The direct route: a simplified pathway for protein import into the
... cytosol. Here we review what is known about the mitochondrial protein import pathway in T. brucei, how it compares with the process in humans, and how the distinguishing features seen in T. brucei and humans promise new understanding of the mitochondrial protein import process in all eukaryotes. Int ...
... cytosol. Here we review what is known about the mitochondrial protein import pathway in T. brucei, how it compares with the process in humans, and how the distinguishing features seen in T. brucei and humans promise new understanding of the mitochondrial protein import process in all eukaryotes. Int ...
Evolutionary Rate Variation at Multiple Levels of Biological
... Classic molecular evolutionary studies have established a general pattern of low substitution rates in plant mitochondrial DNA (Wolfe et al. 1987; Palmer and Herbon 1988). In recent years, however, exceptions to this pattern of slow plant mitochondrial sequence evolution have been found, highlighted ...
... Classic molecular evolutionary studies have established a general pattern of low substitution rates in plant mitochondrial DNA (Wolfe et al. 1987; Palmer and Herbon 1988). In recent years, however, exceptions to this pattern of slow plant mitochondrial sequence evolution have been found, highlighted ...
the role of intermembrane space redox factors in glutathione
... retention of substrate proteins in the IMS. Erv1 is also suggested to be involved in maturation of cytosolic Fe-S cluster proteins and regulation of iron homeostasis in S. cerevisiae. However, these studies were performed on one particular erv1 mutant strain (named as erv1-1) that we discovered has ...
... retention of substrate proteins in the IMS. Erv1 is also suggested to be involved in maturation of cytosolic Fe-S cluster proteins and regulation of iron homeostasis in S. cerevisiae. However, these studies were performed on one particular erv1 mutant strain (named as erv1-1) that we discovered has ...
Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage
... in cellular and mitochondrial quality control (Rubinsztein, 2006; Martinez-Vicente and Cuervo, 2007; Pan et al., 2008). Dysfunctional mitochondria can be harmful to the cell as complex I (CI; and to a lesser extent CIII) of the respiratory chain generate damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS; Chance ...
... in cellular and mitochondrial quality control (Rubinsztein, 2006; Martinez-Vicente and Cuervo, 2007; Pan et al., 2008). Dysfunctional mitochondria can be harmful to the cell as complex I (CI; and to a lesser extent CIII) of the respiratory chain generate damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS; Chance ...
Mitonuclear linkage disequilibrium in human populations
... coloured organelles reflect the concept of matched and mismatched pairings between mitochondria and nuclei. associated with physical manipulation of reproductive cells, but an additional concern has emerged from the field of evolutionary biology—specifically that MR could produce genetic incompatibi ...
... coloured organelles reflect the concept of matched and mismatched pairings between mitochondria and nuclei. associated with physical manipulation of reproductive cells, but an additional concern has emerged from the field of evolutionary biology—specifically that MR could produce genetic incompatibi ...
Identification of a mitochondrial ATP synthase small subunit gene
... distributed throughout the mitochondria, as can be observed by RMtATP6-GFP/MitoTracker double staining (Fig. 3a–c). The RMtATP6-GFP gene was cloned into the plant expression vector pBI121 to study the localization of RMtATP6 in a tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). The fusion gene was placed under th ...
... distributed throughout the mitochondria, as can be observed by RMtATP6-GFP/MitoTracker double staining (Fig. 3a–c). The RMtATP6-GFP gene was cloned into the plant expression vector pBI121 to study the localization of RMtATP6 in a tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). The fusion gene was placed under th ...
A-level Biology Specimen question paper Paper 2
... are caused by mutations of mitochondrial genes inside the mitochondria. Most mitochondrial diseases are caused by mutations of genes in the cell nucleus that are involved in the functioning of mitochondria. These mutations of nuclear DNA produce recessive alleles. One form of mitochondrial disease i ...
... are caused by mutations of mitochondrial genes inside the mitochondria. Most mitochondrial diseases are caused by mutations of genes in the cell nucleus that are involved in the functioning of mitochondria. These mutations of nuclear DNA produce recessive alleles. One form of mitochondrial disease i ...
mitochondrial mixing facilitated the evolution of sex at the
... among nuclear genes exposes the hidden genetic variation in finite populations, breaks up unfavorable allele combinations under fluctuating selection, or rescues the genome from the mutational meltdown (Otto, 2009). These views, however, are based on the long-term effects of recombination among nucl ...
... among nuclear genes exposes the hidden genetic variation in finite populations, breaks up unfavorable allele combinations under fluctuating selection, or rescues the genome from the mutational meltdown (Otto, 2009). These views, however, are based on the long-term effects of recombination among nucl ...
Divergent evolution of lifespan associated with mitochondrial DNA
... growth rate, metabolic rate, behavior, viability, and even fitness. It therefore seems likely that the mitochondrion plays an important role not only for ageing, but more generally for multidimensional life-history syndromes (Ballard and Pichaud 2014; Løvlie et al. 2014). Presumably, these effects a ...
... growth rate, metabolic rate, behavior, viability, and even fitness. It therefore seems likely that the mitochondrion plays an important role not only for ageing, but more generally for multidimensional life-history syndromes (Ballard and Pichaud 2014; Løvlie et al. 2014). Presumably, these effects a ...
From gene to protein in higher plant mitochondria
... one described in Escherichia coli [13]. Similarly to proteins, the set of tRNAs encoded in plant mitochondria is not sufficient to perform mitochondrial translation and tRNAs have to be imported from the cytosol [14, 15]. In Arabidopsis, 13 different tRNAs are missing to decode all of the codons use ...
... one described in Escherichia coli [13]. Similarly to proteins, the set of tRNAs encoded in plant mitochondria is not sufficient to perform mitochondrial translation and tRNAs have to be imported from the cytosol [14, 15]. In Arabidopsis, 13 different tRNAs are missing to decode all of the codons use ...
Neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)
... or in neurological complication of lipidosis. However, presence of a congenital and usually profound deafness or evidence for myoclonus epilepsy are commonly found. Etiology The NARP syndrome is maternally transmitted and is associated with a T-to-G point mutation at nucleotide 8993 in the mtDNA gen ...
... or in neurological complication of lipidosis. However, presence of a congenital and usually profound deafness or evidence for myoclonus epilepsy are commonly found. Etiology The NARP syndrome is maternally transmitted and is associated with a T-to-G point mutation at nucleotide 8993 in the mtDNA gen ...
Why Mitochondrial Genes are Most Often Found in Nuclei
... of these have originated from the proteobacterial ancestor, but a significant fraction have arisen within the eukaryotic genome (Andersson and Kurland 1999; unpublished data). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the nucleus encodes more than 400 mitochondrial proteins, at most half of th ...
... of these have originated from the proteobacterial ancestor, but a significant fraction have arisen within the eukaryotic genome (Andersson and Kurland 1999; unpublished data). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the nucleus encodes more than 400 mitochondrial proteins, at most half of th ...
Usage Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Gene as Molecular Marker in
... vorax as different sub-family member compared to another Cyprininae member Carassius auratus. The result showed that no amplification in all three out-groups species but the 120 bp fragment marker was amplified in Carassius auratus in lane 5 shown in Fig. 3, these results above assured that the six ...
... vorax as different sub-family member compared to another Cyprininae member Carassius auratus. The result showed that no amplification in all three out-groups species but the 120 bp fragment marker was amplified in Carassius auratus in lane 5 shown in Fig. 3, these results above assured that the six ...
Failures in Mitochondrial tRNA and tRNA Metabolism
... ardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in America and the world. In particular, hypertension affects ⬇1 billion individuals worldwide and 130 million in China.1 The etiology of cardiovascular disease is not well understood because of the multifactorial causes. Cardiovascular disease can ...
... ardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in America and the world. In particular, hypertension affects ⬇1 billion individuals worldwide and 130 million in China.1 The etiology of cardiovascular disease is not well understood because of the multifactorial causes. Cardiovascular disease can ...
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... Junctions between the ER and mitochondria are indeed essential to the exchange of metabolites such as lipids and Ca2+ and play a role in mitochondrial dynamics [11]. Mitochondria are also highly suspected to be involved in Parkinson’s [12] and Huntington's diseases [13]. Because of these numerous pa ...
... Junctions between the ER and mitochondria are indeed essential to the exchange of metabolites such as lipids and Ca2+ and play a role in mitochondrial dynamics [11]. Mitochondria are also highly suspected to be involved in Parkinson’s [12] and Huntington's diseases [13]. Because of these numerous pa ...
Gene Section VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... In higher eukaryotes, three VDAC isoforms have been characterized: VDAC1, VDAC2 and VDAC3, encoded by three separate genes. VDACs are highly conserved across species. VDAC1 is the most abundant isoform in most cells, being ten times more prevalent than VDAC2 and 100 times more prevalent than VDAC3 i ...
... In higher eukaryotes, three VDAC isoforms have been characterized: VDAC1, VDAC2 and VDAC3, encoded by three separate genes. VDACs are highly conserved across species. VDAC1 is the most abundant isoform in most cells, being ten times more prevalent than VDAC2 and 100 times more prevalent than VDAC3 i ...
Rate of Gene Transfer From Mitochondria to Nucleus
... than in plants, implying a higher transfer rate of animals. The evolution of gene transfer may have been affected by an intensity of intracellular competition among organelle strains and the organelle inheritance system of the organism concerned. This article reveals a relationship between those fac ...
... than in plants, implying a higher transfer rate of animals. The evolution of gene transfer may have been affected by an intensity of intracellular competition among organelle strains and the organelle inheritance system of the organism concerned. This article reveals a relationship between those fac ...
Article A Distinct Mitochondrial Genome with DUI
... because genetic variation within the encoded sequence of mitochondrial protein subunits can have significant consequences for whole animal metabolism and fitness (Blier et al. 2001). mtDNA is maternally inherited and shows a high mutation rate, rendering it particularly interesting for population ge ...
... because genetic variation within the encoded sequence of mitochondrial protein subunits can have significant consequences for whole animal metabolism and fitness (Blier et al. 2001). mtDNA is maternally inherited and shows a high mutation rate, rendering it particularly interesting for population ge ...
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the ""powerhouses"" of the cell.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not transmitted through nuclear DNA (nDNA). In humans, as in most multicellular organisms, mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother's ovum. There are theories, however, that paternal mtDNA transmission in humans can occur under certain circumstances.Mitochondrial inheritance is therefore non-Mendelian, as Mendelian inheritance presumes that half the genetic material of a fertilized egg (zygote) derives from each parent.Eighty percent of mitochondrial DNA codes for mitochondrial RNA, and therefore most mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to functional problems, which may be manifested as muscle disorders (myopathies).Because they provide 30 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule in contrast to the 2 ATP molecules produced by glycolysis, mitochondria are essential to all higher organisms for sustaining life. The mitochondrial diseases are genetic disorders carried in mitochondrial DNA, or nuclear DNA coding for mitochondrial components. Slight problems with any one of the numerous enzymes used by the mitochondria can be devastating to the cell, and in turn, to the organism.