heart and blood vessels
... pericardium. This cavity contains a watery fluid called pericardial fluid, which reduces friction and erosion of tissue between these membranes as the heart expands and contracts during a cardiac cycle. • If an inflammation of the inner most layer of pericardial sac develops, it is known as pericard ...
... pericardium. This cavity contains a watery fluid called pericardial fluid, which reduces friction and erosion of tissue between these membranes as the heart expands and contracts during a cardiac cycle. • If an inflammation of the inner most layer of pericardial sac develops, it is known as pericard ...
Cardiac Physiology – Control of Cardiac Output
... – Predictions concerning the effects of changes in peripheral resistance are complex because both the cardiac and vascular function curves shift. – With increased peripheral resistance, the vascular function curve is moves counterclockwise. – The cardiac function curve is also shifted downward becau ...
... – Predictions concerning the effects of changes in peripheral resistance are complex because both the cardiac and vascular function curves shift. – With increased peripheral resistance, the vascular function curve is moves counterclockwise. – The cardiac function curve is also shifted downward becau ...
Chronic heart failure in the elderly: a current medical problem
... heart failure occurs more and more commonly in the elderly. In the USA approximately 80% of patients discharged from hospital with newly diagnosed heart failure are over 65 years of age, whereas 50% are over 75. The average 5‑year mortality rate is about 50% in subjects with systolic dysfunction an ...
... heart failure occurs more and more commonly in the elderly. In the USA approximately 80% of patients discharged from hospital with newly diagnosed heart failure are over 65 years of age, whereas 50% are over 75. The average 5‑year mortality rate is about 50% in subjects with systolic dysfunction an ...
Exercise Stress Test - Progressive Medical Clinic
... In patients who cannot exercise adequately (e.g., achieve 85% of age-adjusted MPHR prior to radiopharmaceutical administration and for at least 1 minute following radiotracer administration; achieve 5 METS or 5 minutes total exercise time on a Bruce protocol), the radiotracer should not be injected ...
... In patients who cannot exercise adequately (e.g., achieve 85% of age-adjusted MPHR prior to radiopharmaceutical administration and for at least 1 minute following radiotracer administration; achieve 5 METS or 5 minutes total exercise time on a Bruce protocol), the radiotracer should not be injected ...
HEART FAILURE - MEDICINE DEPARTMENT of MMC
... concentration. Creatinine should be less than or equal to 2.5 mg/dL in men or less than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL in women and potassium should be less than 5.0 or renal ...
... concentration. Creatinine should be less than or equal to 2.5 mg/dL in men or less than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL in women and potassium should be less than 5.0 or renal ...
Methods and devices of blood pressure measurement
... • Korotkoff sounds compared to invasive blood pressure measurementt – Korotkoff IV is on average 8mm Hg above the invasively measured diastolic blood pressure – Korotkoff V is on average 2mm Hg above Korotkoff V is on average 2mm Hg above the invasively measured diastolic blood pressure ...
... • Korotkoff sounds compared to invasive blood pressure measurementt – Korotkoff IV is on average 8mm Hg above the invasively measured diastolic blood pressure – Korotkoff V is on average 2mm Hg above Korotkoff V is on average 2mm Hg above the invasively measured diastolic blood pressure ...
A4L Key Mrs Smith Major Body Systems
... in the second phase (electron transport chain) for a total energy production of 35-38 units of energy----about 19 or 20 times more than would have been produced with only anaerobic metabolism. 5. Does anaerobic metabolism stop during aerobic metabolism? no---anaerobic metabolism continues as long as ...
... in the second phase (electron transport chain) for a total energy production of 35-38 units of energy----about 19 or 20 times more than would have been produced with only anaerobic metabolism. 5. Does anaerobic metabolism stop during aerobic metabolism? no---anaerobic metabolism continues as long as ...
Human Circulatory System 1
... properly, where in the body might circulation be affected the most? • Why is it important to have two separate pathways for circulation? • Describe some of the adaptations of the mammalian heart that allow it to be efficient and ...
... properly, where in the body might circulation be affected the most? • Why is it important to have two separate pathways for circulation? • Describe some of the adaptations of the mammalian heart that allow it to be efficient and ...
Blood Circulation
... 4. Pressure in the cuff is gradually reduced until sounds are heard in the vessels. (stethoscope) (systolic pressure reading) 5. Pressure continues to be released until the sounds stop ...
... 4. Pressure in the cuff is gradually reduced until sounds are heard in the vessels. (stethoscope) (systolic pressure reading) 5. Pressure continues to be released until the sounds stop ...
18(4) Oct 05 for web.indd
... alter the focus of medicine from treatment toward prevention. In the late 1940s when the study began, the first and only symptom of cardiovascular disease was often coronary death. Prevention was essential. Another coincidental factor in the success of the Heart Study was the availability of the ele ...
... alter the focus of medicine from treatment toward prevention. In the late 1940s when the study began, the first and only symptom of cardiovascular disease was often coronary death. Prevention was essential. Another coincidental factor in the success of the Heart Study was the availability of the ele ...
circulation regulation
... 1. each vascular bed responds only to its own needs; no coordination with the needs of other vascular beds 2. the compensation cannot return the pressures and cardiac output to normal Also, in cases like the example of left ventricular failure 3. all systemic vascular beds that do not participate in ...
... 1. each vascular bed responds only to its own needs; no coordination with the needs of other vascular beds 2. the compensation cannot return the pressures and cardiac output to normal Also, in cases like the example of left ventricular failure 3. all systemic vascular beds that do not participate in ...
CVS physiology – April 2012
... d. kidney endothelial cells are attenuated to form gaps called fenestrations 55. Which of these is not a Vitamin K dependent clotting factor? a. Factor IX b. Prothrombin c. Protein C d. Factor XII 56. Regarding circulatory changes in exercise which is true? a. fall in tissue pO2 and rise in pCO2 hel ...
... d. kidney endothelial cells are attenuated to form gaps called fenestrations 55. Which of these is not a Vitamin K dependent clotting factor? a. Factor IX b. Prothrombin c. Protein C d. Factor XII 56. Regarding circulatory changes in exercise which is true? a. fall in tissue pO2 and rise in pCO2 hel ...
Congestive Heart Failure
... blood to the body. There are many causes of CHF in dogs. The two most common causes are mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Clinical signs vary depending on whether the dog has left- or right-sided heart failure. The most common symptoms are decreased stamina, coughing ...
... blood to the body. There are many causes of CHF in dogs. The two most common causes are mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Clinical signs vary depending on whether the dog has left- or right-sided heart failure. The most common symptoms are decreased stamina, coughing ...
MCQ 1
... a) may be carried out by skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle or by glands b) is not influenced by higher centres in the brain c) results from activity in at least two central nervous synapses in series d) may involve simultaneous contraction of some skeletal muscles and relaxation of others e) can be ...
... a) may be carried out by skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle or by glands b) is not influenced by higher centres in the brain c) results from activity in at least two central nervous synapses in series d) may involve simultaneous contraction of some skeletal muscles and relaxation of others e) can be ...
Cardiac Muscle
... This is called automaticity or autorhythmicity. • The absolute refractory period is about 250 ms. This prevents tetanic contractions which would interfer with the heart’s ability to pump. ...
... This is called automaticity or autorhythmicity. • The absolute refractory period is about 250 ms. This prevents tetanic contractions which would interfer with the heart’s ability to pump. ...
Morbid Obesity
... Morbidly obese patients are classified according to area of main fat mass: Peripheral (Gynecoid) obesity: associated with degenerative joint disease and venous stasis in the lower extremities. Central (Android) obesity: associated with the highest risk of mortality related problems due to the “Metab ...
... Morbidly obese patients are classified according to area of main fat mass: Peripheral (Gynecoid) obesity: associated with degenerative joint disease and venous stasis in the lower extremities. Central (Android) obesity: associated with the highest risk of mortality related problems due to the “Metab ...
Blood Pressure and Flow Measurements - MRI
... Describes the physiology and pathology of cardiocvascular system ”Normal” values are 120 / 80 mmHg High values may lead to heart attack and strokes Low values may lead to low oxygen perfusion Almost all indirect methods rely on an occlusive cuff which is placed on the bracial artery. The actual meas ...
... Describes the physiology and pathology of cardiocvascular system ”Normal” values are 120 / 80 mmHg High values may lead to heart attack and strokes Low values may lead to low oxygen perfusion Almost all indirect methods rely on an occlusive cuff which is placed on the bracial artery. The actual meas ...
Young Scientist Program Anatomy Teaching Team
... Just like any other tissue in the human body the heart needs both nutrients and oxygen in order to keep its cells alive and well. Being that the heart is mainly a big tough muscle, it needs a lot of nutrients and oxygen in order to continue to work all day a ...
... Just like any other tissue in the human body the heart needs both nutrients and oxygen in order to keep its cells alive and well. Being that the heart is mainly a big tough muscle, it needs a lot of nutrients and oxygen in order to continue to work all day a ...
Blood Pressure and Flow Measurements
... Describes the physiology and pathology of cardiocvascular system ”Normal” values are 120 / 80 mmHg High values may lead to heart attack and strokes Low values may lead to low oxygen perfusion Almost all indirect methods rely on an occlusive cuff which is placed on the bracial artery. The actual meas ...
... Describes the physiology and pathology of cardiocvascular system ”Normal” values are 120 / 80 mmHg High values may lead to heart attack and strokes Low values may lead to low oxygen perfusion Almost all indirect methods rely on an occlusive cuff which is placed on the bracial artery. The actual meas ...
The Heart: Valves
... are made on the pressure in large arteries Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax ...
... are made on the pressure in large arteries Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax ...
Acute Care Problems Case Studies 1 and 2
... Question 1: What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient and what are the criteria for the diagnosis? The patient’s symptoms, medications, social history, and physical examination lead to the differential diagnoses of pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary embolism, right-sided heart failu ...
... Question 1: What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient and what are the criteria for the diagnosis? The patient’s symptoms, medications, social history, and physical examination lead to the differential diagnoses of pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary embolism, right-sided heart failu ...
Document
... 30.3 The Heart and Circulation • The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles. • Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood. • Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping ...
... 30.3 The Heart and Circulation • The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles. • Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood. • Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping ...
over view of circulatory system heart and vessels
... OVER VIEW OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HEART AND VESSELS LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of thelecture the student should be able to know About organization of cardio vascular system About Components of cardio vascular system About location, external and internal structure of heart About different chambers ...
... OVER VIEW OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HEART AND VESSELS LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of thelecture the student should be able to know About organization of cardio vascular system About Components of cardio vascular system About location, external and internal structure of heart About different chambers ...
Antihypertensive drug
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.