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The ABCs of FMD
The ABCs of FMD

... narrowing of arteries due to buildup of fatty materials (cholesterol) Most common cause of cardiovascular disease in the USA Most common cause of heart attack and stroke Traditional risk factors include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, family history, and gender May cause signifi ...
Your Mental and Emotional Health
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... underlying heart disease, and they usually don’t cause problems. In one type of arrhythmia, called ventricular fibrillation, the electrical impulses regulating heart rhythm become rapid or irregular. This is the most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest, in which the heart stops beating without war ...
2016_Cardiovascular_Assessment 4.0 MB
2016_Cardiovascular_Assessment 4.0 MB

... Diagnosis: heart murmur may be heard in the pulmonary valve area because the heart is forcing an unusually large amount of blood through a normal sized valve. Echocardiogram is the primary method used to diagnose the defect – it can show the hole and its size and any enlargement of the right atrium ...
Supporting Patients with CHF-Maureen Claflin, MSN, RN
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... increased pressure, and subsequent damage, to the right side of the heart. The right side of the heart cannot pump efficiently, causing fluid to accumulate in the veins, which may cause lower extremity edema. ...
Toprol - Pinky S. Tiwari, MD, PA
Toprol - Pinky S. Tiwari, MD, PA

... The tablet is scored and can be divided. However, the whole or half tablet should be swallowed whole. Do not crush or chew the tablet before swallowing. This drug is not effective if you use it only when chest pain or a migraine headache occurs. It is very important to take this medication regularly ...
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... antibacterial activity => Penicillins, Cephalosoporins, Monobactams all have these beta-lactam rings Affects cell wall synthesis => cells burst open and die ...
Study: Marijuana Can Benefit People With Diabetes
Study: Marijuana Can Benefit People With Diabetes

... into how medical marijuana can help treat diabetes and its associated complications. Type 1 diabetes, often termed juvenile diabetes, is a genetic disorder where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin –– a hormone that allows the body to process the sugars from carbohydrates. Sufferers of Type ...
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Effect of Therapy on Left Ventricular Function in

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The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

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Keeping Healthy (B2)

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Chapters 7 and 8
Chapters 7 and 8

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Heart - BEHS Science

... Pulse is what you feel over an artery as the pressure inside increases following each heart beat. ...
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Exercise and Heart Failure

... The definition of HF has now expanded to: a. HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, EF≤40%) b. HF failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF EF ≥50%) c. HFpEF, borderline (EF 41-49%) d. HFpEF, improved (EF >40%) ...
Circulatory System Review - Le site web de M. St Denis
Circulatory System Review - Le site web de M. St Denis

... oxygen binds to the ring of iron in hemoglobine molecules for transport through the circulatory system. In fact, 98% of oxygen is transported bound to iron in hemoglobine while the other 2% dissolves in the blood plasma. 4. How do white blood cells differ from red blood cells? White blood cells are ...
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... The data sources used are shown in eTable 1. Mortality data was obtained from the ministry of health-health information centre for the years 1997 up to 2009. Mortality data for the year 1998 was not complete. The numbers used for the year 1998 were the average number for the previous (1997) and next ...
Comparative Vertebrate Physiology
Comparative Vertebrate Physiology

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09 Embriogenesis of cardiovascular system
09 Embriogenesis of cardiovascular system

... was produced by increased hypoxia after prolonged crying. Postmortem revealed atresia of the pulmonary artery and a single ventricle. ...
Get your students involved in the Olympic
Get your students involved in the Olympic

... on the walls of vessels in the circulatory system. It is usually measured using a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer and is recorded using a two-number system, for instance 120/80. The first number is the systolic blood pressure, the pressure in the arteries as the heart pumps it out. The second num ...
Eisenmenger syndrome PDF
Eisenmenger syndrome PDF

... However in Eisenmenger Syndrome there is a mixture of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood which accounts for the bluer than normal appearance. Atria – These are the collecting chambers situated at the back of your heart. On the right side it is known as the right atrium and on the left side, it is kno ...
Homeostasis, Circulation and Respiration.
Homeostasis, Circulation and Respiration.

... A heart attack (myocardial infarction) occurs when heart muscle is damaged or destroyed because it does not get enough oxygen-rich blood to sustain life. Just as the heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to other parts of the body, blood vessels called coronary arteries supply needed blood to the hear ...
Comparative Vertebrate Physiology
Comparative Vertebrate Physiology

... Blood to and from lungs ...
Heart Attack in a Nut Shell: A Simple Guide to Understanding
Heart Attack in a Nut Shell: A Simple Guide to Understanding

... Once the diagnosis is confirmed In the hospital, doctors and nurses immediately start treatments to try to restore blood flow through the blood vessels supplying the heart. 1. Clot-Busting Medicines: Thrombolytic medicines are used to dissolve blood clots that are blocking the arteries. These medici ...
Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy
Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy

... • Class II disorders are the most common in pregnancy (VSD, PDA, severe mitral stenosis) and are associated with better maternal outcome • Severe disease regardless of class is associated with at least a 50% chance of maternal mortality ...
Circulatory System - La Salle Elementary School
Circulatory System - La Salle Elementary School

... • Smooth inner layer (easy flow) • Elastic middle layer (smooth muscle tissue) contract/relax to move blood • Outer layer (flexible connective tissue) stretch and return to normal size with heartbeat • Blood is sent to body location according to priority – Eating, exercising, waste removal, repair • ...
Mitral Valve Dysplasia in Cats - Veterinary Specialty Services
Mitral Valve Dysplasia in Cats - Veterinary Specialty Services

... routine physical examination in a young cat. This is an abnormal “whooshing” sound associated with the normally crisp heart sounds, heard while listening to the heart with a stethoscope. The murmur is described according to its loudness and where it is best heard on the chest wall. Although many con ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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