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... containment measure in the event of an influenza pandemic. Antivirals are currently being stockpiled due to the threat of a pandemic so supplies for other uses such as prophylaxis and treatment for seasonal influenza are constrained. 4. Existing data on influenza hospitalisations underestimate the t ...
... containment measure in the event of an influenza pandemic. Antivirals are currently being stockpiled due to the threat of a pandemic so supplies for other uses such as prophylaxis and treatment for seasonal influenza are constrained. 4. Existing data on influenza hospitalisations underestimate the t ...
C. albicans
... C.albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that colonizes various body locations asymptomatically. However, once immune dysfunction occurred, often found in hospitalized patients, anticancer drug treated patients and AIDS patients, C.albicans can proliferate and cause infections termed candidiasi ...
... C.albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that colonizes various body locations asymptomatically. However, once immune dysfunction occurred, often found in hospitalized patients, anticancer drug treated patients and AIDS patients, C.albicans can proliferate and cause infections termed candidiasi ...
WHO global action plan for laboratory containment of wild polioviruses
... Poliovirus in nature Poliovirus in immunocompetent persons is found in the oropharnyx for one to two weeks, blood for about one week, and faeces for one to two months after initial infection. In fatal cases, poliovirus may be recovered from faeces, intestinal contents, lymph nodes, brain tissue, and ...
... Poliovirus in nature Poliovirus in immunocompetent persons is found in the oropharnyx for one to two weeks, blood for about one week, and faeces for one to two months after initial infection. In fatal cases, poliovirus may be recovered from faeces, intestinal contents, lymph nodes, brain tissue, and ...
Michael Marks †,‡,*, Oriol Mitjà§,**, Anthony W. Solomon , Kingsley
... which is caused by the almost identical T. pallidum pallidum, it is not sexually transmitted, but is thought to be spread by skin to skin contact in warm humid environments, and mother to child transmission is not seen. As with other treponemal infections, yaws causes primary, secondary and tertiary ...
... which is caused by the almost identical T. pallidum pallidum, it is not sexually transmitted, but is thought to be spread by skin to skin contact in warm humid environments, and mother to child transmission is not seen. As with other treponemal infections, yaws causes primary, secondary and tertiary ...
The Epidemiology of Burn Wound Infections: Then and Now
... etiology, epidemiology, and approach to prevention of burn wound infections. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s and into the mid-1980s, burn wounds were treated by the exposure method, with application of topical antimicrobials to the burn wound surface and gradual debridement with immersion hydrotherap ...
... etiology, epidemiology, and approach to prevention of burn wound infections. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s and into the mid-1980s, burn wounds were treated by the exposure method, with application of topical antimicrobials to the burn wound surface and gradual debridement with immersion hydrotherap ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
... the cat, which may be compromised by infections (eg, feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV] or FeLV infection); stress; glucocorticoid treatment; surgery as well as dosage and virulence of the virus; and the reinfection rate in multiple-cat households [66]. It is likely that kittens developing FIP do so ...
... the cat, which may be compromised by infections (eg, feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV] or FeLV infection); stress; glucocorticoid treatment; surgery as well as dosage and virulence of the virus; and the reinfection rate in multiple-cat households [66]. It is likely that kittens developing FIP do so ...
Mouse Diseases Common Conditions (phenotypes) and Infectious
... and other cardiac changes including cardiac thrombi and calcinosis, sometimes have been referred to collectively as ‘cardiomyopathy’. Specific characterization of cardiac findings (and heart weight), is likely to be more useful to understanding a condition and its relevance to genetic background, ex ...
... and other cardiac changes including cardiac thrombi and calcinosis, sometimes have been referred to collectively as ‘cardiomyopathy’. Specific characterization of cardiac findings (and heart weight), is likely to be more useful to understanding a condition and its relevance to genetic background, ex ...
Pandemic Influenza Tabletop Exercise Participant`s Manual
... Over the next two months, August and September 2010, the number of human cases increased as more cases appeared in various areas of United States. Patient tracking in hospitals reveals that the virus is starting to be spread via human-to-human contact transmission between previously hospitalized pat ...
... Over the next two months, August and September 2010, the number of human cases increased as more cases appeared in various areas of United States. Patient tracking in hospitals reveals that the virus is starting to be spread via human-to-human contact transmission between previously hospitalized pat ...
Hen egg yolk antibodies - Les Presses agronomiques de Gembloux
... to the T-lymphocytes (helper T cells). The latter, that presents a receptor that can bind specifically to the antigen presented, binds to the self / non-self complex of the macrophage. Subsequently, the helper T cell enters into contact with a B-lymphocyte, which also presents on its surface the fore ...
... to the T-lymphocytes (helper T cells). The latter, that presents a receptor that can bind specifically to the antigen presented, binds to the self / non-self complex of the macrophage. Subsequently, the helper T cell enters into contact with a B-lymphocyte, which also presents on its surface the fore ...
Public Health Guidelines on the Prevention and Care Facilities in Ireland 2013/2014
... between vaccine and circulating strains. In the elderly, protective efficacy against influenza infection is lower. In elderly nursing home residents, well matched vaccines were found to be 46% effective in preventing pneumonia and 60% effective in reducing all cause mortality. ...
... between vaccine and circulating strains. In the elderly, protective efficacy against influenza infection is lower. In elderly nursing home residents, well matched vaccines were found to be 46% effective in preventing pneumonia and 60% effective in reducing all cause mortality. ...
Diagnostic Standards and Classification of TB in Adults and Children (PDF)
... After inhalation, the droplet nucleus is carried down the bronchial tree and implants in a respiratory bronchiole or alveolus. Whether or not an inhaled tubercle bacillus establishes an infection in the lung depends on both the bacterial virulence and the inherent microbicidal ability of the alveola ...
... After inhalation, the droplet nucleus is carried down the bronchial tree and implants in a respiratory bronchiole or alveolus. Whether or not an inhaled tubercle bacillus establishes an infection in the lung depends on both the bacterial virulence and the inherent microbicidal ability of the alveola ...
SYPHILIS
... • Occurs 20-30 years after the initial infection. • It is uncommon. (The survey of newly diagnosed late syphilis cases in Denmark between 1961 and 1970 showed that ~ 11% of pts with late syphilis and 40% of those with clinical neurosyphilis had evidence of tabes dorsalis). More common in whites and ...
... • Occurs 20-30 years after the initial infection. • It is uncommon. (The survey of newly diagnosed late syphilis cases in Denmark between 1961 and 1970 showed that ~ 11% of pts with late syphilis and 40% of those with clinical neurosyphilis had evidence of tabes dorsalis). More common in whites and ...
Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and
... above symptoms should be considered suspect for clonorchiasis. Eggs found in stool can confirm C. sinensis infection. Stool examination is inexpensive and does not require the use of sophisticated equipment; however, labour intensive, inconvenient, and well-trained staff are needed [1, 13]. Direct f ...
... above symptoms should be considered suspect for clonorchiasis. Eggs found in stool can confirm C. sinensis infection. Stool examination is inexpensive and does not require the use of sophisticated equipment; however, labour intensive, inconvenient, and well-trained staff are needed [1, 13]. Direct f ...
Epidemiology and Evolution of Vector Borne Disease
... disease spread. Using our metapopulation model we also determine the impact of landuse change such as urbanisation and deforestation on disease spread and prevalence. We find that in the absence of evolution, control techniques which directly reduce the rate of vector transmission lead to the greate ...
... disease spread. Using our metapopulation model we also determine the impact of landuse change such as urbanisation and deforestation on disease spread and prevalence. We find that in the absence of evolution, control techniques which directly reduce the rate of vector transmission lead to the greate ...
Studies on the immunopathogenesis, diagnosis and control of
... chicks (Chapter 4). Protection was evaluated based on the clinical signs, gross lesions, tracheal ciliary scores and virus detection by RT-PCR. It was found that administering combined live H120 and CR88 vaccines simultaneously at day old, followed by CR88 vaccine at 14 days-old gave more than 80% c ...
... chicks (Chapter 4). Protection was evaluated based on the clinical signs, gross lesions, tracheal ciliary scores and virus detection by RT-PCR. It was found that administering combined live H120 and CR88 vaccines simultaneously at day old, followed by CR88 vaccine at 14 days-old gave more than 80% c ...
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) – Infectious, Contagious
... Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland. Doherr MG: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) – infectious, contagious, zoonotic or production disease? Acta vet. scand. 2003. Suppl. 98, 33-42. – In 1986, a new progressive neurological condition similar to scrapie of ...
... Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland. Doherr MG: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) – infectious, contagious, zoonotic or production disease? Acta vet. scand. 2003. Suppl. 98, 33-42. – In 1986, a new progressive neurological condition similar to scrapie of ...
Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Rabies
... claustrophobia, chewing at the site of infection (hyperesthesia of the bite site), fever which at this time may be moderate and usually disappears as symptoms progress. This stage lasts a few hours to 36 hours. The animals then go into either furious or dumb rabies stages or may just drop dead 39. T ...
... claustrophobia, chewing at the site of infection (hyperesthesia of the bite site), fever which at this time may be moderate and usually disappears as symptoms progress. This stage lasts a few hours to 36 hours. The animals then go into either furious or dumb rabies stages or may just drop dead 39. T ...
the global epidemiology of infectious diseases
... 11.5 Excess mortality rates with cardiac lesions, rates per 1000 person-years............................................................... 332 11.6 Efficacy of triatomine control tools: percentage of reinfested houses after different interventions, Argentina, Chile, Honduras and Paraguay, April 19 ...
... 11.5 Excess mortality rates with cardiac lesions, rates per 1000 person-years............................................................... 332 11.6 Efficacy of triatomine control tools: percentage of reinfested houses after different interventions, Argentina, Chile, Honduras and Paraguay, April 19 ...
Influenza vaccines
... Influenza is a seasonal disease in temperate regions. Most cases in Australia occur during the winter months between June and September.8 In the northern hemisphere, influenza usually occurs between December and the next April, whereas in the tropics, influenza can occur all year round. Annual influ ...
... Influenza is a seasonal disease in temperate regions. Most cases in Australia occur during the winter months between June and September.8 In the northern hemisphere, influenza usually occurs between December and the next April, whereas in the tropics, influenza can occur all year round. Annual influ ...
Congenital syphilis: No longer just of historical interest
... and less than 10% if she has late latent syphilis. The staging of maternal syphilis is complex and includes a combination of history, physical examination, epidemi ological features, direct tests from lesions and serolog ical tests; the reader should refer to other sources for details [1]. The maj ...
... and less than 10% if she has late latent syphilis. The staging of maternal syphilis is complex and includes a combination of history, physical examination, epidemi ological features, direct tests from lesions and serolog ical tests; the reader should refer to other sources for details [1]. The maj ...
Are we facing new health challenges and diseases in
... In reindeer, the disease is characterised by lesions and proliferative processes on the lips and in the oral mucosa (Fig. 1). The lesions are easily infected by bacteria, and the situation may in severe cases hinder the animals to eat, and eventually they become emaciated and die. The disease usuall ...
... In reindeer, the disease is characterised by lesions and proliferative processes on the lips and in the oral mucosa (Fig. 1). The lesions are easily infected by bacteria, and the situation may in severe cases hinder the animals to eat, and eventually they become emaciated and die. The disease usuall ...
Chickenpox
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over. It usually starts on the face, chest, and back and then spreads to the rest of the body. Other symptoms may include fever, feeling tired, and headaches. Symptoms usually last five to ten days. Complications may occasionally include pneumonia, inflammation of the brain, or bacterial infections of the skin among others. The disease is often more severe in adults than children. Symptoms begin ten to twenty one days after exposure to the virus.Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. It may be spread from one to two days before the rash appears until all lesions have crusted over. It may also spread through contact with the blisters. Those with shingles may spread chickenpox to those who are not immune through contact with the blisters. The disease can usually be diagnosed based on the presenting symptom; however, in unusual cases may be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the blister fluid or scabs. Testing for antibodies may be done to determine if a person is or is not immune. People usually only get the disease once.The varicella vaccine has resulted in a decrease in the number of cases and complications from the disease. It protects about 70 to 90 percent of people from disease with a greater benefit for severe disease. Routine immunization of children is recommended in many countries. Immunization within three days of exposure may improve outcomes in children. Treatment of those infected may include calamine lotion to help with itching, keeping the fingernails short to decrease injury from scratching, and the use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) to help with fevers. For those at increased risk of complications antiviral medication such as aciclovir are recommended.Chickenpox occurs in all parts of the world. Before routine immunization the number of cases occurring each year was similar to the number of people born. Since immunization the number of infections in the United States has decreased nearly 90%. In 2013 chickenpox resulted in 7,000 deaths globally – down from 8,900 in 1990. Death occurs in about 1 per 60,000 cases. Chickenpox was not separated from smallpox until the late 19th century. In 1888 its connection to shingles was determined. The first documented use of the term chicken pox was in 1658. Various explanations have been suggested for the use of ""chicken"" in the name, one being the relative mildness of the disease.