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Circuits with Transistors Contents 1 Transistors
Circuits with Transistors Contents 1 Transistors

... Up to now we have studied single stage amplifiers, but a practical amplifier consists of several stages which are cascaded to produce a gain high enough in order to drive a signal. Typically input signals (from a microphone, a radio station or a particle detector), are on the order of µV , whereas u ...
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... Therefore the holes should not be covered or blocked. Portico™ modules may be stacked horizontally on a desktop or mounted vertically in a rack without heat problems. The anti-slip feet may be removed while used in a rack, but should be retained for desktop use. To avoid overheating, Portico™ module ...
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1296 MHz SSPA with XRF286

1.1
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... LC, RC and RLC network functions all have certain common properties. All these system functions, whether immitance (impedance or admittance) functions or transfer functions, are quotients of two polynomials in s, with real rational coefficients. They are thus real rational functions. They are all pa ...
The impedance transformation circle along a transmission line
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... and transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide modes can also propagate. When more than one mode can exist, bends and other irregularities in the cable geometry can cause power to be transferred from one mode to another. The most common use for coaxial cables is for television and other signals with bandwid ...
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... • Last lecture we established that phasor solutions of telegrapher’s equations for TL’s in sinusoidal steady-state can be expressed as V +ejβd − V −e−jβd V (d) = V e + V e and I(d) = Zo in a new coordinate system shown in the margin. + jβd ...
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... The MAX9159 dual low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) receiver is ideal for applications requiring high speed, low power, and low noise. The MAX9159 is pin compatible with the SN65LVDS9637. The MAX9159 conforms to the ANSI TIA/EIA-644 LVDS standard and converts LVDS to LVTTL-compatible outputs. ...
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... high frequencies: 1A from a 1μF cap for even 1uS reduces its voltage ΔV = I * Δt / C = 1V. • So an APA also requires low-frequency bulk decoupling capacitance, much larger than the high-frequency capacitance. • A low-impedance power supply connection is still vital – decoupling does not replace it. ...
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... Dispersion refers to the spreading of a signal due to the differences in speed between different frequency components. It is often detrimental to digital communication since digital pulses contain multiple frequency components. ...
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... Electro Magnetic Susceptibility is measured by injection of electrical disturbances on the input terminals. No deviation outside the VO tolerance band will occur under the following conditions: Frequency range Voltage level 30...300 MHz 1.0 Vrms The signal is amplitude modulated with 1 kHz/80% and a ...
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MAX2021EVKIT.pdf

... The MAX2021 evaluation board can be a guide for your board layout. Pay close attention to thermal design and close placement of components to the IC. The MAX2021 package’s exposed paddle (EP) conducts heat from the device and provides a low-impedance electrical connection to the ground plane. The EP ...
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... voltage-mode signal renders two special active elements, namely, differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) and fully differential current conveyor (FDCCII), both of which have the ability to perform the operations of addition and subtraction, to become very important for the design of voltage- ...
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Paper 10b.1_publicat..

... measuring plane was done. After that probes I and II are connected via a through so that the load impedance can be configured with the mechanical tuner. To correct the measured power by the loss between probe II and the power meter the 2-port S-parameters of the load side path have to be determined. ...
Crct-dsn-portable-audio+EMC-090112
Crct-dsn-portable-audio+EMC-090112

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Scattering parameters

Scattering parameters or S-parameters (the elements of a scattering matrix or S-matrix) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals.The parameters are useful for electrical engineering, electronics engineering, and communication systems design, and especially for microwave engineering.The S-parameters are members of a family of similar parameters, other examples being: Y-parameters, Z-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters. They differ from these, in the sense that S-parameters do not use open or short circuit conditions to characterize a linear electrical network; instead, matched loads are used. These terminations are much easier to use at high signal frequencies than open-circuit and short-circuit terminations. Moreover, the quantities are measured in terms of power.Many electrical properties of networks of components (inductors, capacitors, resistors) may be expressed using S-parameters, such as gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), reflection coefficient and amplifier stability. The term 'scattering' is more common to optical engineering than RF engineering, referring to the effect observed when a plane electromagnetic wave is incident on an obstruction or passes across dissimilar dielectric media. In the context of S-parameters, scattering refers to the way in which the traveling currents and voltages in a transmission line are affected when they meet a discontinuity caused by the insertion of a network into the transmission line. This is equivalent to the wave meeting an impedance differing from the line's characteristic impedance.Although applicable at any frequency, S-parameters are mostly used for networks operating at radio frequency (RF) and microwave frequencies where signal power and energy considerations are more easily quantified than currents and voltages. S-parameters change with the measurement frequency, so frequency must be specified for any S-parameter measurements stated, in addition to the characteristic impedance or system impedance.S-parameters are readily represented in matrix form and obey the rules of matrix algebra.
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