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Slide 1
Slide 1

... -Educate on the usefulness of ACE/ARBs and beta blockers in HF management. -For the most part these medications work best when combined with one another. Patients may sometimes be on up to 4 different combinations and must understand their usefulness and mechanism as related to their particular cond ...
Chapter 23
Chapter 23

... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Acquired-Heart
Acquired-Heart

... Pulmonary Blood Flow • Increased with shunt vascularity • Decreased with cephalization • Flow inversion occurs with chronic left heart failure and mitral stenosis ...
Thibodeau: Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 18
Thibodeau: Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 18

... Chapter 18 - Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System A brief reflection on the reason for referring to the cardiovascular system as the circulatory system quickly puts this system into perspective and highlights its vital role in homeostasis. Now that students have gained an understanding of the role o ...
Noninvasive Cardiac Output
Noninvasive Cardiac Output

... Invasive and accurate. The parameters provided by EC fill in the blanks of traditional monitoring, helping physicians guide fluid resuscitation and drug therapy in a targeted, continuous manner. In addition to providing parameters such as Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume measurements, there are seve ...
The Cardiac Cycle
The Cardiac Cycle

... Notes on Quiz Questions: Quiz Question #1: Blood Flow through Heart • This question asks you to trace the blood through the right side of the heart. Quiz Question #2: Valves • This question asks you to predict when the valves are open or closed during the various stages of the cardiac cycle. Quiz Qu ...
A Prelude to the Polypill Concept for Vascular Disease
A Prelude to the Polypill Concept for Vascular Disease

... Antihypertensive therapies significantly reduced risk of recurrent stroke ...
Four Shunts in Fetal Circulation
Four Shunts in Fetal Circulation

... – 4-6 days; forms ligamentum arteriosum ...
CHAPTER 4 CIRCULATION
CHAPTER 4 CIRCULATION

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August CE Angina, Acute MI, Stroke
August CE Angina, Acute MI, Stroke

... When ST elevation on EKG is from a paced rhythm or LBBB, how do you decide when to take the patient to the cath lab? Most often history and how the patient looks are deciding factors. Cardiologists would rather find normal arteries than miss an MI. Comparison with old EKG’s could help if they are ...
- Spiral - Imperial College London
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B-Type Naturetic Peptide in Heart Failure Management

... shown to be independent predictors of HF hospitalizations, total mortality and cardiovascular death, with similar or greater predictive value than measures such as the Heart Failure Survival Score. Several studies have shown that the use of BNP or NT-proBNP to guide HF management is associated with ...
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CARDIOPROTEDIVE EFFECT OF IVABRADINE VERSUS

... The discovery of the f-channel and its role in regulating pacemaker activity lead to the development of new pharmacological agents such as ivabradine, which target these f-channels causing a reduction in heart rate by inhibiting the /f current. The aim of the present work was designed to evaluate th ...
Heart Anatomy The Heart Heart Membranes Layers of the Heart Wall
Heart Anatomy The Heart Heart Membranes Layers of the Heart Wall

... Trace the path of blood through the heart. (Enter as a number. Ex. 12345678) 1- Lungs 2- body 3- pulmonary SL Valve 4- vena cava 5- Left atrium 6- right atrium 7- bicuspid valve 8- aorta ...
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... • Independent of ATII from adrenals, heart, and vasculature. MR are present in endoth and sm cells • Aldosterone escape, RESOLVED • Potentiate the effect of other vasoconstrictors • Endothelial dysfunction, PAIPAI-1, ETET-1 • Increase synthesis of collagen I, VSMC hyperplasia • Increased fibrosis an ...
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Comparison of Treatment Techniques for Blocked Arteries

... Can usually be sewn to the coronary artery without difficulty. Good size match for coronary arteries. May not be usable in patients with severe vascular disease ...
Periodontal Management of Patients With
Periodontal Management of Patients With

... tissues. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of CHF although hypertension, valvar (or valvular) heart disease, cardiomyopathy, or diabetes mellitus may also be causal or contributing factors.21 Ventricular arrythmia and sudden death are common in patients with CHF and intractable CHF ma ...
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... normally (elevation of filling pressures) • Due to increased resistance to ventricular diastolic capacity, impaired ventricular relaxation, and myocardial fibrosis and infiltration ...
02 Cardiac Anatomy
02 Cardiac Anatomy

... systole). The AV valves (tricuspid & bicuspid/mitral) close to prevent backflow of blood into atria. The closing of the valves makes a sound – “Lub” §  as blood moves from ventricles to arteries (pulmonary trunk & aorta), pressure will increase in the arteries and decrease in the ventricles. Semilu ...
FACT SHEET Facts About Sudden Cardiac Arrest
FACT SHEET Facts About Sudden Cardiac Arrest

... People with heart disease are at varying risks for dying suddenly, but there are ways to  markedly decrease that risk. Anyone with heart disease should discuss the risk of sudden  cardiac arrest with their physician and talk about whether or not a referral to a heart rhythm  specialist is appropriat ...
Beta- Blocker Therapy in Heart Failure in the Elderly
Beta- Blocker Therapy in Heart Failure in the Elderly

...  Up-titration of BBs to target doses in the elderly is challenging  According to current literature:  Survival is independent of BB dose  Benefit on morbidity is inconsistent  Common reasons for up-titration failure:  Symptomatic bradycardia, symptomatic hypotension, worsening pulmonary sympto ...
How Vitamin D May Help You Avoid Heart Failure
How Vitamin D May Help You Avoid Heart Failure

... The number of deaths due to heart failure were almost three times higher in vitamin D-deficient subjects compared to those with higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25hydroxyvitamin D higher than 30 ng/ml [75 nmol/L]). Also, deaths from heart failure are more common in winter when skin vitamin D produc ...
Non Invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring
Non Invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring

... % Change in TFC over 15 mins. Vs. baseline TFC MAP*CO/451 ...
The current Status of Atenolol in Ischemic Heart disease
The current Status of Atenolol in Ischemic Heart disease

... HDL while those on atenolol had the opposite findings. On the other hand, Foqari et al66 found no significant adverse effect of either atenolol or nebivolol on the insulin sensitivity or lipid profile in 30 hypertensive patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. ...
Review of Congenital Heart Disease
Review of Congenital Heart Disease

... base, but may radiate strongly throughout the thorax and even up the carotid arteries. Dogs with moderate to severe SAS are at risk for exercise induced syncope or sudden death. Dogs with SAS are also at increased risk for aortic endocarditis because of chronic trauma to the aortic valve. Dogs with ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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