Chapter 2.2.3.
... IHHNV appears to have a world-wide distribution in both wild and cultured penaeid shrimp (Brock & Lightner, 1990; Lightner, 1996a; Lightner, 1996b; Owens et al., 1992). In the Western Hemisphere, IHHNV is commonly found in wild penaeid shrimp in the eastern Pacific from Peru to Mexico. Although IHHN ...
... IHHNV appears to have a world-wide distribution in both wild and cultured penaeid shrimp (Brock & Lightner, 1990; Lightner, 1996a; Lightner, 1996b; Owens et al., 1992). In the Western Hemisphere, IHHNV is commonly found in wild penaeid shrimp in the eastern Pacific from Peru to Mexico. Although IHHN ...
The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance
... cases of severe illness, and about 250 000–500 000 deaths.1–4 Influenza illness can result in hospitalization and death mainly among high-risk groups, but also in a substantial proportion of previously healthy subjects.5 Groups at particular risk of severe influenza include pregnant women, children ...
... cases of severe illness, and about 250 000–500 000 deaths.1–4 Influenza illness can result in hospitalization and death mainly among high-risk groups, but also in a substantial proportion of previously healthy subjects.5 Groups at particular risk of severe influenza include pregnant women, children ...
United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of the viral
... sustaining a needlestick injury if the donor HCV status is positive or unknown (1A) section 4.9. . Other groups to be tested are sexual partners of HCV-positive individuals, sex workers, tattoo recipients, migrants from high endemic countries, alcoholics and ex-prisoners. (1A) section 4.9. . Screen ...
... sustaining a needlestick injury if the donor HCV status is positive or unknown (1A) section 4.9. . Other groups to be tested are sexual partners of HCV-positive individuals, sex workers, tattoo recipients, migrants from high endemic countries, alcoholics and ex-prisoners. (1A) section 4.9. . Screen ...
Type I IFN Inhibits Alternative Macrophage Activation during
... uberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, causing ∼1.5 million deaths every year (1). Despite the efforts devoted to the understanding of this disease, mechanisms determining whether protection or pathogenesis results from M. tub ...
... uberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, causing ∼1.5 million deaths every year (1). Despite the efforts devoted to the understanding of this disease, mechanisms determining whether protection or pathogenesis results from M. tub ...
Bluetongue: a review
... their range to previously unexposed populations of ruminants (Zientara et al., 2010). The worldwide economic losses due to bluetongue have not been expressed in exact numbers, but the estimate is 3 billion US$ a year (Tabachnick, 1996). The losses are both direct (death, abortions, weight loss or re ...
... their range to previously unexposed populations of ruminants (Zientara et al., 2010). The worldwide economic losses due to bluetongue have not been expressed in exact numbers, but the estimate is 3 billion US$ a year (Tabachnick, 1996). The losses are both direct (death, abortions, weight loss or re ...
Transmission Based Precautions Policies (TBP) – Information on
... The policies can be used by for example, infection control teams, health and social care managers, nurses, doctors, or other health and social care providers. They should be read in conjunction with the associated literature reviews. The policies can be used as a ‘check’ to ensure relevant policies ...
... The policies can be used by for example, infection control teams, health and social care managers, nurses, doctors, or other health and social care providers. They should be read in conjunction with the associated literature reviews. The policies can be used as a ‘check’ to ensure relevant policies ...
ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
... a patient is known to be or suspected to be infected with a specific pathogen and Standard Precautions are not sufficient. Isolation Precautions include one or more (or all) of the Transmission-Based Precautions and Standard Precautions. Learning Break: The 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions c ...
... a patient is known to be or suspected to be infected with a specific pathogen and Standard Precautions are not sufficient. Isolation Precautions include one or more (or all) of the Transmission-Based Precautions and Standard Precautions. Learning Break: The 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions c ...
General Overview on Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Biofilms, and
... phenotype is attributable to the cord growth formation of this NTM [74]. Although few in number, the etiology of this clinical manifestations is of great concern for public health. The ability of NTM to persist within biofilm on medical devices, both inside and outside the human body, together with ...
... phenotype is attributable to the cord growth formation of this NTM [74]. Although few in number, the etiology of this clinical manifestations is of great concern for public health. The ability of NTM to persist within biofilm on medical devices, both inside and outside the human body, together with ...
A Case of Tinea Pedis Caused by Trichophyton
... Tonsurans in itself is an atypical aetiological fungal pathogen in Northern Europe. Even though, T. Tonsurans is the commonest cause of tinea capitis in the US, in most part of Europe it is a rare cause of tinea infections. Increases in T. tonsurans tinea capitis is, however, recently observed in bo ...
... Tonsurans in itself is an atypical aetiological fungal pathogen in Northern Europe. Even though, T. Tonsurans is the commonest cause of tinea capitis in the US, in most part of Europe it is a rare cause of tinea infections. Increases in T. tonsurans tinea capitis is, however, recently observed in bo ...
What is the evidence for the effectiveness of
... While needle exchange programmes reduce the prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV), prevalence remains high. Therefore, other interventions are required to complement exchange programmes. Whereas opiate maintenance treatment, most commonly with methadone, has significantly reduced the incidence of HIV, it ...
... While needle exchange programmes reduce the prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV), prevalence remains high. Therefore, other interventions are required to complement exchange programmes. Whereas opiate maintenance treatment, most commonly with methadone, has significantly reduced the incidence of HIV, it ...
7. CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) Cause/Epidemiology
... and enter a coma. Pneumonia and other infections often occur in these patients and can lead to death. Death usually occurs within one year of symptom onset. New variant CJD affects younger patients than other types of CJD (i.e., 30-70 years of age versus 50-70 years of age in classic CJD). It begins ...
... and enter a coma. Pneumonia and other infections often occur in these patients and can lead to death. Death usually occurs within one year of symptom onset. New variant CJD affects younger patients than other types of CJD (i.e., 30-70 years of age versus 50-70 years of age in classic CJD). It begins ...
Training Bulletin Influenza Educational Review 2015/2016
... In their Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2015-2016; NACI considers “the provision of influenza vaccination for HCWs involved in direct patient care to be an essential component of the standard of care for influenza prevention for the protection of their patients. HCWs who have direct pat ...
... In their Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2015-2016; NACI considers “the provision of influenza vaccination for HCWs involved in direct patient care to be an essential component of the standard of care for influenza prevention for the protection of their patients. HCWs who have direct pat ...
serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in raccoons
... The raccoon has been reported to be a natural reservoir for L. interrogans, especially grippotyphosa (Shotts et al., 1975). In this study, L. interrogans grippotyphosa was detected as the primary serovar in all but two of the raccoons; it was the serovar isolated in all 5 urine samples. Leptospira i ...
... The raccoon has been reported to be a natural reservoir for L. interrogans, especially grippotyphosa (Shotts et al., 1975). In this study, L. interrogans grippotyphosa was detected as the primary serovar in all but two of the raccoons; it was the serovar isolated in all 5 urine samples. Leptospira i ...
Rotavirus vaccination
... Bolivia, first high-mortality country to introduce Rotarix® in 2008, with GAVI support Study found vaccinated children 70% less likely to be hospitalized for rotavirus compared to unvaccinated children Protection sustained through first 2 years of a child’s life, when risk of infection is grea ...
... Bolivia, first high-mortality country to introduce Rotarix® in 2008, with GAVI support Study found vaccinated children 70% less likely to be hospitalized for rotavirus compared to unvaccinated children Protection sustained through first 2 years of a child’s life, when risk of infection is grea ...
Preview the material
... Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of infectious disease concern in the United States. It is the associated with hospital-acquired intestinal inflammation and diarrhea and, most commonly, with normal intestinal flora disruption due to poor prescribing practices of antibiotics. It ...
... Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of infectious disease concern in the United States. It is the associated with hospital-acquired intestinal inflammation and diarrhea and, most commonly, with normal intestinal flora disruption due to poor prescribing practices of antibiotics. It ...
Diseases of antelope - Ministry for Primary Industries
... Information in Section 1.1 is basically a summary of two extensive review articles on ticks(1)(2). This section is designed to give background information on ticks and stress the importance of not introducing ticks into New Zealand. Each individual statement concerning ticks is therefore not referen ...
... Information in Section 1.1 is basically a summary of two extensive review articles on ticks(1)(2). This section is designed to give background information on ticks and stress the importance of not introducing ticks into New Zealand. Each individual statement concerning ticks is therefore not referen ...
An update on the management of glandular fever
... began studies that demonstrate Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) nonpermissive replication. In the most recent study performed, EBV nonpermissive replication is the cause of 28.3% of 106 consecutive CFS cases, and is etiologic with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and/or human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) as a coinfec ...
... began studies that demonstrate Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) nonpermissive replication. In the most recent study performed, EBV nonpermissive replication is the cause of 28.3% of 106 consecutive CFS cases, and is etiologic with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and/or human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) as a coinfec ...
What is HCV?
... Annual age-adjusted mortality rates from hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus and HIV infections listed as causes of death in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Because a decedent can have multiple causes of death, a record listing more than 1 type of infection was counted for each type of infect ...
... Annual age-adjusted mortality rates from hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus and HIV infections listed as causes of death in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Because a decedent can have multiple causes of death, a record listing more than 1 type of infection was counted for each type of infect ...
Federal Health Reporting
... Almost half of those people who are newly infected with HIV will develop an acute HIV-illness within days to a few weeks after infection. The most common clinical symptoms of this acute illness are: fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, general malaise, inflammation of the pharynx (pharyngitis), a vol ...
... Almost half of those people who are newly infected with HIV will develop an acute HIV-illness within days to a few weeks after infection. The most common clinical symptoms of this acute illness are: fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, general malaise, inflammation of the pharynx (pharyngitis), a vol ...
Full text in pdf format
... PCR assay prior to challenge experiments. After collection, the PL were washed with sterile freshwater to remove food and other materials adhering to the body. The washed PL were maintained in glass aquaria (25 l) containing aerated freshwater at a temperature of 27 to 30°C and fed with Artemia naup ...
... PCR assay prior to challenge experiments. After collection, the PL were washed with sterile freshwater to remove food and other materials adhering to the body. The washed PL were maintained in glass aquaria (25 l) containing aerated freshwater at a temperature of 27 to 30°C and fed with Artemia naup ...
Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis
... The differentiating between acute bacterial and non bacterial meningitis is challenging because they share many similar clinical symptoms, such as fever and headache. [17] Positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture, Gram staining, or detection of bacterial antigens in the CSF represent the ...
... The differentiating between acute bacterial and non bacterial meningitis is challenging because they share many similar clinical symptoms, such as fever and headache. [17] Positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture, Gram staining, or detection of bacterial antigens in the CSF represent the ...
4 Administration of seasonal influenza vaccine
... virus, inactivated whole virus, split virus (derived by disrupting whole virus particles with detergents) or viral subunits (prepared by enriching for the viral surface glycoproteins haemagglutinin—HA) and neuraminidase—NA). Inactivated whole-virus preparations, which were first developed more than ...
... virus, inactivated whole virus, split virus (derived by disrupting whole virus particles with detergents) or viral subunits (prepared by enriching for the viral surface glycoproteins haemagglutinin—HA) and neuraminidase—NA). Inactivated whole-virus preparations, which were first developed more than ...
Chickenpox
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over. It usually starts on the face, chest, and back and then spreads to the rest of the body. Other symptoms may include fever, feeling tired, and headaches. Symptoms usually last five to ten days. Complications may occasionally include pneumonia, inflammation of the brain, or bacterial infections of the skin among others. The disease is often more severe in adults than children. Symptoms begin ten to twenty one days after exposure to the virus.Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. It may be spread from one to two days before the rash appears until all lesions have crusted over. It may also spread through contact with the blisters. Those with shingles may spread chickenpox to those who are not immune through contact with the blisters. The disease can usually be diagnosed based on the presenting symptom; however, in unusual cases may be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the blister fluid or scabs. Testing for antibodies may be done to determine if a person is or is not immune. People usually only get the disease once.The varicella vaccine has resulted in a decrease in the number of cases and complications from the disease. It protects about 70 to 90 percent of people from disease with a greater benefit for severe disease. Routine immunization of children is recommended in many countries. Immunization within three days of exposure may improve outcomes in children. Treatment of those infected may include calamine lotion to help with itching, keeping the fingernails short to decrease injury from scratching, and the use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) to help with fevers. For those at increased risk of complications antiviral medication such as aciclovir are recommended.Chickenpox occurs in all parts of the world. Before routine immunization the number of cases occurring each year was similar to the number of people born. Since immunization the number of infections in the United States has decreased nearly 90%. In 2013 chickenpox resulted in 7,000 deaths globally – down from 8,900 in 1990. Death occurs in about 1 per 60,000 cases. Chickenpox was not separated from smallpox until the late 19th century. In 1888 its connection to shingles was determined. The first documented use of the term chicken pox was in 1658. Various explanations have been suggested for the use of ""chicken"" in the name, one being the relative mildness of the disease.