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Multiple stage amplifiers
Multiple stage amplifiers

... Vout=tanh(V+-V-) This circuit (a 3 stage amplifier! Why?) This circuit It has extremely high voltage gain: AV is of the order of VA/Vth This circuit is also used for mixers if a transconductor is used in the place of the tail current source. There is no Miller effect on the left half circuit If this ...
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Smith Chart - Mitra.ac.in

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DN207 - LTC2400 High Accuracy Differential to Single-Ended Converter for ±5V Supplies

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here - Magnolia Intertie
here - Magnolia Intertie

... working the way it should. If problems show up during this test, chances are that the system’s overall performance is being impacted. These measurements are based on the principle that some parts of a signal are reflected due to mismatches in impedance between cables, antennas, or connectors. The ra ...
60V Zero-Drift Operational Amplifier with 220nVP
60V Zero-Drift Operational Amplifier with 220nVP

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... voltage” system until you have too low of an impedance for the amplifier to drive. For example, a 10-volt sine wave from the amplifier driving a 16-ohm speaker will continue to be a 10-volt sine wave if you connect an 8-ohm speaker instead. The 8ohm speaker will simply draw more current from the 10- ...
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... input impedance of 1 [kΩ], as shown below. Based on measurements, the transmission line parameters at 1 GHz are approximately given by R′=5 [Ω/cm], L′=6 [nH/cm], C′=0.5 [pF/cm] an G′=0. a) Find the propagation constant γ and characteristic impedance Z0 of the line. b) Find the voltages at the source ...
View PDF
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... virtually all cases. This feature is implemented by first taking the reading with the High Impedance Adapter in the 20 MOhm position and switching to the next higher impedance while watching the output until the reading is constant. Next, turn the switch back one position to decrease the impedance, ...
Lecture 20: Common Base Amplifier.
Lecture 20: Common Base Amplifier.

...  Output resistance, Ro. Referring to the small-signal equivalent circuit above and shorting out the input vsig = 0 Ro  RC ...
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UNIT 5 PPT

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TWOPORT
TWOPORT

... If the input impedance has an angle other than zero degrees (purely resistive), a DMM cannot be used to find the reactive component at the input terminals. The magnitude of the total impedance will be correct if measured ag described above, but the angle from which the resistive and reactive compone ...
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Scattering parameters

Scattering parameters or S-parameters (the elements of a scattering matrix or S-matrix) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals.The parameters are useful for electrical engineering, electronics engineering, and communication systems design, and especially for microwave engineering.The S-parameters are members of a family of similar parameters, other examples being: Y-parameters, Z-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters. They differ from these, in the sense that S-parameters do not use open or short circuit conditions to characterize a linear electrical network; instead, matched loads are used. These terminations are much easier to use at high signal frequencies than open-circuit and short-circuit terminations. Moreover, the quantities are measured in terms of power.Many electrical properties of networks of components (inductors, capacitors, resistors) may be expressed using S-parameters, such as gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), reflection coefficient and amplifier stability. The term 'scattering' is more common to optical engineering than RF engineering, referring to the effect observed when a plane electromagnetic wave is incident on an obstruction or passes across dissimilar dielectric media. In the context of S-parameters, scattering refers to the way in which the traveling currents and voltages in a transmission line are affected when they meet a discontinuity caused by the insertion of a network into the transmission line. This is equivalent to the wave meeting an impedance differing from the line's characteristic impedance.Although applicable at any frequency, S-parameters are mostly used for networks operating at radio frequency (RF) and microwave frequencies where signal power and energy considerations are more easily quantified than currents and voltages. S-parameters change with the measurement frequency, so frequency must be specified for any S-parameter measurements stated, in addition to the characteristic impedance or system impedance.S-parameters are readily represented in matrix form and obey the rules of matrix algebra.
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